苏萸痛风胶囊重复给药毒性试验研究——对SD大鼠肝脏的影响

目的:分析苏萸痛风胶囊在重复给药毒性试验中对SD大鼠肝脏的影响,评价其安全性,为临床应用提供参考。方法:取健康SD大鼠120只,按性别、体重随机分为溶剂对照组(0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液)和苏萸痛风胶囊高、中、低剂量组(3.732g·kg~(-1)、1.866g·kg~(-1)、0.933g·kg~(-1)),每组30只,雌雄各半。连续给药3个月,停药恢复1个月,于给药末期和恢复期,分别采用戊巴比妥钠麻醉,腹主动脉采血,放血处死动物,进行血液生化学检测和组织病理学等检查。结果:给药末期中、高剂量组动物肝脏的脏体指数均有显著性升高(P0.01),停药后1个月基本恢复正常,病理结果提示:给药末期高剂量组可能会引起大鼠肝细胞的弥漫性正常增生。结论:苏萸痛风胶囊在拟定的人体临床应用剂量范围内较安全,但长期大剂量使用可能会导致肝细胞的弥漫性正常增生,建议长期用药患者应定期监测肝功能指标。     

舒芬太尼经鼻给药与静脉给药在纤维结肠镜检查中疗效对比

目的 探究经鼻与经静脉的不同舒芬太尼给药方式应用在纤维肠镜的检查期间的临床效果。方法 选取2016年7月~2017年7月我院收治的62例患者的临床资料,依据给药方式分为对照组与研究组,每组31例。对照组行舒芬太尼静脉给药,研究组行舒芬太尼鼻滴给药,分析两组生命指标与临床指标。结果 研究组的心率与MAP低于对照组,SpO2高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;研究组的临床指标相比对照组指标优,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 纤维肠镜在检查时经鼻使用舒芬太尼临床效果更好,患者生命体征稳定,药物对呼吸抑制功能弱,有临床推广价值。     

黄藤素注射液Beagle犬静脉给药毒性观察

目的：采用Beagle犬一次静脉滴注黄藤素注射液．观察其对试验动物所产生的急性毒性反应和死亡情况．为黄藤素注射液临床用药途径提供参考。方法：用近似致死剂量法(ALD)，选择3只健康6月龄Beagle犬，根据黄藤素注射液小鼠静脉注射给药急性毒性试验结果．按50％剂量递增．计算出剂量递增序列，在剂量序列范围内间隔一个剂最给一只动物。1号动物25．0mg/kg体重．2号动物50．0mg/kg体重．3号动物100．0mg/kg体重，     

经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎疗效观察

目的探讨经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎的疗效. 方法将临床确诊的小儿肺炎患儿198例,按单纯随机抽样法分二组,对照组102例,用抗菌素或加用病毒唑治疗;治疗组96例在常规抗炎治疗基础上加用中药经皮给药治疗. 结果中药经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎可明显缩短肺部罗音消失时间及肺炎症状消失时间,缩短住院天数和提高治愈率. 结论在常规抗炎治疗基础上加用中药经皮给药辅助治疗小儿肺炎,有效、安全、无明显毒副作用.     

中医经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎58例

目的：分析并观察中医经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我所2010年5月~2011年5月就诊的58例小儿肺炎患者临床资料。随机将其分为观察组和对照组,每组29例患者。观察组29例患者主要采用中医经皮给药治疗(川贝母100g,杏仁100g,蒲公英100g,金银花200g,桔梗200 g,生石膏200 g,麻黄100g)；对照组29例患者根据病原体的类型,选择合适的抗生素治疗,并结合输液治疗。两组患者均治疗一个疗程6d。结果观察组的临床治愈率(96.6%)明显高于对照组(86.2%),两组存在可比性,差别具有统计学意义,即<0.05。结论小儿肺炎的治疗采用中医经皮给药,可以有效的提高治愈率,同时患儿的痛苦减轻,用药安全方便,在临床治疗小儿肺炎中有明显的疗效,值得在临床上推广和应用。     

经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎疗效观察

目的：探讨经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎的疗效。方法：将临床确诊的小儿肺炎患儿198例，按单纯随机抽样法分二组，对照组102例，用抗菌素或加用病毒唑治疗；治疗组96例在常规抗炎治疗基础上加用中药经皮给药治疗。结果：中药经皮给药治疗小儿肺炎可明显缩短肺部罗音消失时间及肺炎症状消失时间，缩短住院天数和提高治愈率。结论：在常规抗炎治疗基础上加用中药经皮给药辅助治疗小儿肺炎，有效、安全、无明显毒副作用。     

药理实验中动物给药途径的改进方法

为解决药理实验教学中，动物来源不足的矛盾，在我校97、98级、99级药剂专业和其它统招生实验课中，将教材中有关家兔耳静脉注射给药法的内容改进为小白鼠尾静脉注射给药法，实验结果与原实验方法相一致。改进后的实验方法，增加了学习动手机会。提高了学生的操作能力，加深了学生对理论知识的印象，也调动了学生上实验课的兴趣，同时也节省了经费，为学生以后的学习乃至临床操作奠定一定的基础。     

鼻粘膜给药研究进展

近年来，通过鼻粘膜给药的研究日益受到关注。鼻粘膜给药避免了药物的首过效应，鼻粘膜面积大，血管丰富，用药方便，吸收快，损伤小，易于被患者接受。目前，已有十几种鼻腔给药制剂应用于临床，尚有许多种类正处于研制或临床阶段，有关文献报道不断增多，现总结如下。     

护士安全给药流程在用药安全管理中的应用

目的制定护士安全给药流程,保证用药安全有效。方法选取我科100例患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,对照组采用常规给药方式;实验组采用护士安全给药流程。统计两组患者给药期间发生给药差错事件情况,使用药物有效率及患者满意度。结果实验组给药差错事件发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01),实验组患者使用药物有效率明显提高(P<0.01),患者对护理工作的满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论应用护士安全给药流程,可提高给药安全性和有效性,提升护士工作的主动性,促进医患关系和谐,提高院内护理水平和质量。     

中药经皮给药辅助治疗小儿腹泻病412例疗效观察

目的 观察经皮给药治疗小儿腹泻病的疗效.方法 将512例患儿分为治疗组(412例)和对照组(100例),治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用经皮给药治疗仪治疗,比较其疗效.结果 治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01).结论 中药经皮给药辅助治疗小儿腹泻病具有安全、方便、无痛苦、疗效显著等优点,为小儿腹泻病的治疗开辟了新途径.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.