初乳铅与儿童体格和智力发育的关系

目的为了分析产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期发育智商发育的影响,探讨产后初乳铅影响因素。了解母血、脐血、母乳之间铅、钙含量的相关性,尝试降低人体铅含量的途径方法。方法研究现场选在南京市妇幼保健院医院产科、儿童保建科门诊,2005.10～2006.10共170名孕妇被随机选为研究对象,2010年随访这些孕妇所生子女,通过问卷调查和体格检查分别了解上述儿童的一般状况、生长发育情况。用韦克斯勒氏学龄前儿童智商测量量表测定儿童智商,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）检测其中产后初乳铅含量。结果妊娠期产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期儿童智商发育有显著的影响。产后初乳铅水平影响因素的多因素线性回归分析结果表明,在当地居住时间长短及孕期血铅水平直接影响到产后初乳中的铅含量。通过随访,分析了妊娠期产后初乳铅暴露对学龄前期儿童发育的影响,结果表明低产后初乳铅组儿童总智商评分和操作智商评分均高于高脐血铅水平组（t=2.97,P〈0.01;t=5.79,P〈0.01）。结论产后初乳铅与学龄前期的早期发育有关,铅可通过乳汁造成新生儿的铅接触,对学龄前期儿童早期神经行为发育产生不良影响。     

宁波市区学龄前儿童智商分离的调查

智商分离易造成儿童学业不良[1 ] ,为了解宁波市区学龄前儿童智商分离的状况及影响因素 ,本文对此进行了初步调查。对象　从儿童体检卡号中由电脑随机抽取宁波市区学龄前儿童 2 80名 ,对其及其父母进行了调查 ,资料齐全的2 71名 ,其中男 14 5名 ,女 12 6名 ,年龄( 5 41± 1 15 )。智商分离判断标准 :语言智商 (VIQ ) >操作智商 (PIQ )或PIQ >VIQ[2 ] 15以上者为智商分离。方法　 1、采用龚耀先等修订的中国韦氏幼儿智力量表[3] 　及韦氏成人智力量表[4 ] 对儿童和母亲进行智力测定。2、由儿童家长填写自编的家庭一般情况表 ,包括母亲…     

精神发育迟滞儿童智力水平变化追踪研究

采用韦克斯勒学龄智力量表对经特殊教育的46名精神发育迟滞儿童智商进行追踪研究,分析与智商变化可能有关的因素,并就研究结果讨论了精神发育迟滞儿童的教育康复目标及其追踪评定方法。     

学龄儿童临床智测分析

为了解不同来源病儿的智力状况，作者对在本院就诊的不同疾病的学龄儿重189名作了智力赵试，并以68名挂康儿童作对照，表明脑损伤、退传及代谢性疾病存在智力缺乏，学习困难（不包括神经系统器质性疾病造成的学习困难）的近半数主要表现为语言障碍。1对象与方法对象：选择199乏～1995年间，在我民就诊的不同疾病的学龄儿童三89名·把房日第儿童服名作为对照组，共257名，平均年田10．389土2．432岁；男性183名，女性74名。方法：使用Davidd。hster创造的6～16岁学龄儿童智力量表（已经国内标准化），测试内容包括词语类及操作类二大部分．…     

学习困难儿童智力结构对照研究

用林传鼎修订的韦氏儿童智力量表为测查工具,对１８５名学习困难儿童进行测查,并对其中５０名进行了注意力测试。结果发现,学习困难儿童的言语智商（ＶＩＱ）、操作智商（ＰＩＱ）及全量表智商（ＦＩＱ）均低于正常儿童,ＶＩＱ和ＰＩＱ分离现象普遍,且多数存在注意缺陷。提示智力水平较低和智力发育不平衡,可能是导致儿童学习困难的重要原因,     

学龄前与学龄期正常儿童甲襞微循环比较

对学龄前（３～６岁）和学龄期（７～１２岁）二组正常儿童甲襞微循环进行比较，结果表明：学龄前组管袢数目较学龄组少（Ｐ＜０．０５），而乳头下静脉丛出现率较学龄组高（Ｐ＜０．０１），其余指标二组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），指出不同年龄组的儿童甲襞微循环正常值存在一定差异     

注意缺陷多动障碍与智力水平的相关分析

目的：测试注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的智力水平及分测验结构。方法：采用韦氏儿童智力量表（C－WISC）对129名ADHD患儿和87名正常儿童进行智力评估。结果：ADHD患儿的智商多在正常范围或边缘水平,但VIQ与PIP之间的平衡性较差。结论：ADHD患儿的智商较正常儿童平均水平为低,且智力发展不平衡者较多。     

儿童出生季节与智商关系探讨

对５２９９名儿童作了出生季节及受孕时期与智商关系的分析。结果表明：弱智儿春季出生（夏季受孕）者比例最高；夏季出生（秋季受孕）者比例最低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。智力处于临界状态的儿童秋季出生（冬季受孕）者比例最高，冬季出生（春季受孕）者比例最低（Ｐ＜０．０５）．智力超常儿童及智力优秀儿童春夏秋冬各季节出生者无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０１）。文中也讨论了其他因素的作用。     

单纯性肥胖与营养不良儿童智力对比分析

采用中国——韦氏幼儿智力量表（Ｃ——ＷＹＣＳ１［１］对单纯性肥胖儿童、营养不良儿童及正常对照组进行了智商测查。各组男４０人、女２５人。年龄３岁１１月——７岁４月。结果显示：肥胖儿童与正常儿童之间总智商差异无显著性；营养不良儿童总智商（ＩＱ）、语言ＩＱ，操作ＩＱ则均低于正常对照儿童，差异显著。进一步分析表明：轻、中度肥胖儿童智商与正常对照儿童无显著性差异；重度肥胖儿童总智商、操作智商均显著低于对照（Ｐ＜０．０５）。营养不良组儿童则随营养不良持续时间越长，程度越重，对儿童智力不良影响越大。     

正常儿童心动周期混沌特征变化的研究

本文应用计算机化自主神经系统功能测试系统对１０５例正常健康儿童（０～１１岁）进行了心动周期信号混沌特征分析。结果：除ＨＣＣ外，学龄儿童组的四个混沌特征参数均高于学龄前儿童组，新生儿则低于学龄组和学龄前组；功率谱参数学龄儿童组也高于学龄前儿童组。上述结果表明：儿童自主神经系统的发育，是随着年龄的增加而不断成熟的，其调控功能随年龄的不断增长而日趋完善     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.