大学新生生活应激调查研究

目的了解大学生应激性生活事件发生特点及影响因素,为今后大学生心理健康教育工作提供理论依据。方法采用青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）、社会支持评定量表（SSRC）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对山西医科大学2005级临床系学生进行团体施测。结果1在大学生各类生活事件的发生频度和应激强度排序中,学习压力最为突出;2在学习压力方面,女性高于男性,非独生子女高于独生子女,农村大学生高于城市大学生;3影响大学生生活事件发生频度的因素主要有神经质人格、母亲学历、合理化应对方式和主观社会支持;影响大学生生活事件应激强度的因素主要有神经质人格、母亲学历、总体社会支持、自责及合理化应对方式。结论大学生家庭、性别、人格特点、应对方式及社会支持可能是导致应激性生活事件发生的重要影响因素。     

汉族、纳西族中学生生活事件和应对方式的研究

目的以138名汉族和127名纳西族中学生为被试，探讨中学生生活事件和应对方式的民族差异和性别差异及其两者的交互作用。结果①在应激性的生活事件方面，汉族与纳西族中学生都是以学习压力为主，其它应激事件为辅，按应激强度从高到低排列依次为：学习压力、人际关系、受惩罚、丧失、健康适应；在应封方式方面，都是以积极的应对方式为主；消极的应对方式为辅，个体应对方式的使用率从高到低排列依次为：解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责。②在学习压力．丧失、健康适应等三种生活事件方面，纳西族中学生的应激水平显著高于汉族中学生；而在其它生活事件和应对方式上均无显着的民族差异。③中学生的应激事件和应对方式总体上无显着的性别差异，但男生受惩罚的应激强度明显高于女生，而女生比男生更多地使用了求助的应对方式。④在所有生活事件和应对方式上，不存在显著的民族和性别的交互作用。     

高三学生应激性生活事件和应对方式调查分析

本文目的为探讨高三学生常见的应激性生活事件以及应对方式的特点。在重庆市市区与近郊抽取三所中学,实际抽查且资料记录完整者60 4名,年龄分布为17-19岁,平均18±1岁。男生2 87名(4 7 5 %) ,女生3 17名(5 2 5 %)。采用青少年生活事件自评量表(ASLEC ) [1 ] 及应对方式问卷(WOC) [2 ] 对所抽样本施测。应用SAS进行数据处理和t检验。结果　1 生活事件各因子应激强度就各因子应激强度的绝对值来看,学习压力因子和人际关系因子最为突出,其次为受惩罚因子和其他,而亲友与财产丧失因子和健康适应因子影响较小。除其他因子分值男生显著高…     

武汉市青少年应激性生活事件和吸烟行为的关系

目的：了解武汉市青少年应激性生活事件及其与吸烟的关系。方法：采用匿名的方式，在武汉市11个区随机抽取22所中学初一至初三的学生6994名，进行问卷调查。应激性生活事件的测量采取记数的方式，分别统计家庭、学校和小伙伴三个方面的正性和负性生活事件数，作为生活事件得分；吸烟的测量采用4个变量，即尝试吸烟，30天吸烟，7天吸烟和是否吸100支烟(吸烟习惯)。采取单因素χ^2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果：武汉市青少年吸烟主要与家庭和学校方面的负性生活事件正相关，而与学校方面的正性生活事件呈负相关。结论：应激性生活事件与青少年吸烟有关，提示我们应大力提高青少年应对生活事件的能力，预防和减少青少年吸烟。     

生活事件对大学生抑郁的影响:神经质与应对方式的链式中介作用

目的:探讨神经质人格和应对方式在大学生生活事件与抑郁间的链式中介作用。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷、特质应对方式量表、青少年生活事件量表以及流调中心抑郁量表对330名大学生进行调查。结果:相关分析表明,神经质、消极应对以及生活事件与抑郁呈显著正相关;而积极应对与抑郁呈显著负相关。中介作用检验结果表明:生活事件通过神经质到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和积极应对到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和消极应对到抑郁这三条中介路径均显著。结论:神经质和应对方式在大学生应激与抑郁间存在链式中介效应。     

医务人员压力反应与社会支持、生活事件、应对方式的相关研究

目的：研究生活事件、应对方式、社会支持等应激有关因素对医务人员应激反应的影响。探讨在应激系统中各应激有关因素的作用途径。方法：使用领悟社会支持量表、生活事件量表、特质应对方式问卷和自编压力反应问卷对556名医务人员进行调查。结果：单因素相关分析显示：压力反应与生活事件、应对方式、社会支持之间相关均有显著性意义。多因素回归分析和路径分析表明生活事件、应对方式、社会支持对压力反应均有预测性。其中消极应对方式是影响医务人员压力反应的最主要因素；积极应对方式通过影响消极应对方式间接影响压力反应；生活事件可以直接导致压力反应，也可通过应对方式间接影响压力反应；社会支持对压力反应没有直接影响，而是通过生活事件和应对方式来影响压力反应。结论：心理压力是多因素相互作用的系统。     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

生活事件,应对方式与青少年抑郁的相关性研究

生活事件、应对方式与青少年抑郁的相关性研究＊刘贤臣马登岱刘连启赵贵芳李传琦孙良民＊＊杨杰＊＊山东省精神卫生中心自本世纪３０年代以来，生活事件作为一种心理应激变量，与心身健康的关系一直受到人们的关注［１］。生活事件是否引起心理生理反应，并进而导致健康问...     

青少年攻击行为与应激事件、应对方式相关性研究

目的探究负性生活事件与应对方式对青少年攻击行为的影响,为有效干预青少年犯罪提供一定的理论依据。方法选择四川省成都市某少教所在押学员50名,以修订版外显攻击行为量表为筛选工具,筛选出具有攻击行为的男性学员30名为实验组。同时,选取成都市某职业中学30名无攻击行为的学生作为对照组,以一般情况调查量表,青少年生活事件量表和特质应对方式问卷进行调查。结果青少年生活事件中人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应和其他因子均与攻击行为分值成正相关(r1=0.486,r2=0.270,r3=0.384,r4=0.397,r5=0.267),实验组与对照组的以上5个因子差异显著(t1=7.479,t2=2.840,t3=4.438,t4=4.625,t5=4.080,均为P0.01)。特质应对方式问卷中的消极应对与攻击行为分值成正相关(r=0.645),实验组与对照组之间的消极应对因子差异性显著(t=5.698,P0.01)。结论帮助青少年减轻应激生活事件,使其获得积极应对的能力,可以有效的减少攻击行为的发生。     

师范大学生生活事件和应对方式对心理健康的影响

目的：探讨师范大学生的生活事件与应对方式对心理健康的影响机制。方法：用青少年生活事件量表、简易应对方式问卷、症状自评量表、自我和谐量表与大学生行为抑制量表对282名师范大学生进行了调查。结果：师范大学生的主要生活事件来源于学习压力和人际关系；生活事件与消极应对方式显著正相关；生活事件不仅直接作用于心理健康，同时还通过应对方式对心理健康产生间接影响，模型拟合度较好（χ^2=111．4，df=41，P〈0．001；GFI=0．935，NFI=0．89，CFI=0．926，RMSEA=0．078）。结论：应加强对师范类大学生应对方式的训练。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.