武汉市青少年应激性生活事件和吸烟行为的关系

目的：了解武汉市青少年应激性生活事件及其与吸烟的关系。方法：采用匿名的方式，在武汉市11个区随机抽取22所中学初一至初三的学生6994名，进行问卷调查。应激性生活事件的测量采取记数的方式，分别统计家庭、学校和小伙伴三个方面的正性和负性生活事件数，作为生活事件得分；吸烟的测量采用4个变量，即尝试吸烟，30天吸烟，7天吸烟和是否吸100支烟(吸烟习惯)。采取单因素χ^2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果：武汉市青少年吸烟主要与家庭和学校方面的负性生活事件正相关，而与学校方面的正性生活事件呈负相关。结论：应激性生活事件与青少年吸烟有关，提示我们应大力提高青少年应对生活事件的能力，预防和减少青少年吸烟。     

青少年吸烟及其相关因素的研究

本研究从北京地区普通中小学选取１０４０名被试，探讨青少年吸烟行为模式，以及吸烟行为与学习行为、问题行为、参加的活动的关系。结果表明，青少年吸烟现象随年级而增加；男青少年吸烟比女青少年吸烟普遍；吸烟行为与偷东西、斗殴等问题行为、学习成绩差、闲逛等有密切关系。这些结果说明了预防、干预青少年吸烟的重要性     

青少年主观社会经济地位与吸烟行为:生活事件的中介作用

目的:探讨生活事件在主观社会经济地位与吸烟行为之间的中介作用。方法:按照多阶段随机整群取样方法,从全国抽取10个城市共14所中学的初一至高三10313名学生完成一般资料调查表和青少年主观社会经济地位量表(SSS-CA)等。结果:主观社会经济地位与吸烟行为得分显著负相关;生活事件在主观社会经济地位与青少年吸烟行为关系中起部分中介作用。结论:生活事件在主观社会经济地位与青少年吸烟行为间起部分中介作用。     

亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为:抑郁的中介作用及其性别差异

目的:探讨亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响机制。方法:采用亲子沟通量表、流调中心抑郁量表和青少年吸烟行为问卷对2837名初中学生进行了调查。结果:(1)亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为有显著的负向预测作用,抑郁对青少年吸烟行为有显著的正向预测作用;(2)抑郁对亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为的关系能起到部分中介作用;(3)性别调节了亲子沟通经由抑郁对青少年吸烟行为影响的中介过程,在同等亲子沟通水平下,女生相较于男生而言,在抑郁情绪升高时,其吸烟行为水平的提升幅度比男生更高。结论:亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响是有调节的中介过程。     

青少年吸烟者的吸烟水平及其影响因素分析

目的考察不同吸烟水平青少年的特点及其影响因素。方法采用问卷调查的方法对211个吸烟的青少年进行调查。结果①14％的青少年经常吸烟,男生经常吸烟的人数显著地多于士生;②青少年的不同吸烟水平与同伴吸烟行为和态度、同伴直接和常规压力、父母吸烟态度以及青少年自身抵制技能、吸烟认识显著相关;③同伴吸烟行为和直接压力显著地预测青少年的不同吸烟水平。结论青少年吸烟者中大多数人偶尔吸烟,青少年的吸烟程度与同件因素关系紧密,青少年吸烟干预方案应将同伴因素列为最重要的干预成分。     

私立学校1307名中学生吸烟与自尊水平调查

目的:探讨中学生吸烟与自尊水平的关系.方法:以"青少年控烟项目调查问卷"和Rosenberg10条目自尊量表对武汉市私立学校的1307名初一和初二的学生进行调查.结果:从"不吸烟"、"尝试吸烟"、"吸一整支烟"到"吸过100支烟",学生的自尊量表得分依次降低,分别为29.92、29.03、28.57、27.41;已戒烟学生的得分显著高于没有戒烟的学生;未来可能吸烟者的自尊得分显著低于未来不会吸烟的学生.结论:中学生吸烟行为与自尊水平有一定相关性.在青少年吸烟的干预措施中,应加强提高自尊心理水平的健康教育.     

青少年压力与吸烟行为的关系:应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨压力与青少年吸烟行为之间的关系,及应对方式在二者之间的中介作用。方法:采用青少年生活事件问卷,应对方式问卷和自编中学生吸烟行为调查问卷对2415名中学生进行问卷调查。结果:1青少年吸烟行为存在显著的性别和年级差异。2压力、消极应对与青少年吸烟行为之间两两显著相关。3消极应对在压力与青少年吸烟行为之间有显著的中介作用。结论:压力既是青少年吸烟行为的直接预测因素之一,也可以通过消极应对间接影响青少年吸烟行为。     

父亲吸烟与幼儿心理健康初探

父亲吸烟与幼儿心理健康初探宁夏银川市妇幼保健院刘智敏、管雯娜宁夏银川市第一医院李书平、李映原影响幼儿心理健康发展的因素很多，父亲吸烟与幼儿心理健康有无影响报导不多，本文特作此调查，以便为幼儿心理健康的预防、干预提供科学依据。对象和方法１９９６年９月２...     

美科学家指出青少年吸烟损害肺脏发育

美科学家指出青少年吸烟损害肺脏发育《新英格兰医学杂志》最近刊登美国哈佛公共卫生学校和波斯顿妇科医院的调查报告称，通过对１万名美国青少年进行１５年的跟踪调查后得出的结论是，十几岁的青少年一天即使吸５支烟，肺脏发育也会受损；吸烟越多，时间越长，对肺脏发育...     

儿童被动吸烟影响运算阅读能力

最新研究显示:被动吸烟很容易导致青少年的运算能力以及阅读能力的下降,间接影响其数学、阅读课的考试成绩。据有关统计资料显示,目前全世界有相当庞大的被动吸烟的青少年大军,仅仅在美国就有大约330万的儿童和青少年正在忍受着相当程度的被动吸烟,以至于他们的阅读和计算能力受到     

Do Schools Moderate the Genetic Determinants of Smoking?

This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the extent to which school-level social and institutional factors moderate genetic tendencies to smoke cigarettes. Our analysis relies on a sub-sample of 1,198 sibling and twin pairs nested within 84 schools. We develop a multilevel modeling extension of regression-based quantitative genetic techniques to calculate school-specific heritability estimates. We show that smoking onset (h2 = .51) and daily smoking (h2 = .58) are both genetically influenced. Whereas the genetic influence on smoking onset is consistent across schools, we show that schools moderate the heritability of daily smoking. The heritability of daily smoking is the highest within schools in which the most popular students are also smokers and reduced within schools in which the majority of the students are non-Hispanic and white. These findings make important contributions to the literature on gene-environment interactions.     

Do smoking prevention programs really work? Attrition and the internal and external validity of an evaluation of a refusal skills training program

This study investigated the effects of a smoking prevention program that emphasized refusal skills training on 1730 adolescents in three high schools and six middle schools. Classes within these schools were randomly assigned to treatment or no-treatment conditions to avoid confounding schools with treatment condition. The effects of attrition on the internal and external validity of the study were examined. Although the results indicated an apparent effect of the program at the 1-year follow-up in deterring continued smoking among those who were smoking at pretest, this result may have been due to a higher rate of attrition among high-rate smokers in the treatment condition than in the control condition. Attrition also affected external validity. Across both conditions, subjects who were smoking at pretest and who were at risk to smoke were more likely to be missing at follow-up. The program did have an effect on the refusal skills of participants and the validity of this effect was not jeopardized by differential attrition.     

Smoking behaviour and biological maturation in males and females: a 20-year longitudinal study. Analysis of data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: (1) Describe the longitudinal smoking behaviour of boys and girls during adolescence in relation to calendar age, skeletal age, years from peak height velocity (PHV) and years from menarche (in girls). (2) and (3) Investigate the timing of biological maturation (early or late maturation) in relation to smoking behaviour in adolescence and in adulthood (i.e. calendar age 32/33). HPOTHESIS: We hypothesized skeletal age, years from PHV and years from menarche to be better predictors of smoking than calendar age. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study is part of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS) that was started in 1977 with 619 pupils from two secondary schools (mean age 13.0 SD 0.6). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Smoking behaviour was assessed four times between 1977 and 1980 and once in 1996/1997. Calendar age and skeletal age were measured annually whereas height and menarche were measured every 4 months. Maturation rate (skeletal age minus calendar age), age at PHV and age at menarche were used to estimate timing of biological maturation. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis was used to study maturation rate in relation to smoking during adolescence, whereas logistic regression analyses were used to study mean maturation rate, years from PHV and years from menarche in relation to smoking in adulthood. OUTCOME AND RESULTS: Skeletal age, years from PHV and years from menarche are no better predictors of smoking during adolescence than calendar age. The prevalence of smoking rises gradually with the increase in all four estimates of biological maturation. Timing of biological maturation was positively related to smoking but only at calendar age 13 (OR 3.34, CI 1.58, 7.07). None of the three measures to estimate timing of biological maturation was significantly related to smoking status in adulthood.     

Prevention of tobacco use among medically at-risk children and adolescents: clinical and research opportunities in the interest of public health

OBJECTIVE: Cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use are addictive and harmful. Though no level of smoking is safe, children and adolescents who are medically at-risk due to the presence of a chronic or life-threatening disease may be especially vulnerable to these dangers. This article provides an overview of considerations in the prevention of tobacco use in this special population. METHODS: This article summarizes medical aspects of childhood chronic disease and the impact of cigarette smoking, the prevalence of tobacco screening in pediatric healthcare, and levels of prevention for individuals, families, schools, and healthcare. Recommendations for clinical services and research are also included. RESULTS: There are a number of reasons to prevent and interrupt the onset of smoking in medically at-risk youth. Subspecialty clinics appear to be the most likely point of entry for prevention-based work in this area. However, no one single setting will be effective in preventing and deterring use without due consideration of other settings, perspectives, and influences on smoking uptake. CONCLUSIONS: The promise of smoking prevention to improve the health and outlook of children and adolescents with chronic or life-threatening disease is high, and additional efforts are needed for this population.     

The efficacy of social-influence prevention programs versus “standard care”: Are new initiatives needed?

This study evaluates the effects of a school-based smoking prevention program after 1 year, using school (22 middle/elementary schools, 15 high schools) as both the unit of randomization and the unit of analysis. The multigrade level (grades 6 through 9) intervention was designed to address comprehensively the social influence factors that encourage smoking. Teacher survey data indicated that treatment schools had a median of 10 classroom sessions devoted to tobacco/drug use education, 5 of which were the sessions designed for this evaluation, and control schools had also dedicated a median of 10 classroom sessions to tobacco/drug education. Thus, the study evaluated the incremental effects of the social influence intervention compared to standard-care curricula. Among those who reported smoking one or more cigarettes in the month prior to the intervention, there was a significant treatment effect on rate of smoking at one year, but no grade level, gender, or interaction effects. The 1-year covariate-adjusted smoking rate among pretest smokers in the treatment schools was 76.6 cigarettes per month, compared to 111.6 cigarettes per month in control schools, a 31.4% difference. These effects were not accounted for by differential subject attrition. The analyses for nonsmokers, however, showed no significant effects, and the program did not affect self-reported alcohol or marijuana use. Taken together with the results of other prevention studies, these results point to the need for the development and evaluation of new initiatives to prevent substance use.Research supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (CA38273) and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (DA03635).     

Evaluation of a 5-year school-based county-wide smoking education programme

Reports on an evaluation of Smoke Free Leitrim (SFL): a five-year (1996-2001) school-based county-wide smoking education programme that was offered to all fourth class students in all county Leitrim primary schools (n = 450). By programme end 208 (59%) SFL students and 147 (55%) of the control group had tried smoking. Sixty-six (19%) of the SFL group and 63 (24%) of the control group currently smoke. No significant differences were found between the groups for current smoking. Daily smoking of SFL and control males was identical: SFL 19 (10%); control 12 (10%). There was a significant difference between daily smoking of females: 14 (8%) SFL girls and 24 (16%) control group girls smoke everyday. The SFL intervention did not delay or prevent the uptake of smoking, but may have had some gendered effect. It reflected the limited effectiveness of long-term wide-scale smoking education interventions. A more sophisticated approach to young people and tobacco usage is required, that extends beyond the school to focus on tobacco usage in adults, families and the wider community.     

Smoking behaviour and biological maturation in males and females: a 20-year longitudinal study. Analysis of data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

Primary objective : (1) Describe the longitudinal smoking behaviour of boys and girls during adolescence in relation to calendar age, skeletal age, years from peak height velocity (PHV) and years from menarche (in girls). (2) and (3) Investigate the timing of biological maturation (early or late maturation) in relation to smoking behaviour in adolescence and in adulthood (i.e. calendar age 32/33). Hypothesis : We hypothesized skeletal age, years from PHV and years from menarche to be better predictors of smoking than calendar age. Research design : This study is part of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS) that was started in 1977 with 619 pupils from two secondary schools (mean age 13.0 SD 0.6). Methods and procedures : Smoking behaviour was assessed four times between 1977 and 1980 and once in 1996/1997. Calendar age and skeletal age were measured annually whereas height and menarche were measured every 4 months. Maturation rate (skeletal age minus calendar age), age at PHV and age at menarche were used to estimate timing of biological maturation. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis was used to study maturation rate in relation to smoking during adolescence, whereas logistic regression analyses were used to study mean maturation rate, years from PHV and years from menarche in relation to smoking in adulthood. Outcomes and results : Skeletal age, years from PHV and years from menarche are no better predictors of smoking during adolescence than calendar age. The prevalence of smoking rises gradually with the increase in all four estimates of biological maturation. Timing of biological maturation was positively related to smoking but only at calendar age 13 (OR 3.34, CI 1.58, 7.07). None of the three measures to estimate timing of biological maturation was significantly related to smoking status in adulthood.     

Adolescents’ Attitudes on Smoking Are Related to Experimentation with Smoking,Daily Smoking and Best Friends’ Smoking in Two Karelias in Finland and in Russia

Purpose

Becoming a smoker usually starts during adolescence and is a dynamic process involving experimentation before the establishment of daily smoking. It has been suggested that adolescents who smoke differ from those who do not in their attitudes to smoking. The purpose of this study was to find out whether attitudes related to smoking legislation and restrictions, social pressures in smoking and image of smokers are associated with smoking experimentation, daily smoking and best friends’ smoking.

Method

The data were gathered with a self-administered questionnaire in North Karelia, Eastern Finland and in the Pitkyaranta district, Republic of Karelia, Russia. The respondents were 15-year-old 9th grade pupils in local schools. In Pitkyaranta, the data analyses covered pupils in all eight schools in the area (n?=?179). In North Karelia, the data analyses comprised of selected eight schools (n?=?601). Data were analysed with exploratory factor analysis.

Results

The models revealed that attitudes related to restrictions and social pressure were significantly associated with experimenting with smoking [OR (95 % CI) 7.923 (5.787–10.847)], daily smoking [OR (95 % CI) 9.575 (6.727–13.628)] and the likelihood of best friends’ smoking [OR (95 % CI) 3.154 (2.579–3.858)]. The stronger the young peoples’ attitudes and opinions, for example, towards restrictions and with more difficulties in refusing smoking, the higher the likelihood for smoking experimentations, daily smoking as well as the likelihood for their best friends’ smoking. The country and factor interactions were not associated with smoking experimentations, daily smoking or best friends’ smoking.

Conclusion

Regardless of cultural background, adolescents who smoke have more positive attitudes to smoking, and perceive more social support for smoking, than do adolescents who do not smoke. The study stresses the similarity of the results in both Karelia’s despite the enormous differences in culture, economy and public policy.

     

Smoking and quitting among Irish teenage males

Nicotine addiction in adulthood is usually preceded by exposure to cigarettes in adolescence. A minimal exposure may be sufficient to produce addiction. Strategies to reduce adult smoking must address those factors, which influence teenage smoking. In this study we aimed to establish the prevalence of smoking in male secondary schools, to measure the association between student's smoking status and parental, peer and sibling smoking and to describe attempted quitting. An anonymous questionnaire was given to 1070 male secondary school pupils in two schools in County Louth. Twenty-seven percent of respondents smoked every day or on most days. Having a best friend who smoked was associated with personal smoking (O.R. 11.75, C.I. 8.6-16.08) as was sibling smoking (O.R. 3.49, C.I. 2.67-4.57.) Seventy percent of smokers stated that they wanted to stop and 75% that they had tried to stop. Only five smokers (1.2%) had been advised to quit by their general practitioner. We conclude that smoking is as prevalent among teenage boys in Ireland as it has been shown to be elsewhere and that most teenagers are unable rather than unwilling to stop.