房室结双径路或多径路室房传导及其伴发的特殊心电现象

目的探讨房室结双径路或多径路室房传导及其伴发的特殊心电现象和发生机制。方法通过常规心电图对6例异位心搏中出现的房室结双径路或多径路室房传导现象进行回顾性分析。结果其特征为：①心室搏动后跟随P^-波，R—P^-间期有两种或两种以上，相邻两个R—P^-间期差值60ms。②起搏源性室房文氏现象中，R—P^-间期成倍增长，有时伴心室回波。③室性期前收缩后跟随两次P^-波。形成1：2室房同步传导。结论通过推理性分析可在体表心电图上作出房室结双径路或多径路室房传导的诊断。     

《思考心电图之82》答案

常规12导联心电图示P波消失,在长R-R间期中隐约可见f波,符合心房颤动。QRS波群有正常形态、宽大畸形及介于二者之间3种形态。后者QRS波群宽窄不一,但均可见到其起始部粗钝,R-R间期绝对不等,心室率平均约200次/min,而R-R间期最短为0.24s,故最快心室率达250次/min。最长R-R间期大于最短R-R间期的2倍,以上特点符合心房颤动伴心室预激。本例心电图QRS波群宽窄不一,是由于快速的房性激动在房室旁道发生程度不等的顺向性隐匿性传导或激动经房室结正道下传并逆向性隐匿性激动旁道所致。如旁道处于相对不应期,则QRS波群介于正常与宽大畸形…     

房室双旁道的食管心脏电生理特征

目的：探讨房室双旁道食管心脏电生理检查的特征性改变。方法：对14例经射频导管消融术证实的房室双旁道的食管心脏电生理检查作回顾性分析。结果：10例房室双旁道的电生理特征为：（1）心房起搏时显示两种不同的预激图形和／或特殊类型室性融合波群，经食管心房起搏有利于显现左侧旁道。（2）诱发出两种逆向型房室折返性心动过速，由两条旁道形成折返环路。（3）顺向型房室折返性心动过速时，出现两种不同的R－P^-间期和P^-波或房性融合波。（4）排除房室结双径路后，逆向型房室折返性心过速的频率快于顺向型房室折返性心动过速。（5）预激旁道的部位与顺向型房室折返性心动过速时P^-波提示的部位不同。（6）双旁道隐匿性传导是造成其中一条旁道丧失传导功能的重要因素之一。另4例未能表现出上述电生理特征，其中右侧隐性旁道合并左侧隐匿性旁道1例，右侧隐匿性双旁道1例，左侧隐匿性双旁道2例。结论：食管心脏电生理检查能够确诊大部分的房室双旁道，采用多导联同步记录及在房室折返性心动过速时仔细分析电生理表现有助于揭示房室双旁道。     

食管心电图(续)

（２）预激综合征合并房室折返性心动过速的诊断。预激综合征合并房室折返性心动过速也是最常见的室上性心动过速之一。引发的原因是房室间有一条称为房室旁道的附加传导束 ,其在心房与心室之间构成房室结以外的第２条传导通道。大约有８０ %的旁道具有双向传导能力 ,既能将心房激动下传到心室 ,又能使心室的激动逆传回心房 ,此外还有大约２０%的旁道仅有单向传导的能力 ,激动只能从心房下传心室 ,心电图呈现显性预激的表现 ;如果旁道没有顺传功能而仅有逆传功能 ,则激动只能从心室逆传回心房 ,心电图没有预激的表现 ,此种旁道称为隐匿性旁…     

预激综合征合并心律失常的特点

预激综合征(预激征)易合并心律失常,以阵发性室上速最常见,约占85%,次为心房纤颤,约占10%,现将预激征并发心律失常的特点作一介绍。1阵发性室上性心动过速预激征合并的阵发性室上性心动过速为折返性心动过速其折返径路一条是正常房室传导系统,另一条为旁道,按折返环在房室结的不同传导顺序,预激征合并的室上性心动过速可分为顺向型与逆向型两种。此种折返在心房与心室之间进行,因此称为房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)。1·1顺向型AVRT较多见,占预激征并发心律失常的80%产生机制是旁道的不应期较正常房室传导系统长,若房早出现适时,落在旁道的…     

起搏源性房室结双径或多径路室房传导（附五例报告）

通过对５例安置人工心脏起搏器患者的心室起搏电图现象分析，发现有如下特征：（１）当心室起搏出现逆行Ｐ波时，ＲＰ－间期长度有两种或两种以上，相邻两个ＲＰ－差值≥６０ｍｓ；（２）ＲＰ－突然净增６０ｍｓ或达到２５０ｍｓ（不作房室结内隐匿性折返解释）；（３）ＲＰ－间期成倍增长，有时伴有心室回波；（４）紧随心室起搏ＱＲＳ波后有两个Ｐ－波，应考虑为１：２室房传导，但需除外预激旁道参与逆传；（５）起搏源性室房传导中断后重新开始时，ＲＰ－往往较短。据此，作者提出通过推理分析可在体表心电图上作出起搏源性房室结双径（或多径）路传导的诊断。     

预激旁道参与的房室折返性心动过速

预激综合征患者不论旁道位于左侧还是右侧,常可发生顺向型房室折返性心动过速。心动过速的折返环路中,正常的房室传导系统为房室间的前传支,旁道为房室间的逆传支,心房和心室都是折返环的必需成分。顺向型房室折返性心动过速时的心室除极顺序正常,QRS波时限<0.11s,属于窄QRS波心动过速。心动过速时的RR间期为下述两个间期之和:①AV间期(PR间期):从P波开始到R波开始,代表房内传导时间、房室结传导时间、希浦系传导时间三者之和,称为房室前向传导时     

三磷酸腺苷对窦房结及房室传导的电生理作用

为探讨三磷酸腺苷对窦房结及房室传导的电生理作用,在20例阵发性室上性心动过速患者(隐匿性预激征8例、显性预激征及房室结双径路各6例)窦性心律时经右股静脉弹丸式注射三磷酸腺苷20mg.结果注射后窦性频率出现先减慢、继而窦性心动过速的双相反应;16例出现一过性房室传导阻滞,保护性心室起搏时8例1:1室房传导(均为隐匿性预激征),8例出现室房传导阻滞(其中6例为房室结双径路,2例为右侧显性预激综合征).提示三磷酸腺苷对窦房结、房室结传导及少数旁道有抑制作用.     

心脏蝉联现象（2）

2．房室旁道蝉联现象 Lehmann等经电生理检查证实预激综合征患者合并房室折返性心动过速时,激动既可沿着正常的房室结-希浦系统顺传心室,逆向隐匿性传导至房室旁道,造成其持续功能性阻滞;也可沿房室旁道顺传,逆向隐匿性传导至希浦系统-房室结,致后者形成持续功能性阻滞,在两者之间形成蝉联现象。     

房室结双径路传导在动态心电图上的不同表现

目的 探讨房室结双径路传导引起的心电图表现及其形成机制.方法 对27例患者动态心电图中出现的房室结双径路现象进行回顾性分析.结果 房室结双径路传导表现为9种心电图特征:顺向房室传导呈跳跃现象,无心房回波,呈不典型文氏现象及反文氏现象;顺向房室传导呈跳跃现象,伴心房回波,呈不典型文氏现象;顺向房室传导呈跳跃现象,隐匿性逆传快径路连续发生蝉联现象,貌似阵发性室上性心动过速;房性或室性期前收缩诱发慢-快型或快-慢型房室结折返性心动过速;房室结下部共同通道阻滞不中止折返环;窦性P波分别经快、慢径路传导致心室双反应(即房室结双径路的1∶2传导现象);经慢径路或慢快径路交替顺传、旁道逆传的房室折返性心动过速.结论 动态心电图上P-R间期呈跳跃现象提示存在房室结双径路.     

生理死腔与潮气量比率测定的临床研究进展

生理死腔与潮气量比率（Vo／Vt）是反映肺通气效率的重要呼吸生理指标。近年来,通过同步测量气道流量及CO2浓度构成单次呼吸二氧化碳容积曲线图（SBT-CO2：singlebreath test for CO2）来测量Vo／Vt及死腔量,方便、快捷、重复性好。本文将近年来Vo／Vt及死腔量测定在急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺血栓栓塞症、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等疾病的早期诊断和鉴别诊断、动态监测、疗效评价和ICU通气管理等方面的临床应用研究加以综述。     

Comparison of anthropometric indices (body mass index,waist circumference,waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio) in predicting risk of type II diabetes in the population of Yazd,Iran

Background and objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the best anthropometric index and calculate the cut-off point for each anthropometric index in predicting the risk of type II diabetes in the population of Yazd city in Iran.

中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与2型糖尿病肾病进展的相关性

目的探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与2型糖尿病肾病进展的相关性。方法2014年9月—2016年12月间采用回顾性队列研究纳入2型糖尿病患者492例,据24 h尿蛋白总量将492例2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病无肾病组(DM组)424例,糖尿病肾病组(DN组)68例。收集其临床资料,追踪其3年后DN进展情况。将基线中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)水平按四分位法分为四组,即最低四分位数组(I组)≤1.37、第二四分位数组(II组)1.38~1.83、第三四分位数组(III组)1.84~2.21、最高4分位数组(IV组)≥2.22。按DN是否进展,将研究对象分为进展组(A组)和未进展组(B组),比较两组基线资料,采用二元Logistic回归,评估糖尿病病程、SBP、HbA1c、BMI及基线NLR水平与DN进展之间的相关性。结果3年后,64例(13.00%)患者糖尿病肾病进展,其中新发糖尿病肾病42例(8.53%)。单因素分析中,A组与B组相比较,年龄、病程、BMI、收缩压、NLR、FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NLR水平>1.83是T2DM患者DN进展的独立危险因素。     

Comparison of different anthropometric measures as predictors of diabetes incidence in a Chinese population

Objective

We aimed to explore an optimal anthropometric indicator and optimal cut-off points for incident diabetes in Chinese adults.

Methods

61,703 subjects were followed for a median duration of 2 years. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio were collected base on a standard protocol. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analyses were used to compare the predictive power of baseline BMI, WC, WHpR and WHtR for development of type 2 diabetes.

Results

There were 2991 new cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up. ROC curve analyses indicated that WHtR was the best predictor of type 2 diabetes for male (AUC = 0.633). For female, WHtR and WC had similar predictive ability (AUC = 0.701 and 0.695 respectively) and were superior to BMI. WHpR was the weakest predictor in both genders. The optimal WHtR cut-off values for incidence of type 2 diabetes were similar in both genders (0.53 vs. 0.52). BMI was higher in men (26 kg/m²) than women (24 kg/m²); and so did WC (91 cm in men vs. 85 cm in women).

Conclusions

WHtR, and to some degree WC, are the best predictors of type 2 diabetes, followed by BMI then WHpR which is the weakest predictor in the tested adults.     

术前白蛋白与碱性磷酸酶比值作为食管癌患者诊断指标的临床价值

目的探讨术前白蛋白与碱性磷酸酶比值(albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio,AAPR)对食管癌的诊断价值。方法选取2018年1月至2020年10月于我院胸外科行食管癌根治术的患者202例,同时期于我院消化内科住院治疗的食管良性疾病患者215例和胃镜检查未见明显异常的体检者214名,比较三组患者的AAPR、纤维蛋白原与前白蛋白比值(fibrinogen to pre-albumin ratio,FPR)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)的水平,利用ROC曲线评价AAPR、FPR、NLR、CEA、CA19-9对食管癌患者的诊断及良恶性患者的鉴别诊断;利用Logistic回归分析食管癌良恶性鉴别诊断的危险因素。通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验、Mann-Whitney U检验AAPR、FPR、NLR与食管癌患者临床病理特征的相关性。结果食管癌组患者术前AAPR显著低于食管良性疾病组、健康对照组(P<0.001),FPR、NLR、CEA、CA19-9均显著高于食管良性疾病组、健康对照组(P<0.001);FPR、NLR、CEA、CA19-9在食管良性疾病组与健康对照组中比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而AAPR在这两组患者中比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验、Mann-Whitney U检验对食管癌患者临床病理特征分析显示,随着淋巴结转移、浸润深度加深、肿瘤直径增加、临床分期增加,食管癌患者的AAPR的中位数显著降低,FPR的中位数显著升高,而与肿瘤部位无相关性。ROC曲线分析结果显示,AAPR对食管癌的诊断效能显著高于其他指标。Logistic回归显示,AAPR、NLR、CEA均与食管癌和食管良性疾病的鉴别诊断显著相关。在食管癌与食管良性疾病的鉴别诊断上,AAPR与其他指标联合可提高诊断效能,其中AAPR、FPR、NLR、CEA、CA19-9联合,ROC曲线下面积最大,有最大的诊断效能(AUC=0.830,灵敏度为79.2%,特异度为71.4%)。结论AAPR可能是诊断食管癌有价值的生物标志物,其与FPR、NLR、CEA、CA19-9联合可显著提高食管癌和食管良性疾病的鉴别诊断效率。     

The relationship between NLR/PLR/LMR levels and survival prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Background:The relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and the dire prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are not known yet.Methods:We screened the articles that meet the criteria from the database. The relationship between NLR/PLR/LMR levels and the survival and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with ICIs was analyzed. Summarize hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) to study progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).Results:Thirty-four studies involving 3124 patients were enrolled in the final analysis. In short, high pre-treatment NLR was related to poor OS (HR = 2.13, 95% CI:1.74–2.61, P < .001, I² = 83.3%, P < .001) and PFS (HR = 1.77, 95% CI:1.44–2.17, P < .001, I² = 79.5%, P < .001). Simultaneously, high pre-treatment PLR was related to poor OS (HR = 1.49, 95% CI:1.17–1.91, P < .001, I² = 57.6%, P = .003) and PFS (HR = 1.62, 95% CI:1.38–1.89, P < .001, I² = 47.1%, P = .036). In all subgroup analysis, most subgroups showed that low LMR was related to poor OS (HR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.34–0.59, P < .001) and PFS (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.47–0.77, P < 0.001, I² = 0.0%, P < .001).Conclusion:High pre-treatment NLR and pre-treatment PLR in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with ICIs are associated with low survival rates. Low pre-treatment and post-treatment LMR are also related to unsatisfactory survival outcomes. However, the significance of post-treatment NLR and post-treatment PLR deserve further prospective research to prove.     

Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance in men and women

Summary A follow-up study was carried out to determine whether reduced fetal growth is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance in men and women aged 50 years. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 140 men and 126 women born in Preston (Lancashire, UK) between 1935 and 1943, whose size at birth had been measured in detail. Those subjects found to have impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had lower birthweight, a smaller head circumference and were thinner at birth. They also had a higher ratio of placental weight to birthweight. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes fell from 27% in subjects who weighed 2.50 kg (5.5 pounds) or less at birth to 6% in those who weighed more than 3.41 kg (7.5 pounds) (p < 0.002 after adjusting for body mass index). Plasma glucose concentrations taken at 2-h in the glucose tolerance test fell progressively as birthweight increased (p < 0.004), as did 2-h plasma insulin concentrations (p < 0.001). The trends with birthweight were independent of duration of gestation and must therefore be related to reduced rates of fetal growth. These findings confirm the association between impaired glucose tolerance in adult life and low birthweight previously reported in Hertfordshire (UK), and demonstrate it in women as well as men. It is suggested that the association reflects the long-term effects of reduced growth of the endocrine pancreas and other tissues in utero. This may be a consequence of maternal undernutrition.     

Neutrophil to lymphocyte and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in patients with dipper versus non-dipper hypertension

Background: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are associated with worse outcome in various diseases. Non-dipping blood pressure pattern is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to explore the association between NLR and PLR in patients with dipper versus non-dipper hypertension.

Methods: The study included 166 patients with hypertension. Eighty-three patients (40 male, mean age: 49.1?±?10.5 years) had dipper hypertension, while 83 patients (41 male, mean age: 52.3?±?12.7 years) had non-dipper hypertension.

Results: Baseline demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Patients with non-dipper hypertension had significantly higher NLR compared to dipper hypertension (2.3?±?0.9 versus 1.8?±?0.5, p?p?=?0.001). In univariate analysis, hyperlipidemia, smoking, presence of diabetes, PLR more than 107 and NLR more than 1.89 were among predictors of dipper and non-dipper status. In logistic regression analyses, only hyperlipidemia (odds ratio: 2.96, CI: 1.22–7.13) and PLR more than 107 (odds ratio: 2.62, CI: 1.13–6.06) were independent predictors of dipper and non-dipper status. A PLR of 107 or higher predicted non-dipper status with a sensitivity of 66.3% and specificity of 68.7%.

Conclusion: We demonstrated that patients with non-dipper hypertension had significantly higher NLR and PLR compared to dipper hypertension, which has not been reported previously. Moreover PLR more than 107 but not NLR was independent predictor of non-dipper status.