小型猪胰腺移植的术中管理

目的　探讨提高小型猪胰腺移植手术成功率的术中管理措施。方法　 4 0只小型猪随机配对行胰腺移植 2 0次 ,用氯胺酮、速眠新进行基础麻醉 ,气管插管 ,氯胺酮加依托咪酯维持麻醉。颈外静脉和颈动脉插管监测中心静脉压、平均动脉压、血气 ,经供体腹主动脉放血 4 0 0～ 80 0ml,术中输给受体 ,根据中心静脉压调节输液 ,开放血流时静滴地塞米松、多巴胺。结果　麻醉平稳后手术成功率为 90 % ,受体动脉平均压在吻合血管开放后有明显下降 ,与血流开放前差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,中心静脉压和血气指标无明显变化。经供体腹主动脉采血优于静脉 ,平均补液 81.5ml kg、输血 4 0 0ml及大剂量地塞米松、多巴胺有助于开放血流后受体循环的稳定。结论　加强受体术中循环功能的监测与管理、及时补液与输血、在开放血流后保持循环系统稳定是提高手术成功率的关键。     

猪全胰十二指肠移植空肠引流及门静脉回流模型的建立

目的　建立猪的全胰十二指肠移植空肠内引流 ,门静脉回流模型。方法　 40头杂种猪分为供体组和受体组 ,对供体组 ( n=2 0 )进行 U W液低温灌注 ,切取全胰十二指肠以及部分腹主动脉和门静脉。修剪移植胰腺和十二指肠 ,U W液保存移植物的肠系膜上动脉开口和腹腔动脉开口分别与供体的髂内外动脉端 -端吻合呈“Y”形。切除受体组胰腺建成 型糖尿病模型 ,移植物的门静脉与受体的肠系膜上静脉吻合 ,移植物“Y”形的髂总动脉与受体腹主动脉端侧吻合。十二指肠与空肠侧侧吻合。结果　本实验完成全胰十二指肠移植 2 0例 ,胰腺移植手术中因麻醉过深呼吸抑制死亡 1例 ,2例手术后移植胰腺形成血栓、梗死。 17例手术后 2 4h外周血检测血糖正常 ,移植胰腺存活时间平均 18.6± 2 .6d。结论　成功地建立了猪全胰十二指肠移植空肠引流及门静脉回流的模型     

小型猪门静脉回流胰液内引流式胰肾联合移植模型的建立

目的建立符合正常生理特点的胰岛素门静脉回流胰液内引流式胰肾联合移植(SPK)动物模型。方法选用20头近交系甘南小型猪作为SPK的供受体。供胰肾原位灌注后整块切取。修整时行供体左肾静脉与脾静脉端端吻合。受体血管吻合采用供体门静脉与受体脾静脉端侧吻合,供体腹主动脉的远端与受体的腹主动脉斜侧吻合;供体十二指肠与受体空肠侧侧吻合,使胰液经节段十二指肠从肠道引流;供肾输尿管皮肤造瘘并置管体外引流用于监测尿量。全组均未作抗排斥处理。结果10头受体猪中除1头因严重的腹胀于术后1 d死亡外,其余9头平均存活(4.5±1.5)d,术后移植胰、肾均即可发挥功能。结论在小型猪建立门静脉回流胰液内引流式SPK模型是可行的,且该术式更符合生理特点,可望用于临床。     

猪胰肾联合移植动物模型的建立

目的:建立胰肾联合移植(SPKT)大动物模型.方法:选用杂种猪作SPKT的供受体,经猪腹主动脉原位灌注,多器官联合整块切取,胰、节段十二指肠、双肾、脾脏.切除受体胰腺,制作1型糖尿病模型, 切除受体双肾,供体门静脉远端与左肾静脉吻合, 门静脉近端及带有腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉和左肾动脉的腹主动脉段分别与受体下腔静脉及肾以下腹主动脉端侧吻合,供体十二指肠侧壁与受体上段空肠行侧侧吻合, 输尿管置管外引流,未作预防及抗排斥处理.结果:10头动物移植后,2头受体因术后内环境紊乱死亡,8头受体顺利完成胰肾联合移植术,术后移植肾、胰均迅速恢复功能, 存活期胰肾功能基本正常.术后3～5 d因排斥反应及体内代谢紊乱8头受体死亡.结论:建立猪SPKT模型是可行的,良好的外科技术是胰肾联合移植成功的基础.     

猪全胰十二指肠移植术的麻醉处理与围术期血流动力学及血糖的变化

目的　了解猪全胰十二指肠移植术围术期血流动力学及血糖的变化规律,为临床麻醉提供理论依据。方法　4 0只杂种猪随机分为供、受体两组,以肠内引流加门脉系统回流的术式行全胰十二指肠移植。氯氨酮、阿托品基础麻醉后,硫喷妥钠、琥珀胆碱静脉诱导插管,咪唑安定、芬太尼、哌库溴铵、硫喷妥钠维持麻醉。直视下行右颈总动脉及右颈外静脉置管,连续监测平均动脉压、心率及经皮脉搏氧饱和度。分别测定术前、胰腺切除后5 m in、30 m in、灌注前(新胰血管吻合完成时)、灌注后30 m in及术后第1d、2 d各时点的血糖值。结果　无胰期心率逐渐增快,血压逐渐下降,新胰血管吻合完成时二者与无胰前期相比有统计学差异(P<0 .0 5 ) ,新胰复灌后逐渐趋于正常。血糖浓度自胰腺切除开始较术前明显增加(P<0 .0 5 ) ,新胰灌注开始后逐渐下降,至灌注后30 min仍高于正常水平(P<0 .0 5 ) ,术后2 d基本恢复正常(P>0 .0 5 )。结论　猪全胰十二指肠移植术中无胰期血流动力学波动较其他各期明显,经快速补液维持可维持有效循环血量。血糖水平变化大,围术期应严密监测,必要时使用胰岛素治疗。     

猪胰肾联合移植动物模型的建立

目的　研究胰肾联合移植的手术方法。方法　经猪腹主动脉原位灌注 ,大块联合切取供体胰、节段十二指肠、双肾、脾脏。以供肾动、静脉分别与受体左髂总动、静脉吻合 ;供肾输尿管内置“J”形管后与膀胱左顶侧壁吻合。供胰门静脉与受体右髂总静脉吻合 ,包含腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉袖片与右髂总动脉吻合 ;十二指肠节段与膀胱吻合。结果　手术成功 ,术后移植肾、胰均迅速恢复功能 ,术后 3d因排斥反应及体内代谢紊乱受体死亡。结论　良好的外科技术是胰肾联合移植成功的基础 ,是减少术后早期并发症的关键     

大鼠全胰腺腹腔内移植模型的观察

采取胰管开放、供胰腹腔动脉、门静脉与受体一侧肾动、静脉吻合进行血管重建的胰腺移植术式。二组共２０只受体大鼠均存活,无手术死亡。说明该动物模型安全可行。切取长时间存活出现排斥后的移植胰,见纤维组织包裹造成胰管阻塞,故利用该模型长期观察移植胰有功能存活时,需考虑胰管阻塞使腺泡纤维化影响胰岛功能的因素。     

12例犬胰肾联合移植模型建立的体会

目的 建立犬胰肾联合移植(SPK)动物模型,研究其治疗1型糖尿病肾病的可行性.方法 选用本地犬24只随机分组作SPK的供、受体,供体多器官联合切取,全胰、节段十二指肠、双肾、脾脏.切除受体犬胰腺左叶制作1型糖尿病模型,供体门静脉、腹主动脉袖片分别与右髂外动静脉吻合,左肾动、静脉分别与受体左髂外动、静脉吻合,十二指肠与膀胱吻合,未作预防及抗排斥处理,观察血糖、尿淀粉酶变化及病理学检查.结果完成犬胰腺移植手术12例,术中麻醉意外供、受体各死亡1例,受体手术成功率为91.7%.并发症3例,动脉吻合口血栓形成2例(16.7%),移植物血管蒂扭转1例(8.3%);十二指肠坏死1例(8.3%),10只受体存活期内、外分泌功能基本正常,术后3-7 d出现肾、十二指肠、胰腺排斥反应并逐渐加重,最终移植物失功能均致受体死亡.结论 建立犬SPK模型治疗糖尿病肾病是可行的,良好的外科技术是胰肾联合移植成功的基础,技术并发症和排斥反应是移植物失功能的主要原因.     

豚鼠至大鼠异种小肠移植模型的建立

目的 建立袖套法豚鼠至大鼠异种小肠移植模型,初步观察异种小肠移植超急性排斥反应的过程。方法 行异种异位全小肠移植,移植小肠肠系膜上动脉（腹主动脉）与受体肾以下腹主动脉作端侧吻合,切除小肠肠系膜上静脉（门静脉）与受体左肾静脉行袖套吻合。结果共实施异种小肠移植４０例,成功３４例,供受体手术时间平均为１５０ｍｉｎ,血管吻合成功率达９０％。再灌流后１５～２０ｍｉｎ移植小肠发生超急性排斥反应,表现为移植小     

胰腺移植中血管吻合重建的实验研究

目的:研究猪胰腺移植术中不同的血管吻合重建对术后移植胰功能恢复的影响。方法:采用健康小型猪18头体重30~50Kg,雌雄各半,随机分成A、B两组,均作带十二指肠袢的同种异体节段性胰腺移植。A组采用传统血管重建术;B组采用边灌注边吻合、先静脉后动脉的血管重建术。测定各组术后不同天数的胰液淀粉酶小时分泌量平均值、血清C-肽水平,了解移植胰的功能状况。结果:A组术后第5天始血清C-肽、AM分泌量低于B组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:胰腺移植术中采用改进后的血管吻合重建术可明显改善术后移植胰的功能。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.