肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤15例报告

目的：提高对肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的认识。方法：回顾性分析15例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果：15例中，10例为偶发瘤，2例出现血儿茶酚胺浓度升高；术前均行CT或MRI检查，除1例未能明确诊断外，其余均确诊为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤，术后均经病理检查证实为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤。结论：肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤无特异性临床表现，绝大部分患者仅靠CT或MRI的特异性影像即能被明确诊断。对直径＜2．5cm的偶发瘤可随访观察，对直径＞5cm的肿瘤均应手术切除，术前宜行内分泌功能检测。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治分析

目的：提高肾上腺偶发瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析1998年1月～2006年7月收治的48例肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料,并进行术后病理及随访结果分析。46例患者行手术治疗,其中开放手术15例,经腹腔镜治疗31例。结果：手术效果满意。术后病理检查诊断为肾上腺皮质腺瘤27例,肾上腺囊肿5例,肾上腺皮质癌2例,肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤3例,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤3例,原发性醛固酮瘤3例,腹膜后原发性淋巴瘤、皮质腺瘤伴灶状髓性脂肪瘤、转移癌各1例。影像学及实验室检查术前获正确诊断者32例（66．7％）。结论：所有肾上腺偶发瘤均应行内分泌功能检查。内分泌功能检查与CT或MRI联合应用对确诊肾上腺占位性病变有较高价值。对于确诊为恶性肿瘤、功能性肿瘤、转移性肿瘤及直径大于3cm的肿瘤,应积极采取手术治疗。腹腔镜手术创伤小,恢复快,为首选术式。对非功能性、直径小于3．0cm的肿瘤,可定期行生化和影像学检查。     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤26例临床分析

目的探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析26例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,并总结其诊断和治疗经验。26例中,16例无症状,8例有腰部或上腹部不适、疼痛,2例出现血儿茶酚胺水平增高;B超与CT各诊断24例,另2例诊断为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤;8例行磁共振成像(MRI)检查,均诊断为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤;3例行腹主动脉造影检查提示肿瘤与肾脏无关。肿瘤发生于左侧14例,右侧11例,双侧1例,单纯行肿瘤切除治疗16例,肿瘤并肾上腺全切除10例,其中4例初次诊断时肿瘤小于5cm,随诊6个月、9个月及2年肿瘤增大后手术治疗。结果肿瘤直径5～10cm,术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤,其中Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型17例。术后随访6～28个月,无肿瘤复发。结论肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤可依靠B超、CT或MRI的影像学检查诊断,对直径>5cm的肿瘤宜手术切除。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤3例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的临床、影像学及病理特点。方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2011年12月3例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。患者年龄分别为53、67、73岁,平均64岁,男性1例,女性2例,左侧2例,右侧1例,肿瘤直径2.5～11cm。结果 2例患者经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除,1例经腹开放手术切除,术后病理检查均证实为肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤。随访6个月至2年未见复发。结论肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的诊断主要依靠B超、CT和MRI,确诊需经病理学检查证实。手术切除是主要的治疗方法,症状明显或瘤体直径〉4cm者应尽早手术。     

腹腔镜下切除肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤疗效观察

目的:探讨经腹腹腔镜下手术切除肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析8例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料.行彩超、CT及MRI等影像学检查,术前诊断为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤6例,嗜铬细胞瘤1例,肾上腺腺瘤1例.8例均行腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术.结果:7例标准腹腔镜下切除肿瘤顺利完成,1例行手助腹腔镜下切除.术中1例血压出现波动,升高至180/116mmHg,余患者血压均稳定.平均手术时间1.5h,平均术中出血量60 ml.术后2～3d肠功能恢复,1～3d拔尿管,2～3d拔引流管,无明显外科并发症,术后平均7d顺利出院.切除肿瘤3.0 cm×3.5 cm×4.0cm～5.5 cm×5.5 cm×6.0cm,病理诊断均为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤.术后随访0.5～4年(平均2年),所有患者临床症状消失,彩超及CT检查未见肿瘤复发及恶性变.结论:经腹腹腔镜下手术切除肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤创伤小、疗效满意,为治疗本病的理想方法.     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊疗(附9例报告)

目的:探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析9例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,并总结其诊断和治疗经验.9例中,7例无症状,1例有腰部不适,1例血压增高.B超与CT诊断8例,1例误诊为肾错构瘤.肿瘤发生于左侧肾上腺区4例,右侧肾上腺区5例,开放手术8例,腹腔镜手术1例.结果:肿瘤直径5～11cm,术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤.术后随访6个月～5年,无肿瘤复发.结论:肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤可依靠B超、CT或MRI等影像学检查诊断,手术切除肿瘤安全有效,腹腔镜手术较开放手术更有优越性.     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的影像学特点和诊治方法.方法：肾上腺肿瘤患者12例.男5例,女7例.平均年龄48（33～64）岁.左侧4例,右侧8例.血压高2例.腰腹部疼痛1例,无特异性症状9例.行B超、CT及MRI检查.术前提示为肾上腺占位,其中肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤10例.嗜铬细胞瘤1例,肾上腺肿瘤1例.12例均行肾上腺肿瘤切除术,其中开放手术7例.腹腔镜手术5例.结果：12例手术均顺利完成.平均手术时间1.5 h,平均术中出血量50 ml.术后无明显外科并发症,平均7天顺利出院.切除肿瘤最小3.0 cm×3.5 cm×4.0 cm.最大6.5 cm×7.5 cm×8.0 cm.病理诊断均为肾上腺髓件脂肪瘤.术后随访0.5～8年（平均2年）.所有患者临床症状消失,B超及CT检查末见肿瘤复发及恶性变.结论：肾上腺髓件脂肪瘤多无特异性临床表现,术前诊断主要靠影像学检查,确诊依赖于病理检查 手术切除预后良好,其中腹腔镜手术创伤小,疗效满意,为治疗本病的理想方法.     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤21例诊治分析

目的探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析21例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,总结诊断和治疗经验。21例病例中,14例无症状,5例腰痛,2例血压升高。B超、CT诊断20例,1例因肿瘤破裂出血误诊为肾上腺错构瘤。肿瘤发生于左侧肾上腺区7例,右侧肾上腺区12例,双侧肾上腺区2例。开放手术5例,腹腔镜手术16例。结果 21例手术均获成功。肿瘤直径4~12cm,术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤。术后随访3个月~5年,无肿瘤复发。结论肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤可依靠影像学检查诊断,手术切除肿瘤安全有效,手术方式以腹腔镜为首选。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的临床探讨(附50例报告)

目的：探讨肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治经验方法；对我院1984年1月－2001年2月收治的50例肾上腺偶发瘤患者进行回顾性分析。结果：50例患者经内分泌功能测定，CT，B超，MRI及同位素髓质扫描等检查，内分泌功能性肿瘤19例（38．0％），不论肿瘤大小均行手术切除；无功能性肿瘤31例（62．0％），其中26例手术切除，8例为恶性，其中原发腺癌5例，转移性肿瘤3例，结论：对于肾上腺偶发瘤必须结合的内分泌检查，影像学检查及同位素扫描，以排除有无内分泌功能及是否为恶性，对有内分泌功能亢进或直径≥4cm或有恶性征象的肾上腺偶发瘤均考虑手术治疗，对无内分泌功能亢进或直径＜4cm且无恶性征象的肾上腺偶发瘤患者可定期随访。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤50例报告

目的 探讨肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学及病理学特点与诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析50例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习,分析其特点.结果 50例患者均经手术切除肿瘤,并经病理检查证实为肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤,随访6~66个月未见复发.结论 肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤术前诊断主要依据超声、CT和MRI等影像学检查,确诊需经病理学检查证实.对于无明显症状、肿瘤体积较小的肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤患者,短期内可随访观察,但手术切除仍是其最有效的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.