胎儿单纯肺动脉瓣狭窄的产前超声特征与临床转归

目的 探讨单纯肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary valve stenosis,PS)胎儿的产前超声特征与出生后的临床转归.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年6月在广东省妇幼保健院产前超声诊断为胎儿单纯PS,并随访至出生后的58例胎儿的产前、产后临床资料.结果 PS胎儿产前超声特征为肺动脉瓣增厚、回声增强、开放受...     

胎儿肺动脉瓣狭窄产前诊断、治疗与转归的临床研究

目的 探讨肺动脉瓣狭窄（pulmonary valve stenosis,PS）在胎儿期的超声特点、出生后转归、手术干预手段及时机。方法 选取2016年1月至2021年1月广东省人民医院胎儿心脏超声诊断为胎儿单纯PS并生后随诊的患儿79例，回顾性分析和总结其产前及生后的临床资料。结果 胎儿PS按动脉导管血流方向（正向和逆向）分为2组，2组胎儿PS在肺动脉瓣血流速度、三尖瓣反流程度、主肺动脉与主动脉内径比值、三尖瓣瓣环与二尖瓣瓣环比值、右心室与左心室纵径比值、心胸面积比例比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。手术患儿中75%(30/40)取得双心室结局，5%(2/40)取得一个半心室结局，20%(8/40)在B-T分流术后随访观察中，3.7%(3/18)死亡。结论 胎儿心脏超声是产前诊断胎儿PS并且评估生后预后的重要手段。胎儿PS总体预后较好，由于部分患儿呈进展性改变，诊断胎儿PS后，尤其动脉导管血流方向改变、三尖瓣反流重度的胎儿应进入产前生后一体化诊疗体系，以改善患儿的预后，减少病死率。     

胎儿严重肺动脉瓣狭窄或闭锁的产前超声心动图诊断评估、右心室发育评估及宫内介入治疗的结局随访

目的探讨胎儿室间隔完整型严重肺动脉狭窄(critical pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum,CPS/IVS)或室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁(pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum,PA/IVS)的产前超声心动图诊断、右心室发育评估及宫内介入治疗的结局随访。方法回顾性分析广东省人民医院2016年9月至2018年12月6例产前超声心动图诊断为PA/IVS或CPS/IVS(1例诊断PA/IVS,5例为CPS/IVS)行胎儿肺动脉瓣球囊成形术(fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty,FPV)胎儿的产前超声心动图诊断、右心室发育评估及结局随访资料。结果 6例胎儿诊断孕周为(26.48±2.15)周。6例胎儿术前三尖瓣环/二尖瓣环比值(tricuspid valve annulus/mitral valve annulus,TV/MV)分别为0.53、0.82、0.71、0.85、0.77、0.71,右心室纵径/左心室纵径比值(right ventricle length/left ventricle length,RV/LV)分别为0.42、0.63、0.52、0.61、0.75、0.61,三尖瓣流入时间/心动周期长度比值(tricuspid valve inflow duration/cardiac cycle length,TVID/CCL)比值分别为0.26、0.35、0.39、0.44、0.44、0.35,肺动脉瓣环/主动脉瓣环(pulmonary valve annulus/aortic annulus,PV/AV)比值分别为0.85、1.03、0.85、0.86、1.20、0.78。动态观察2周后,6例胎儿右心室各指标未见明显增长,于(29.45±1.19)周行FPV术,均取得技术性成功(100%),无宫内死亡,孕妇及胎儿无严重并发症。FPV术后,6例胎儿术后1～2周内TV/MV、RV/LV、TVID/CCL明显增长,术后2～6周增长趋于稳定,而PV/AV则在术后2～4周增长较明显。6例患儿分娩胎龄为(37.74±1.17)周,出生体质量(3.04±0.24)kg,于生后(15.33±7.31)d完成行一期手术,其中2例行外科手术,4例12的严重感染所致的多器官功能衰竭。存活的5例患儿血氧饱和度95%,无右心衰竭症状。结论产前可通过超声评估CPS/IVS、PA/IVS胎儿右心室发育状况,筛选宫内介入治疗适应证,适时进行FPV,可促进右心室小梁部及三尖瓣发育,争取患儿生后实现双心室循环。     

小儿复合先天性心脏病的介入治疗

目的:探讨小儿复合先天性心脏病(先心病)经导管介入治疗的策略及评价其疗效和安全性.方法:55例复合先心病患儿,先心病类型包括:肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)合并房间隔缺损(ASD);PS合并动脉导管未闭(PDA);PS合并室间隔缺损(VSD);ASD合并PDA;ASD合并VSD;PDA合并VSD;室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁(PA/IVS)合并PDA和卵圆孔未闭(PFO);主动脉瓣狭窄合并PDA;PDA合并肺隔离症.分别行射频打孔,经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV),经皮球囊主动脉瓣成形术(PBAV),VSD封堵术,PDA封堵术,ASD封堵术,侧支血管堵塞术.结果:55例患儿经导管介入治疗均获得成功,术中未发生严重并发症,55例行介入堵闭均未见残余分流,堵闭器位置良好;30例行PBPV术,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前平均(63.4±36.3)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),下降到术后平均(18.1±13.0)mmHg(P<0.01);1例行PBAV术,跨主动脉瓣压差由术前90 mmHg下降到术后50 mmHg;3例PA/IVS行射频打孔和PBPV术,术后肺动脉瓣开放满意,血氧饱和度维持良好.结论:复合先心病经导管介入治疗疗效确切、安全有效,但手术操作难度大,技术要求高,应该在较大心血管医院开展,并由有较丰富导管操作经验的医师施行.     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术治疗婴儿重度肺动脉瓣狭窄及室间隔完整的肺动脉瓣闭锁

目的:总结经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty,PBPV)治疗婴儿重度肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary stenosis,PS)及室间隔完整的肺动脉瓣闭锁(pulmonary atresiawith intact ventricular septum,PA/IVS)的经验,评价其疗效及安全性。方法:自2007年1月至2012年10月,采用PBPV治疗婴儿重度PS及PA/IVS患者共33例,男性24例,女性9例,手术年龄3～12(8.9±2.9)个月,体质量5～11.5(9.0±1.6)kg。术前完善心电图、X线片、超声心动图、右心导管检查及右心室造影,采用单球囊扩张完成PBPV。PA/IVS患儿需先行肺动脉瓣射频打孔术。结果:球囊扩张手术技术成功率为96.97%(32/33)。右心室收缩压(right ventricular systolic piessure,RVSP)由术前的95～205(130.8±28.2)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa)下降至28～135(73.2±27.4)mmHg(t=12.067,P<0.001);肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差由术前的81～180(110.3±26.3)mmHg下降至10～112(47.7±23.8)mmHg(t=12.958,P<0.001)。1例术中出现心脏压塞,转外科急诊手术,术后恢复良好。出院时10例患者复查超声心动图仍显示平均跨肺动脉瓣压差>50 mmHg;随访中值时间26个月,3例残余重度肺动脉瓣狭窄,2例接受二次PBPV后压差降至轻度。本组术后发生轻度以上肺动脉瓣关闭不全(pulmonary insufficiency,PI)22例。结论:随着介入技术的不断提高,经皮肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术,已成为救治婴儿危重先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄及肺动脉瓣闭锁的安全有效的重要方法。     

“3+1”复合超声切面筛查胎儿复杂先天性心脏病在二级医院应用的体会

目的:探讨"3+1"复合超声切面在二级妇幼保健院产前筛查胎儿心脏复杂畸形中的价值。方法:对自2010年1月至2012年10月,来我院进行产前筛查的4 538例孕妇应用"3+1"复合超声切面(四腔心+左、右心室流出道+三血管)进行胎儿心脏筛查,采集包括大血管起始位置、数目、内径和相对位置关系等数据。可疑异常病例经"绿色通道"转诊上级医院会诊,对证实确有复杂畸形的病例引产后争取尸检,继续妊娠者行出生后超声心动图检查。结果:4 538例中,应用"3+1"复合筛查切面疑及胎儿心脏畸形共53例,经三级会诊医院确定53例均为心脏结构异常。出生后超声及中止妊娠后胎儿尸检共证实先天性心脏异常73例。产前筛出复杂畸形36例,出生后超声心动图检查及尸检共确认复杂先天性心脏病(CHD)38例,证实产前筛查中漏诊2例,CHD的产前筛查灵敏度94.7%(36/38)。产前筛查发现的简单CHD以室间隔缺损为主,共13例,产前与生后不符3例(假阳性),生后证实室缺31例,产前漏诊21例(67.7%)。产前发现单纯肺动脉瓣狭窄2例,右位主动脉弓2例,与生后超声诊断相符。结论:"3+1"复合超声筛查切面容易掌握,能筛查出大部分复杂心脏畸形,可作为产前胎儿心脏畸形筛查的主要方法在基层推广使用。     

超声心动图对正常胎儿心腔大小及血流相关参数的分析

目的:分析不同孕周正常胎儿心腔大小及血流相关参数,为胎儿超声心动图检查提供参考。方法: 根据不同孕周将1182例正常胎儿分为5组,经腹超声检测不同孕周正常胎儿各房室腔及大血管内径、各瓣口峰值血流速度,并进行统计分析。结果: 右房室腔大于左房室腔（均P<005）。肺动脉内径大于主动脉内径（P<005）。三尖瓣峰值血流速度大于二尖瓣峰值血流速度（P<005）,二、三尖瓣E峰均小于A峰（均P<005）。主动脉瓣峰值血流速度大于肺动脉瓣峰值血流速度（P<005）。结论: 超声心动图可评价正常胎儿心腔大小及血流相关参数,对识别及诊断心血管异常具有重要意义。     

心房肌复极的电整复性与阵发性心房颤动发生机制的实验研究

Objective Electrical restitution was believed to be a determinant responsible for the stability of heart rhythm. Although numerous studies focused on the role of action potential duration restitution (APDR) in the initiation and maintenance of ventricular fibrillation (VF), the relationship between atrial APDR and atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been fully understood. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of APDR of left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) in canines and the relevance to induction of AF. Methods Monophasic action potential (MAP) was recorded from LA and RA in 14 canines using the MAP recording-pacing combination catheter. APDR, plotted as action potential duration (APD) on the preceding diastolic interval (DI), was assessed by use of programmed stimulation with a single extrastimulus (S_1S_2) at LA and RA. Episodes of AF were recorded and analyzed. Results APD_(90) was significantly shorter in the LA than that in the RA [( 157.4 ± 43.5 ) ms vs. ( 170. 9 ± 37. 9)ms, P < 0. 05]. The mean slope of the APDR curve by S_1S_2 in the LA was significantly greater than that in the RA ( 1.3 ±0. 4 vs. 0. 9 ± 0. 3, P < 0. 05 ). The incidence of induced AF was significantly higher in the LA than in the RA (11/18 vs. 7/18, P < 0. 05). Conclusions The APDR and MAP characteristics are not uniform between atriums, which may be one of the important mechanisms responsible for the initiation of AF. Heterogeneity of APDR between LA and RA might create critical gradients or a dispersion of repolarization and subatrate for re-entrant arrhythmias and vulnerability to AF.     

心房肌复极的电整复性与阵发性心房颤动发生机制的实验研究

Objective Electrical restitution was believed to be a determinant responsible for the stability of heart rhythm. Although numerous studies focused on the role of action potential duration restitution (APDR) in the initiation and maintenance of ventricular fibrillation (VF), the relationship between atrial APDR and atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been fully understood. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of APDR of left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) in canines and the relevance to induction of AF. Methods Monophasic action potential (MAP) was recorded from LA and RA in 14 canines using the MAP recording-pacing combination catheter. APDR, plotted as action potential duration (APD) on the preceding diastolic interval (DI), was assessed by use of programmed stimulation with a single extrastimulus (S_1S_2) at LA and RA. Episodes of AF were recorded and analyzed. Results APD_(90) was significantly shorter in the LA than that in the RA [( 157.4 ± 43.5 ) ms vs. ( 170. 9 ± 37. 9)ms, P < 0. 05]. The mean slope of the APDR curve by S_1S_2 in the LA was significantly greater than that in the RA ( 1.3 ±0. 4 vs. 0. 9 ± 0. 3, P < 0. 05 ). The incidence of induced AF was significantly higher in the LA than in the RA (11/18 vs. 7/18, P < 0. 05). Conclusions The APDR and MAP characteristics are not uniform between atriums, which may be one of the important mechanisms responsible for the initiation of AF. Heterogeneity of APDR between LA and RA might create critical gradients or a dispersion of repolarization and subatrate for re-entrant arrhythmias and vulnerability to AF.     

经皮肺动脉瓣成形术治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄的临床分析

目的:探讨应用Inouc球囊经皮肺动脉瓣成形术(PBPV)治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄(PVS)的临床疗效。方法:PVS 患者18例,采用PBPV进行治疗,并以超声多普勒评价其疗效。结果:18例行PBPV患者术后即刻右心室收缩压由 (101．4±28．2)mmHg降至(48．5±16．7)mmHg(P<0．01)。右房压由(16．9±7．5)mmHg降至(9．8±4．3)mmHg (P<0．05),肺动脉压由(15．2±3．1)mmHg升至(23．1±5．6)mmHg(P<0．05),肺动脉与右心室跨瓣压差 (△P)由(76．5±25)mm Hg降至(21．7±12．2)mmHg(P<0．01)。多普勒超声随访:术后3个月跨瓣压差较术后即刻进一步显著下降(P<0．05)。结论:经皮球囊肺动脉成形术治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄安全有效。