腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的防治

目的：探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的原因及对策。方法：对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石13例患者的Il盘床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：13例患者术前均诊断为单纯胆囊结石,胆囊内伴有多发性小结石,均有右上腹或剑突下疼痛病史,1例转氨酶升高,3例伴胆囊颈部结石嵌顿,胆总管增粗2例,所有患者术前均未行MRCP检查。行腹腔镜胆囊切除术后因出现不适症状发现胆总管结石,其大小与胆囊内小结石相当,6例经保守治疗结石自行排出,7例手术治疗治愈。结论：详细复习病史资料,及时补充检查,正确的操作方法是预防此并发症的关键。采用保守治疗可使部分结石自行排出,EST治疗为首选手术方式,必要时开腹手术。     

Common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystecmy is the preferred method for removing the Gall bladder. The most frequent intra-operative complications are by for related to the biliary tract: wounds, section. From September 1995 to August 2001, the authors have realized 1570 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were 3 lesions of the common bile duct. Most of those complications are directly proportional to the operators experience. Their prevention depends on a perfect technics, understanding of the mechanisms and no hesitation in converting to conventional laparotomy whenever difficulties are encountered.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中解剖变异的处理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic Choleeystectomy,LC)中解剖变异的处理。方法回顾分析2000年1月～2010年12月进行的腹腔镜胆囊切除术中79例伴有解剖变异患者的临床资料。结果 72例成功LC,4例中转开腹胆囊切除术,2例开腹胆囊切除术加T管引流,1例开腹胆囊切除术加胆管吻合术。全组病人均痊愈出院。结论在LC时重视解剖变异,规范操作,腹腔镜处理合并解剖变异的胆囊疾病是安全、可行的。     

Claims for damages due to bile-duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: some legal remarks

Of 278 patients who were referred to a tertiary centre because of a bile-duct injury incurred during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 19% had sued the doctor or hospital involved. This percentage is relatively low compared with data from the US, and also if compared with the much larger group of patients who believe that their injury was due to medical negligence. When patients perceive their injury in this way, malpractice litigation is not the only option available to them; they can also lodge a complaint with the hospital's complaint committee or with the medical disciplinary board. If such complaints are found justified, this increases the chance of a settlement without court proceedings. Patients should be informed about the possibility of bile-duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Apart from the legal obligation to do so, an informed patient will be less inclined to attribute the injury automatically to a medical error. Finally, the high number of complications and claims justifies further debate on whether a no-fault compensation system is to be preferred over the present system of compensation based on medical negligence.     

复杂胆囊的腹腔镜切除术

目的　探讨各种复杂类型胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术方法及并发症的处理体会。方法　本组 5 0例复杂胆囊炎 ,腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)完成 4 8例 ,2例中转开腹。结果　 2例因胆囊三角冰冻黏连和急性坏疽中转开腹手术 ,术后置腹腔引流 8例 ,无严重并发症及死亡病例。结论　既往认为是LC禁忌证的各种复杂类型的胆囊炎 ,随着LC病例数的增多 ,经验的积累及手术器械的改进 ,特别是超声刀的应用 ,目前已成为LC的适应证。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及处理对策

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血原因及处理对策.方法:回顾性分析18例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发生胆囊动脉出血原因、处理方法及效果.结果:术中因游离、剪断胆囊管时损伤胆囊动脉9例(50%),分离胆囊床时损伤胆囊动脉分支出血4例(22.2%),胆囊变异血管出血3例(16.7%),胆囊穿支血管出血2例(11.1%),处理方法采用钛夹钳夹、电凝止血,全组病例无中转开腹,术后未发生继发出血,无胆管损伤.结论:胆囊动脉出血是腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中出血的常见原因,只要术者掌握腹腔镜手术技巧及相应处理对策,均能获到满意的效果.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的诊断、预防和处理经验.方法 回顾性分析8例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的诊治情况.结果 8例右侧副肝管损伤病例中,5例为术中发现.3例为术后发现,处理方法 :5例副肝管直径小于3.0mm者予以结扎;1例副肝管直径为5.0mm者予以重建并支撑引流半年以上;1例副肝管直径为3.0mm,但近端与邻近肝叶胆管有交通胆管存在,亦予以结扎.结扎及重建的7例患者经6个月至5年随访,预后良好.另1例术中未及时发现和正确处理的副肝管直径为3.5咖的患者术后发生了严重的胆漏和感染等并发症,历经3次引流手术,半年后治愈.全组无死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中必须严格遵守正确的操作规程,警惕副肝管的存在,避免损伤,若发生副肝管损伤,应中转开腹,及时发现和正确处理是获得良好效果的关键.     

LMA双管喉罩全麻在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的：探讨双管喉罩全麻在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用的利弊。方法：60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,无禁忌症的择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机分为双管喉罩组（30例）和气管插管组（30例）。观察两组诱导后（T0）,置喉罩（导管）即刻（T1）,置罩（管）后3min（T2）,切皮时（T3）,拔罩（管）即刻（T4）时的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2,以及术后不良并发症（咽痛、恶心、呕吐、反流、误吸）。结果：喉罩组T0与T1无差异,且喉罩组T1、T4时SBP、DBP、HR、PETCO2较气管组降低,两组术后观察均未出现反流、误吸,喉罩组4例出现咽痛,气管组10例出现咽痛,差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）。结论：双管喉罩全麻应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术,可有效降低术中心血管反应及术后并发症,是安全、可行的麻醉方式。     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术前彩色多普勒超声对其难度的预测价值

目的 探讨术前彩色多普勒超声检查对急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度的预测价值.方法 86例急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,根据术中实际难度评分分为困难组(67例)和容易组(19例),比较两组术前行彩色多普勒超声检查指标,包括胆囊容积、胆囊壁厚度及血流、胆囊腔、胆囊床和肝内外胆管情况,评价术前超声检测指标与手术难度之间的关系.结果 困难组与容易组超声检测胆囊容积分别为(52.6 4±14.6)mm~3和(32.6±10.4)mm~3,胆囊壁厚度分别为(9.7±4.1)mm和(3.8±0.9)mm,胆囊壁血流信号丰富的发生率分别为89.5%(17/19)和17.9%(12/67),胆囊粘连的发生率分别为78.9%(15/19)和11.9%(8/67),胆囊颈部嵌顿结石的发生率分别为10.5%(2,19)和0(0/67),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01 .胆囊容积≥50 mm~3、胆囊壁厚度≥5mm、胆囊颈部嵌顿结石、胆囊周围粘连为预测指标,86例急性胆囊炎术前彩色多普勒超声预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度准确率为94.2%(81/86).结论 术前彩色多普勒超声检查,有助于急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术适应证的掌握,对手术难度预测具有重要的临床应用和指导价值.     

小切口胆囊切除术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比研究

目的 对比小切口胆囊切除术(MC)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)在胆囊切除方面的优劣.方法 选取需行胆囊切除术的胆囊疾病患者168例,按随机数字表法分为MC组(90例)和LC组(78例),比较两组临床疗效.结果 MC组手术时间[(37.2±12.3)min]比LC组[(51.6±14.6)min]明显缩短(P＜0.05).MC组、LC组住院时间分别为(1.7±1.1)、(1.8±0.9)d,痊愈时间分别为(15.9±3.2)、(14.8±4.9)d,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).体重指数对两组的手术时间和术后恢复时间无影响.结论 对于非复杂性胆囊结石,MC与LC相比,手术时间短,术后患者恢复时间相近.MC更适合肥胖患者行胆囊切除手术.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）中转开腹原因及如何避免中转开腹.方法 回顾分析2006年11月～2010年11月笔者所在医院共行三孔或四孔法LC 789例中14例中转开腹患者的临床资料,探讨中转的原因.结果 本组中转率为17.7%,14例均完成相应手术,1例术后并发胆漏,均痊愈出院.结论 LC中转开腹原因有胆囊周围及Calot三角严重粘连、解剖变异、术前漏诊误诊等.严格掌握适应证,提高操作水平,可降低中转开腹率.把握中转时机可减少并发症的发生.     

Situations of conversion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: series of 300 cholecystectomies

Laparoscopy is the "gold standard" for cholecystectomy, wherever it can happen that the surgeon must converse to laparotomy. The authors report 300 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; the conversion rate was 9%; for cholecystitis (19%), cystic hemorrhage (3.7%) common bile duct (7.4%) and failure of material (11%). It resort from that study that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe, wherever it keeps some limits and conversion still remains a security and don't be assimilated to a failure.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术围手术期的护理及其进展

腹腔镜胆囊切除术具有损伤小,疼痛少,病人恢复快,住院时间短等显著优势,已成为良性胆囊疾病胆囊切除的金标准,而术前进行健康指导、心理护理,术中密切配合手术和监测生命体征,术后腔镜手术的特殊护理和严密观测并发症有无,及时指导配合处理则能进一步消除病人忧虑,促进康复.全面细致的健康教育与心理护理在腔镜手术围手术期显得更加重要.     

Work days lost due to health problems in industry

This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence of work days lost due to health problems and associated factors among industrial workers. The study population was a simple random cluster sample of 3,403 workers from 16 to 65 years of age in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Data were collected with individual home interviews. Among industrial workers, one-year prevalence of work days lost to health problems was 12.5%, of which 5.5% were directly work-related and 4.1% aggravated by work. There were no statistically significant differences when compared to other worker categories. Self-perceived workplace hazards, history of work-related injury, and poor self-rated health were associated with work days lost due to work-related injuries/diseases. The findings showed that work days lost are common among both industrial and non-industrial workers, thereby affecting productivity and requiring prevention programs.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术194例体会

目的:探讨县级医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的方法和经验。方法:回顾分析某医院194例胆囊结石行LC的临床资料,其中慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石168例、胆囊息肉6例、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石20例。结果:经LC治愈186例,平均住院时间5.2天。中转开腹8例,其中1例高位胆管损伤转安医大手术治愈,胆囊癌1例、胆囊床出血1例、胆囊十二指肠内漏1例、胆囊三角区粘连局部解剖不清4例经开腹手术治愈。手术并发症6例。结论:县级基层医院开展LC手术应分阶段,根据手术医生技术熟练程度严格掌握适应证,逐步扩大适应证,对于存在危险因素的患者应及时选择开腹手术,避免胆道损伤等严重并发症的发生。     

Electrocardiographic changes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM: To determine whether ECG changes observed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be correlated with procedure characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied prospectively 500 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for documented gallstones and prior history of cardiovascular disease, volume of carbon dioxide insufflated in the peritoneal cavity, duration of the procedure and intra-abdominal pressure created. RESULTS: We found that 9 (1.8%) patients developed LV strain, 2 (0.4%) patients--atrial fibrillation, 2 (0.4%) patients--tachyarrhythmia in the presence of AF, 1 (0.2%) patient--RBBB and 1 (0.2%) patient--myocardial ischemia with ST depression regarding these ECG leads. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using multifactorial logistic regression analysis. These changes were not correlated to the above referred procedure characteristics. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ECG changes are frequent events after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (3%) but are not correlated to prior history of cardiovascular disease, the duration of the procedure, the volume of carbon dioxide insufflated and the intra-abdominal pressure.     

Initial experiences with laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 45 patients for treatment of symptomatic gallbladder disease. The age distribution was 23 to 79 years. In four patients the procedure was not completed and a laparotomy was performed to remove the gallbladder: once because of a defective instrument, once because of bleeding of an omental adhesion and twice because of disturbed anatomy of the cystic duct region by inflammatory tissue. In four cases a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed because of an acute cholecystitis and in three cases a laparoscopic cholecystectomy à froid was performed. There were three postoperative complications: one case of bleeding and two cases of leakage of bile during five and ten days, respectively. In all these cases the treatment was conservative and laparotomy was not necessary. The postoperative hospital stay varied between 3 and 11 days with a mean of 4.2 days. The period of unfitness for work after leaving hospital ranged from one to three weeks. If for whatever reason the laparoscopic procedure cannot be completed, a laparotomy to remove the gallbladder should be performed in the same session. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a new, safe, less invasive method to remove the gallbladder with significant benefit to the patient. The morbidity is low and the hospital stay is short. A considerable reduction of costs is achieved with this treatment.