内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的19例消化道SMT(食管6例,胃6例,十二指肠1例,乙状结肠1例,直肠5例)进行超声内镜检查(18例病变位于黏膜下层,1例位于固有肌层),应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗。黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,使病变与肌层相分离,预切开病变周围黏膜,剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织,完整切除病变。结果病变最大直径0.5～3.0cm(平均1.6cm)。18例成功完成ESD治疗,手术时间15～105min(平均45min)。2例ESD术中出现内镜难以控制的大出血,1例成功保守治疗(三腔管食管囊压迫),1例转开腹手术。无术后出血。ESD穿孔3例:2例术中消化道穿孔(十二指肠球部和胃底),应用金属夹缝合成功,未转开腹手术;1例直肠类癌剥离深至肌层,术后出现皮下气肿,保守治疗气肿减退。所有ESD剥离病变包膜完整,基底和切缘未见病变累及。结论ESD治疗消化道SMT安全、有效,可以完整切除消化道黏膜下层病变,提供完整的病理诊断资料。对于来源于固有肌层的SMT,应慎行ESD。     

黏膜下隧道技术

黏膜下隧道技术是在利用内镜下黏膜剥离术在黏膜层与肌层之间建立隧道,利用该隧道空间进行内镜下治疗的技术。黏膜下隧道技术的应用包括:(1)黏膜层疾病的治疗,如食管大面积甚至环周早癌的剥离等。(2)肌层相关病变的治疗,如黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术(STER)、内镜下食管下段环形肌切开术(POEM)等。(3)诊断与治疗胃肠道管腔外疾病,如淋巴结切除、肿瘤切除、经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)等。由于隧道使黏膜层切开部位和操作部位分开,术后入口易关闭,故有"黏膜安全瓣"之称。     

两种内镜下切除食管黏膜隆起性病变方法的比较

食管黏膜隆起性病变包括食管黏膜和黏膜下病变,常规内镜下切除需先予黏膜下注射,待病变基底部抬起后,予圈套器套扎基底部,再通过高频电流切除,但具有注射后易出血、病灶处显露不清、耗时长等缺点。为弥补上述缺点,江苏省常州市武进人民医院消化内科对食管黏膜隆起性病变内镜下治疗采用放弃黏膜下注射（干切法）,直接对病变处予圈套器套扎后切除。现总结如下。     

消化道黏膜下肿瘤内镜微创切除新技术的开展及评价

消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submucosal tumor,SMT）泛指一类来源于黏膜以下的消化道病变。内镜和超声内镜检查均无法定性诊断．长期随访会造成患者的巨大负担。我国学者在内镜黏膜下剥离术发展的基础上,大胆尝试内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤．既能得到正确的诊断,又能起到治疗的目的．本文就各种内镜下切除消化道SMT的指征、方法以及疗效等作出评价。     

内镜下切除技术对食管胃连接部胃肠间质瘤的治疗价值

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的内镜下切除术在食管胃连接部（EGJ）胃肠间质瘤（GIST）治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法收集复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受ESD治疗的患者资料．筛选出2007年11月至2011年6月间经病理证实的EGJ处GIST患者20例．总结并分析其临床病理及术后随访资料。结果20例EGJ处GIST均起源于固有肌层,其中男性11例,女性9例,年龄29～67（平均54．1）岁,病灶直径8-20（平均14．8）mm。所有病例均成功完成内镜切除手术．其中15例接受了内镜黏膜下挖除术．4例接受了无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术。1例接受了内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术。手术时间15-90（平均47．8）min,术中出血量5-200ml,病灶的完整切除率为100％。术中穿孔4例,气腹3例,气胸1例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例,均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗恢复。20例患者术后均接受了3-36（平均13-2）个月的随访,无局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ处GIST的治疗中,以ESD为基础的内镜下切除技术是一种安全和有效的治疗手段。     

早期胃癌腹腔镜手术

早期胃癌为病变局限于黏膜或黏膜下层，不论有无淋巴结转移者。目前在胃癌高发国家，日本早期胃癌诊断率可达50％～70％，韩国可达30％～50％，而我国仅约10％，但随着内镜、超声内镜等诊疗技术的广泛应用，早期胃癌的诊断率逐年增多。早期胃癌的微创治疗包括内镜下早期胃癌手术及腹腔镜下早期胃癌手术两种，内镜下早期胃癌手术有内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）、内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）．[第一段]     

内镜治疗胃胃肠间质瘤的可行性

近年来,随着消化内镜技术的发展,以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）及其衍生技术包括内镜黏膜下挖除术（ESE）、内镜下全层切除技术（EFR）、内镜经隧道肿瘤切除术（STER）和腹腔镜内镜联合手术（LECS）等的内镜切除技术可治疗绝大多数的胃GIST。本文就内镜治疗胃GIST的指征、方法和疗效评价进行评述。     

内镜黏膜下隧道法切除早期食管癌及癌前病变的应用分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下隧道法在切除早期食管癌及癌前病变中的应用价值.方法 17例术前超声内镜检查判断病变局限于黏膜层,经黏膜活检发现食管上皮局灶癌变或重度不典型增生的患者,采用黏膜下隧道法的内镜下早期癌切除.结果 17例中,术后病理确诊鳞状上皮增生伴黏膜慢性炎4例,重度不典型增生5例,高至中分化鳞癌8例,其中T1a期7例,T1b期1例.有2例切除黏膜边缘重度不典型增生,1例黏膜下层切缘见癌细胞,其余病例均病灶完整切除.术后1例患者因迟发性出血转开胸手术治疗,其余患者均恢复良好.结论 黏膜下隧道法切除黏膜内早期食管癌及癌前病变安全、有效,更符合直视、充分暴露的外科原则,明显减少出血、穿孔的并发症风险,但其对病灶切除范围判断有一定困难,需在手术中充分注意.     

抗反流黏膜切除术治疗不伴有食管裂孔疝的难治性胃食管反流病的疗效分析

目的:评价抗反流黏膜切除术治疗不伴有食管裂孔疝的难治性胃食管反流病的临床疗效及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年6月苏北人民医院胃肠中心收治的不伴有食管裂孔疝的难治性胃食管反流病28例患者的临床资料,其中采用内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）16例,内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）12例,比较手术前后胃食管反流症状、...     

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内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)作为一种治疗早期胃癌新技术,同样适用于治疗食管胃结合部(esophagogastric junction,EGJ)的浅表癌。ESD治疗食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction,AEG)及EGJ处癌前病变,与外科剖腹手术及内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)等内镜治疗方法相比,具有明显优势。但ESD治疗EGJ处病变,手术难度较高,手术时间更长,手术并发症发生率更高,对操作者的技术要求较高。     

ESD和隧道技术经口内镜下肌切开术(POEM)

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)是指经人体自然腔道的内镜手术,近年来,NOTES技术已成为目前消化内镜微创技术发展的主要方向之一。然而目前在这一领域,临床的努力方向和研究的重点已经转移到制造病理性腔壁内和邻近腔壁的新的微创入路方法上,包括了更多常规介入性内镜诊疗操作。近来,有学者提出了新NOTES这一概念,其核心内容为经人体自然腔道,使用内镜进行手术,以取得病理组织、切除病变或解决梗阻、狭窄等问题,并不局限于进入腹腔。如消化内镜领域的经口内镜肌切开术(POEM)、黏膜下隧道内镜切除术(STER)、经口幽门肌切开术(POP)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)、内镜下全层切除术(EFTR)等,被称作new NOTES或near NOTES。其中POEM作为一项较新的NOTES技术,自2010年出现以来发展较为迅速,以黏膜下隧道技术和肌切开术为其基本技术,在新NOTES中应用较为广泛,治疗效果较确切,在贲门失弛症手术治疗上已可作为一线治疗的选择。本文就目前POEM的发展进行综述。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管、胃壁病变46例报告

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）处理食管、胃壁病灶的疗效和安全性。方法 2009年1月～8月胃镜发现的食管、胃壁大小0.5～4.0 cm的黏膜病变25例及大小0.5～3.0 cm的黏膜下病变21例作为入选对象,通过超声内镜和（或）活检病理检查明确病灶大小、位置、性质进行ESD：胃镜及黏膜染色确定病灶,针刀或氩气刀标记病灶;黏膜下注射含亚甲蓝及肾上腺素的生理盐水抬高病变;预切开病变周围黏膜;自病变黏膜下层完整剥离病灶;创面处理。结果黏膜病变25例：均切除病灶;1例穿孔约0.3 cm×0.3 cm,钛夹夹闭后保守治疗愈合;1例术后12 h出血行内镜下紧急止血;随访1～6个月,平均2.5月,术后2个月20例溃疡创面愈合,4例创面大部分愈合,1例术后3个月复发,后转外科手术切除。黏膜下病灶21例：均完整剥离黏膜下肿瘤;1例穿孔0.5 cm×0.5 cm,钛夹夹闭后保守治疗愈合;21例随访1～4个月,平均2个月,1例术后2个月复发再行ESD,其余20例无复发。结论 ESD对于食管、胃壁黏膜病变及黏膜下病变具有整块切除率高、复发率较低、并发症少等优点,值得推广。     

Reliability of endoscopic esophageal mucosectomy using TxHood,a multipurpose treatment hood

Endoscopic mucosectomy, comprising both endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), is a minimally invasive treatment for patients with early esophageal carcinoma. The use of ESD is appropriate for mucosal lesions of any size. However, ESD techniques are relatively difficult and can lead to serious complications such as perforation and massive bleeding, which have been reported more frequently after ESD than after EMR. This study describes a novel technique for ESD using a newly designed multipurpose treatment hood (TxHood) as well as basic experiments to ensure its safety. The TxHood includes various therapeutic tools such as an electric needleknife, a snare wire, and an injection needle, and the lines can be selected freely before insertion of an enodoscope covered by a TxHood. The main techniques for ESD are endoscopic submucosal saline injections on demand through a working channel of the endoscope or TxHood and a cut or swing cut with a needleknife attached to the TxHood. Moreover, the target area can be grasped with a grasping forceps through a working channel of the endoscope to obtain effective countertraction. In these experiments, an electric needleknife set parallel to the shaft of the endoscope offered safety and ease of handling for the dissecting procedures. Altogether, 16 resections of mucosa with an average size of 3.5 × 2.5 cm (range, 2 × 2 to 7 × 4 cm) were performed. The average time required for each targeted endoscopic resection area was about 15 min. No perforations or instances of uncontrollable bleeding occurred. In conclusion, this basic study demonstrates that the new ESD technique with the TxHood provides a useful treatment for early esophageal carcinoma and may be applicable for all mucosal or submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Presented at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) 2006 meeting in Dallas, April 2006, during the New Technology session.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管病变21例

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endosc opic submucosa｜ dissection,ESD）治疗食管黏膜层及黏膜下层病变的应用价值。方法2012年5月～2013年2月,对胃镜及超声胃镜发现的食管黏膜层及黏膜下层病变21例进行ESD治疗：黏膜下注射生理盐水,以抬高黏膜层;环行切开病变周围黏膜;对病变黏膜下层进行剥离,以完整切除病变。结果2l例黏膜病变均完整切除,术后病理证实早期食管癌13例,中重度不典型增生5例,黏膜下平滑肌瘤3例。病变直径1．0～4．0cm,平均2．8cm。手术时间20～115rain,平均55min。住院时间8～15d,平均10．6d。1例术后迟发性出血,紧急行内镜下止血夹夹闭、氩离子血浆凝固术（argonplasmacoagulation,APC）成功止血;无一例穿孔。结论ESD在治疗食管黏膜层及黏膜下层的病变中具有病变切除完整性好、切除率高、并发症少、复发率低、患者生存质量高等优点,值得推广。     

麻醉保驾护航——让内镜治疗走得更稳更远

近十年来,在麻醉医师的保驾护航下．我国消化内镜技术飞速发展．已成为最常见的侵入性检查方法之一．许多新技术处于国际领先水平。本文从内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）和经口内镜下肌层切开术（POEM）这两项新技术的操作方法及麻醉相关问题人手,从术前访视、麻醉选择与术中监护等方面分析了新兴内镜治疗技术的围手术期麻醉管理要点。     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection with laparoscopic assistance as hybrid NOTES for gastric submucosal tumor

Background and objective  Laparoscopic wedge resection using a linear stapler is widely accepted as a treatment for gastric submucosal tumor (SMT). Although this surgery is simple, it can lead to excessive normal tissue removal. To avoid the latter, we have introduced endoscopic full-thickness resection with laparoscopic assistance, known as laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection (LAEFR). Herein, we present the preliminary results of LAEFR for gastric SMT patients. Methods  Four patients with gastric SMT underwent LAEFR. LAEFR consists of four major procedures: (1) a circumferential incision as deep as the submucosal layer around the lesion by the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique, (2) endoscopic full-thickness (from the muscle layer to the serosal layer) incision around the three-fourths or two-thirds circumference on the above-mentioned submucosal incision under laparoscopic supervision, (3) completion of the full-thickness incision laparoscopically from inside the peritoneal cavity, and (4) handsewn closure of the gastric-wall defect. Results  LAEFR was successfully carried out without any intraoperative or postoperative adverse events. Mean operating time and estimated blood loss were 201 min and 27 mL, respectively. Contrast roentgenography on postoperative day 3 showed neither gastric deformity nor disturbance of gastric emptying in all the patients. Conclusions  LAEFR may be considered one of the so-called hybrid natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) techniques because a peroral endoscope advances into the peritoneal cavity. LAEFR enabled whole-layer excision as small as possible with an adequate margin. LAEFR is a safe and minimally invasive treatment for patients with gastric SMT, and could be a more reasonable and economical alternative to other laparoscopic procedures.     

胆道造影导管用于黏膜下注射在内镜黏膜下剥离术中的应用

目的探讨利用胆道造影导管进行黏膜下注射减少内镜黏膜下剥离（endoscopicsubmucosaldissection,ESD）术中出血的应用价值。方法将上消化道早期癌或黏膜重度不典型增生而接受ESD术的50例患者随机分两组,术中分别采用传统黏膜注射针和胆道造影导管进行黏膜下注射,统计患者黏膜下注射后引起的出血次数／黏膜下注射次数的比值以及单位面积病灶剥离时间,分析两组间差异是否有统计学意义。结果使用胆道造影管行黏膜下注射的患者注射后出血几率和单位面积黏膜切开所需时间均小于采用传统黏膜注射针组。结论利用胆道造影管进行黏膜下注射有助减少ESD术中出血,缩短ESD手术时间,是值得探索的一种改良方法。     

内镜黏膜下注射糖皮质激素联合扩张术治疗早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后狭窄的初步探索

目的探讨内镜黏膜下注射糖皮质激素联合扩张术治疗早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离（endosc opicsubmucosal dissection,ESD）术后狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年1月～2013年1月20例早期食管癌ESD术后狭窄患者资料,内镜黏膜下注射地塞米松5mg（用生理盐水稀释至8ml,分4点注射,每点2m1）联合扩张术（观察组）和单纯扩张术（对照组）各10例,随访6个月,比较2组再狭窄发生的时间。结果2组操作均成功,观察组再狭窄发生时间（41．2±8．9）d,对照组为（28．2±5．8）d（t=3．875,P=0．001）。结论内镜黏膜下注射糖皮质激素治疗早期食管癌ESD术后狭窄是安全且有效的,可延缓再狭窄时间。     

Physical effect of various submucosal elevation solutions for colorectal endoscopic procedure: Measuring the vertical‐to‐horizontal ratio

Aim: Submucosal elevation solution is an essential element used in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal lesions. Therefore, it is important to select a suitable solution for the endoscopic procedure. The aim of the present study was to examine the real time vertical‐to‐horizontal (V–H) ratio physical effect of submucosal elevation solution during colorectal EMR. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study carried out at an endoscopy centre in a Hong Kong hospital. A total of 10 patients with 15 colorectal adenoma requiring EMR were recruited. The studied submucosal elevation solutions included normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic acid. Before EMR, 3 mL of these solutions were injected in the submucosal space, one solution at a time. The vertical and horizontal length of the elevated submucosal space was measured by miniprobe ultrasound. V–H ratios of different solutions were calculated and compared. Vertical distance, horizontal distance and V–H ratio of the submucosal space after injection of the submucosal elevation agents were measured. Results: The mean size of lesions was 14 mm (range 10–20). Glycerol and hyaluronic acid had a significant higher V–H ratio than normal saline; the V–H ratio of normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic Acid were 0.29, 0.53 and 0.50, respectively. Limitations: The exact volume of the injection was not certain, and the time between the injection and endoscopic ultrasound assessment was variable. These limitations were overcome by calculating the V–H ratio. Conclusion: Glycerol and hyaluronic acid have a higher V–H ratio, which makes them good submucosal elevation solutions.