The Limits of Percutaneous Intervention in Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease

Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis that may lead to limb-threatening ischemia. Over the past two decades, considerable advances in the management of patients with AIOD have taken place. Conventional surgical reconstructive procedures, namely aortofemoral and extra-anatomic bypasses, tend to be replaced by newer emerging percutaneous techniques, such as angioplasty and stenting, initially employed to reduce morbidity, complications and cost of treatment. However, irrational application of these percutaneous techniques is not suggested, since these surgical procedures are not devoid of limitations. A careful evaluation of the various restraining parameters should precede the choice of surgical approach, to ensure the selection of the most suitable technique in each individual patient, on the grounds of clinical presentation of the disease and efficiency of the surgical procedure.     

腋-股架桥术治疗髂、股动脉闭塞性疾病

目的：总结腋—股架桥术治疗髂、股动脉闭塞或狭窄的疗效。方法：回顾性分析20例髂、股动脉闭塞或狭窄病例的临床资料、危险因素、手术指征及效果。结果：均行腋—股动脉架桥术，17例单侧，3例双侧，共26条；18例是为拯救肢体而手术，其1，3，5年通畅率为87％(20/23)，74％(17／23)及61％(14／23)。30d内死亡1例(占5％)。3例移植物在术后6．5个月内闭塞，均发生在股—股搭桥中，而腋—股搭桥则长期通畅。结论：对广泛的慢性髂、股动脉闭塞性疾病，腋—股架桥对于行主动脉重建有危险或预期寿命受限的病人不失为一种可行术式。     

Percutaneous Transradial Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty in Patients with Occlusive Atherosclerotic Iliofemoral Disease

Not all coronary angiograms can be acquired through the femoral route. The transradial catheterisation procedure in patients with occlusive atherosclerotic iliofemoral disease is described. Transfemoral left-sided cardiac catheterisation was performed in approximately 99.5% of patients referred for coronary angiography, while out of 48 patients in whom transfemoral access was impossible, transradial coronary angiography was successful in 37. With the exception of one, all patients with coronary artery disease had lesions of the right coronary artery, more than 70% had multivessel disease and 14% had stenosis of the left main coronary artery. Ten patients had angioplasty performed during the same procedure. Complications occurred in 5 out of 39 cases, 2 (5%) of these were severe. Although the femoral route was used in more than 99% of an unselected population referred for coronary angiography, it was found that transradial angiography and angioplasty can be performed in patients with occlusive atherosclerotic iliofemoral disease with considerable success and an acceptable complication rate.     

Stem-cell Therapy for Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease

Objective

The aims of our study were to confirm the effectiveness via animal study and safety through clinical trials of using human cord blood-mononuclear cells (HCB-MNCs).

Design

We performed a dose–response animal study (HCB-MNCs: 4 × 10⁶, 4 × 10⁷ and 4 × 10⁸) using a limb ischaemia model in dogs to assess angiogenic responses. Safety assessment in humans in terms of graft-versus-host-disease was also done by observing an uncontrolled case series.

Materials and methods

Twelve animal ischaemic limbs and seven patients with thromboangiitis obliterans were treated with HCB-MNCs. These cells (4 × 10⁸) were injected into the ischaemic limb muscle of patients. The results were analysed at 8 weeks for the animal study and at 6 months for patients.

Results

In the animal ischaemic models, the number of capillaries, angiogenic gene expression and the angiogenic factors were increased after HCB-MNC injection. In the clinical study, the seven patients experienced no graft-versus-host-disease or cardiac/cerebral complications during the follow-up period.

Conclusion

This preliminary study suggests that HCB-MNC might be a safe source of stem cells for treating ischaemic limbs. However, further clinical studies are needed to establish the long-term safety and the clinical efficacy of HCB-MNC transplantation in patients with ischaemic limbs.     

终末期肾病并存冠心病患者行冠状动脉介入治疗的护理

对6例终末期肾病并存冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影检查和介入治疗，结果患者均顺利完成治疗，心绞痛症状缓解。提出术前加强心理护理、术前准备，充分血液透析，适当水化治疗，术后严密观察病情变化、做好血液透析护理、预防感染等是治疗成功的保证。     

终末期肾病并存冠心病患者行冠状动脉介入治疗的护理

对6例终末期肾病并存冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影检查和介入治疗,结果患者均顺利完成治疗,心绞痛症状缓解.提出术前加强心理护理、术前准备,充分血液透析,适当水化治疗,术后严密观察病情变化、做好血液透析护理、预防感染等是治疗成功的保证.     

Percutaneous Transluminal Revascularization for Iliac Occlusive Disease: Long-term Outcomes in TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus A and B Lesions

Percutaneous transluminal intervention for atherosclerotic iliac occlusive disease is now commonplace. We examine the long-term outcomes of TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) A and B lesions. We performed a retrospective anonymous analysis of records from patients who underwent iliac artery angioplasty with or without stenting between January 1990 and June 1999. Indications for intervention were symptomatic claudication (77%) or critical ischemia (23%). Altogether, 276 patients (all men; average age 64 ± 11 years range 32-87 years) underwent 394 interventions. Co-morbidities included hypertension (61%), hypercholesterolemia (45%), diabetes (28%), and chronic renal insufficiency (26%). A total of the 62% of the lesions were TASC category A, and the remainder were category B. Of the 394 primary interventions, 51% included placement of stents. Technical success (defined by < 30% residual stenosis) was achieved in 98% of treated vessels. The procedure-related mortality rate was 1.8% at 30 days and 4.7% at 90 days; the procedure-related complication rate was 7%. Hemodynamic success (defined as a rise in the ankle/branchial index > 0.15) was achieved in 82%. The average Society for Vascular Surgery symptom score was 3.4 ± 0.9 before intervention, which improved to 1.9 ± 0.8 following intervention. Within 3 months, 84% of patients demonstrated clinical improvement. Patient survival by life-table analysis was 38% at 10 years. The cumulative assisted patency rate was 71 ± 7% at 10 years. The presence of two-vessel femoral runoff, two or more patent tibial vessels, or both was associated with improved patency. Limb salvage was 95 ± 2% and 87 ± 9% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Using Cox proportional hazards analysis, the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or chronic renal insufficiency was associated with the occurrence of primary failure, whereas increased patency intervals were associated with the presence of immediate hemodynamic improvement. Use of a stent did not influence outcome. Endoluminal iliac intervention for TASC A and B lesions is a safe, durable intervention in patients with good femoral and tibial runoff. The presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or poor tibial runoff is associated with failure.     

完全腹腔镜下主-双股动脉旁路术治疗主、髂动脉硬化闭塞症

目的探讨完全腹腔镜下主一双股动脉旁路术治疗主、髂动脉硬化闭塞症的安全性和可行性。方法2008年11月～2012年11月,完全腹腔镜下主一双股动脉旁路术连续治疗7例主、髂动脉硬化闭塞症。7例均为男性,年龄52—70岁,平均60．6岁。Rutherford分级3级5例,4级I例,5级1例。主、髂病变TASC分级C级2例,D级5例。全麻,先用完全腹腔镜技术经左侧结肠后肾后入路游离肾下腹主动脉,再将“Y”形涤纶人工血管近端与之行端侧吻合,人工血管远端经腹膜后隧道引出至相应侧腹股沟,直视下分别与双侧股动脉吻合。结果5例顺利完成腹腔镜下主一双股动脉旁路术,2例中转开腹（肠系膜下动脉断端的钛夹脱落出血1例,结肠损伤1例）。手术时间420～840rain（中位数585min）,主动脉吻合时间40～150min（中位数65rain）,术中出血量400—1500ml（中位数800m1）。未中转的5例均在术后12—40h恢复进食,术后顺利康复出院。结肠损伤患者术后结肠漏二次开腹手术,结肠漏治愈,术后46天死于呼吸衰竭。一过性左肾积水1例,治愈。吻合口近端腹主动脉残留重度狭窄1例行支架治疗治愈。无症状的部分左肾梗死1例。6例随访2—51个月,平均11．2月,均健在,超声随访移植物均通畅,静息痛和间歇跛行症状均消失。结论完全腹腔镜下主一双股动脉旁路术治疗主、髂动脉硬化闭塞症是安全、可行的。在学习曲线中及时中转保证手术安全是必要的。     

Stenting for Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease of the Subclavian Artery

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of stenting subclavian artery pathologic lesions. Between July 1991 and December 1995, 69 patients (36 males: mean age 67 years, range 34-87 years) underwent intraluminal balloon dilatations followed by stent implantations in 70 subclavian arteries to treat primary atherosclerotic stenoses > 70%. Twenty-three patients (34%) were treated for vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), 25 patients (36%) were treated for upper limb ischemia (ULI), and 10 patients (15%) were treated for both VBI and ULI. Other indications included symptomatic subclavian steal phenomenon (SSS), protection of dialysis arteriovenous fistula, coronary steal syndrome, protection of axilloaxillary bypass, distal embolization, and protection of left internal mammary artery (LIMA)-coronary bypass. Fifty-three cases (78%) were treated for stenosis and 17 cases (22%) for total occlusion of the origin of the subclavian artery. The results of this series indicate that stenting of subclavian artery stenosis appears safe and feasible with good short and mid-term patency, improving at those intervals the initial disappointing reports of balloon angioplasty alone. However, its long-term durability is at present unknown.