SLAP lesions of the shoulder

A specific pattern of injury to the superior labrum of the shoulder was identified arthroscopically in twenty-seven patients included in a retrospective review of more than 700 shoulder arthroscopies performed at our institution. The injury of the superior labrum begins posteriorly and extends anteriorly, stopping before or at the mid-glenoid notch and including the "anchor" of the biceps tendon to the labrum. We have labeled this injury a "SLAP lesion" (Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior). There were 23 males and four females with an average age of 37.5 years. Time from injury to surgery averaged 29.3 months. The most common mechanism of injury was a compression force to the shoulder, usually as the result of a fall onto an outstretched arm, with the shoulder positioned in abduction and slight forward flexion at the time of the impact. The most common clinical complaints were pain, greater with overhead activity, and a painful "catching" or "popping" in the shoulder. No imaging test accurately defined the superior labral pathology preoperatively. We divided the superior labrum pathology into four distinct types. Treatment was performed arthroscopically based on the type of SLAP lesion noted at the time of surgery. The SLAP lesion, which has not been previously described, can be diagnosed only arthroscopically and may be treated successfully by arthroscopic techniques alone in many patients.     

SLAP lesions of the shoulder

SLAP lesions are becoming a more recognized cause of shoulder pain and disability. The diagnosis of these lesions is difficult due to vague symptoms and high degree of overlap with other shoulder disorders, and this requires a high index of suspicion. Advances in MR arthrography may lead to advances in preoperative diagnosis of labral tears, but definitive diagnosis, classification, and management is greatly facilitated with the use of the shoulder arthroscopy. Further basic science and clinical research should enhance our ability to manage patients with these lesions effectively.     

MR imaging of variants of the superior labral-bicipital complex and SLAP lesions

In the detection of SLAP (superior labral anterior to posterior) lesions of the shoulder MR arthrography shows a significantly higher sensitivity compared with conventional MR techniques and therefore, represents the method of choice in diagnostic imaging of the superior labral-bicipital complex. On the basis of morphological criteria it mostly allows distinction of traumatic lesions and anatomic variants of the superior labrum and the biceps anchor as well as classification of detected SLAP lesions (types 1-4 according to Snyder). However, the differentiation of a SLAP type 2 lesion and a sublabral recess can be very difficult, even if all distinction criteria are considered.     

肩关节前方盂唇损伤的MRI和MR关节造影诊断

目的:探讨MRI和MR关节造影在肩关节前方盂唇损伤中的诊断价值,评估MR关节造影在鉴别肩关节前方盂唇不同类型损伤中的作用。方法:自2007年1月至2010年12月,对经肩关节MRI、MR关节造影诊断后进行关节镜手术治疗的153例肩部损伤患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。由1位骨骼肌肉系统影像学医生和1位运动医学医生共同阅片,得出一致的MRI和MR关节造影诊断,并与关节镜下结果进行比较。计算MRI和MR关节造影诊断肩关节前方盂唇损伤的敏感性、特异性和准确性。在MR关节造影下存在前方盂唇损伤的患者中,对其不同类型损伤进行分型,与关节镜下分型进行对比研究。结果:153例中,肩关节前方盂唇损伤78例,肩袖损伤67例,上盂唇从前到后(superior labrum anterior to posterior,SLAP)损伤8例,MRI和MR关节造影诊断肩关节前方盂唇损伤的灵敏度分别为80.8%和92.3%,特异度分别为89.3%和97.3%,准确度分别为85.0%和94.8%。78例关节镜下存在肩关节前方盂唇损伤的患者中,Bankart损伤39例,前方盂唇骨膜袖套样撕脱(ALPSA)损伤32例,Perthes损伤7例,MR关节造影正确诊断Bankart、ALPSA和Perthes损伤的灵敏度分别为84.6%、84.4%和57.1%。结论:MR关节造影较MRI诊断肩关节前方盂唇损伤的灵敏度、特异度和准确度更高,MR关节造影能在术前进一步明确盂唇损伤的类型,为确定术前计划提供依据。     

Biceps load test II: A clinical test for SLAP lesions of the shoulder

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the biceps load test II for evaluating the superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions. Type of Study: This is a double-blind study in consecutive data, which includes diagnostic accuracy of a test using sensitivity, specificity, and interexaminer reliability. Methods: In the supine position, the arm is elevated to 120° and externally rotated to its maximal point, with the elbow in the 90° flexion and the forearm in the supinated position. The patient is asked to flex the elbow while resisting the elbow flexion by the examiner. The test is considered positive if the patient complains of pain during the resisted elbow flexion. The test is negative if pain is not elicited or if the pre-existing pain during the elevation and external rotation of the arm is unchanged or diminished by the resisted elbow flexion. A prospective study was performed in 127 patients to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for the biceps load test II. Two independent examiners were assigned to perform the new diagnostic test. The results of the tests were confirmed during the arthroscopic examination. Results: A positive test result in 38 subjects correlated with a SLAP lesion in 35 patients and an intact biceps-superior labrum in 3 patients. A negative test result in 89 patients correlated with an intact superior labrum complex in 85 patients, whereas 4 patients with a negative test result had a type II SLAP lesion. The biceps load test II had a sensitivity of 89.7%, a specificity of 96.9%, a positive-predictive value of 92.1%, a negative-predictive value of 95.5%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.815. The abduction and external rotation of the shoulder during the test changes the relative direction of the biceps fiber in a position of oblique angle to the posterosuperior labrum. The resisted contraction of the biceps increases the pain generated on the superior labrum that is already peeled off the glenoid margin in the abducted and externally rotated position. Conclusions: The biceps load test II is an effective diagnostic test for SLAP lesions.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 2 (February), 2001: pp 160–164     

SLAP lesions in the overhead athlete

The authors report an 87% rate of return to preinjury levels of throwing in 54 baseball players and an 84% rate of return to preinjury performance levels in pitches after repair of type II SLAP lesions. The etiology, biomechanics, surgical repair, and rehabilitation are discussed in detail.     

MR弥散加权成像及增强扫描对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨MR弥散加权成像结合增强扫描对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值.方法 回顾性研究56例胰腺占位性病变的MR DWI及增强表现,所有病变均经临床追踪或手术病理证实,包括胰腺癌19例,黏液性囊腺瘤9例,浆液性囊腺瘤7例,假性囊肿5例,囊肿16例.结果 胰腺癌增强早期低于周围胰腺实质,延迟期呈等高信号,部分周围组织受侵犯;黏液性囊腺瘤分隔轻度强化,浆液性囊腺瘤延迟期呈星芒状强化;假性囊肿及囊肿无强化.在DWI上,胰腺癌多呈稍高信号,黏液性囊腺瘤囊腔呈高信号,分隔呈等信号,浆液性囊腺瘤呈明显均匀高信号,假性囊肿及囊肿呈低信号.黏液性囊腺瘤、浆液性囊腺瘤囊内ADC值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但明显低于假性囊肿与囊肿囊内ADC值（P＜0.05）,胰腺癌病灶内ADC值明显低于其他各组（P＜0.05）.结论 MR DWI在胰腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中具有重要作用,结合增强扫描可提高诊断准确率.     

Biomechanical tests for type II SLAP lesions of the shoulder joint before and after arthroscopic repair

Superior labral anterior-to-posterior (SLAP) lesions can cause shoulder pain partly by causing glenohumeral instability. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a simulated type II SLAP lesion and subsequent repair on glenohumeral translation of the vented shoulder. In eight cadaver joints, a robotic/UFS testing system was used to measure joint translation by applying an anterior, posterior, or inferior load of 50 N to each shoulder. The "apprehension tests" for anterior and posterior instability were simulated by applying an anterior load of 50 N with an external rotation torque of 3 Nm or a posterior load of 50 N with an internal rotation torque of 3 Nm. Each loading condition was applied at 30 degrees and 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction with a constant joint compressive load (44 N) to the intact, simulated SLAP lesion, and repaired shoulder. Repair of the type II SLAP was then performed by placing a Suretac through the labrum both anterior and posterior to the biceps anchor and testing was repeated. ANOVA was used to compare translation of the intact joint, the joint after the type II SLAP lesion had been simulated, and after repair. At 30 degrees of abduction, anterior translation of the intact vented shoulder joint from anterior loading was 18.7+/-8.5 mm and increased to 26.2+/-6.5 mm after simulation of the type II SLAP lesion ( p< or =0.05). The arthroscopic repair did not restore anterior translation (23.9+/-8.6 mm) to the same degree as the intact joint ( p> or =0.05). At 60 degrees of abduction, anterior translation of 16.6+/-9.6mm in the intact joint was not significantly increased at 19.4+/-10.1 after simulation of the type II SLAP lesion ( p=0.0527). AP loading also resulted in inferior translation. At 30 degrees of abduction it was 3.8+/-4.0 mm in the intact joint and increased to 8.5+/-5.4 mm after the type II SLAP lesion ( p< or =0.05. After repair the inferior translation decreased significantly to 6.7+/-5.3 mm ( p< or =0.05). Although inferior translations were less at 60 degrees of abduction, results were similar to those at 30 degrees after repair. There were no significant increases in translation after SI/AP combined external rotation torque or posterior-anterior combined internal rotation torque loading.In this study the repair of a type II SLAP lesion only partially restored translations to the same degree as an intact vented shoulder joint. Therefore, improved repair techniques or an anteroinferior capsulolabral procedure in addition to the type II SLAP lesion repair might be needed to restore normal joint function.     

原发性输尿管癌的磁共振诊断

目的分析输尿管癌的磁共振成像（MRI）表现，评价MRI对原发性输尿管癌的诊断价值。方珐用1．5T磁共振扫描仪，采用T2加权成像（T2WI）快速自旋回波序列（FSE）、脂肪抑制技术和MR尿路造影（MRU）检查，观察分析21例原发性输尿管癌的MRI表现。结果21例原发性输尿管癌中，5例表现为输尿管上端结节状病灶，4例表现为输尿管中段结节或条状病灶，12例表现为输尿管下段或下端结节或条状病灶。T1WI为等、略低信号，T2WI为等、高信号，增强扫描有轻、中度强化。MRU显示输尿管截然中断13例，鼠尾状狭窄中断4例，管壁不规则狭窄僵硬4例，与术中所见梗阻部位及程度完全相符。结论MRI结合MRU能清晰显示输尿管肿瘤的梗阻部位、梗阻程度以及累及范围、周围结构情况，选择合理的检查序列加做增强扫描，是诊断输尿管肿瘤的理想方法。     

Diagnostic value of sonography in lesions of the biceps tendon

Lesions of the biceps tendon have been studied with plain radiographs and arthrograms of the intertubercular groove. Sometimes, however, especially when the rotator cuff has a full-thickness tear anteriorly, the sheath of the biceps tendon fails to fill with contrast medium, thus preventing diagnosis of dislocation of the tendon. To solve this problem the authors have tried sonography of the biceps tendon. The suitability of sonography for examining the intertubercular groove and the biceps tendon was assessed in ten volunteers. Thirty patients with chronic shoulder pain were subsequently studied by radiography, arthrography, and sonography. The observations made with these examinations were compared, and in 21 of the patients who were treated by operation with the surgical observations as well. Sonography seemed to provide accurate information about the configuration of the intertubercular groove and the position of the biceps tendon. The technique could be used to show dislocation of the tendon in cases in which the tendon sheath is not visualized in arthrography. Tenderness and the site of this in relation to the anterior upper end of the humerus could also be verified with sonography.     

The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of Pathology Part II: Evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers

Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 5 (May-June), 2003: pp 531–539     

SLAP lesions as a cause of posterior instability

SLAP lesions disrupt the perilabral architecture, but so far there have been no reports about posterior instability due to SLAP lesions. In a prospective study of 30 patients with recurrent posterior instability, we found SLAP lesions as a reason for instability in three cases. The purpose of this study is to point out that SLAP lesions can be a cause of posterior instability. Thirty patients with clinical posterior shoulder instability underwent diagnostic arthroscopy before operative stabilization procedures, three of whom (three males, aged 29-51 years) showed a SLAP lesion (once case each of types II, III, and IV) as a cause of posterior instability. All three patients had a history of a fall on the outstretched arm. All patients underwent arthroscopic refixation of the labrum. After arthroscopic refixation of the SLAP lesions, two patients were completely stable (SLAP II and III), whereas one patient (SLAP IV) reported microinstability during overhead activity but complete stability during activity of daily living. The same patient complained about moderate pain in extreme external-flexion rotation with slightly reduced range of motion in external-flexion position. All other patients were free of pain and showed free range of motion. Our results demonstrate that SLAP lesions can be a cause for posterior shoulder instability. In our cases, posterior shoulder instability caused by SLAP lesions was successfully treated by arthroscopic refixation of the torn biceps anchor. When treating posterior shoulder instability, SLAP lesions should be taken into account.     

Follow-up treatment with physiotherapy after arthroscopic reconstruction in SLAP lesions

An appropriate physiotherapeutic treatment program complements an optimal operative result. In the instance of SLAP lesions, a differentiated therapy is only possible on consultation with the surgeon. A detailed treatment design allows optimal guidance of the patient to his or her personal goal. Important treatment elements include the optimization of the ability of the humerus head to centralize and the proprioception of the shoulder joint, as well as reinstatement of strength and endurance, especially of the rotator cuff.     

Diagnostic value of sonography and double contrast arthrography in meniscus lesions

Using a real time scanner and a 7.5 mHz transducer, the meniscus can bei visualised as a homogeneous triangle. It is clearly distinguishable from the tibial plane und the condyle of the femur. Tears in the meniscus show up as a double contour rich in echoes with an intervening low-echo area, or as a contour rich in echoes with an adjacent low-echo area. The posterior horn area can be visualised most clearly. Assessment of the interior part of the meniscus is somewhat easier than visualising the exterior part. In a clinical study with 107 menisci examined by sonography and controlled by arthroscopy or arthrotomy the rate of accurate diagnoses by sonography of the meniscus is 82%. 42 of these menisci were additionally examined by double contrast arthrography besides sonography. This yielded an accuracy rate of 74% for double contrast arthrography; the latter is superior to sonography only in the anterior horn area. Problems in respect of meniscus sonography occur only in case of transverse ruptures, scars and longitudinal meniscus ruptures presenting as bucket handle tears near the base. The typical longitudinal tear in the area of the posterior horn can be visualised most clearly. Analysis of the results shows that sonography of the meniscus is a noninvasive, painless and randomly reproducible and risk-free examination method which has a diagnostic value especially in the area of the posterior horn that can be compared with double contrast arthrography. Further studies must show whether with an increasing spread of the method it would be possible to replace double contrast arthrography by sonography in diagnosis of menisceal trouble.     

超声造影对移植肝局灶性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨超声造影对移植肝内局灶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法对67例肝移植术后确诊有移植肝内局灶性病变的患者进行超声造影检查,观察不同病变在动脉期、门静脉期和延迟期3个时相的造影剂灌注模式。以延迟期仍保持高增强或等增强或造影中始终无增强判定为良性病变,以延迟期消退为低增强或无增强判定为恶性病变,计算超声造影诊断良性病变与恶性病变的敏感度与假阴性率。结果与良性病变比较,在动脉期表现为高增强或等增强的病灶中,恶性病变在门静脉期或延迟期有显著的增强消退倾向(P0.01)。超声造影诊断良性病变的敏感度为90%(19/21),假阴性率为10%(2/21),2例假阴性均为肝脓肿;诊断恶性病变的敏感度为100%(46/46)。结论超声造影对移植肝内局灶性病变具有较高的鉴别诊断价值,有助于区别良、恶性病变。     

外展外旋位肩关节MR造影对Perthes病变的价值

目的比较肩关节MR造影处于外展外旋位（ABER位）与中立位对Perthes病变的诊断价值。方法由两名影像诊断医师独立回顾分析206例肩关节MR造影图像,每例患者均行中立位与ABER位检查,分析结果与肩关节镜手术相比较。计算肩关节MR造影中立位与ABER位评价Perthes病变的诊断敏感性和特异性,并采用McNemar检验进行统计分析。采用Kappa统计计算两名影像诊断医师评价的一致性。结果 206例患者中,35例证实为Perthes病变,60例前下盂肱韧带复合体正常。对于这95例,肩关节MR造影中立位评估Perthes病变的敏感性和特异性分别为65.71%～68.57%和95%～96.67%,ABER位则为88.57%～91.43%和91.67%～93.33%。肩关节MR造影ABER位的敏感性显著高于中立位检查（P〈0.05）。2名影像诊断医师的评价一致性极好（Kappa〉0.75）。结论肩关节MR造影ABER位可以明显提高Perthes病变的诊断敏感性。     

Diagnostic value of stereotactic biopsy of cerebral lesions in patients with AIDS

Summary A neurological complication occurs in 40–60% of HIV infected patients during the course of the disease. In 10–20% the neurological complication is the first manifestation of the HIV infection. A reliable neuropathological diagnosis is a prerequisite for a specifically selected treatment. While modern computer-assisted imaging techniques, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, do possess a high sensitivity, they do not as a rule permit an unambiguous diagnosis.Between October 1989 and July 1994 we biopsied 38 HIV infected patients stereotactically. The indication for the biopsy was determined by having radiologically detectable lesions with no regression tendency in patients under antitoxoplasmosis therapy. In 89% an unambiguous diagnosis wa made based on the biopsy; 11 % of the biopsies were not diagnostic. For the most part, toxoplasmosis (31%) and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (29%) were involved. 18% of the patients suffered from a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The foci were primarily frontal (47%), parietal (21%) or localised in the basal ganglia area (11%). The result of the biopsy led to a change in treatment for 52% of the patients. Morbidity and mortality of the operation were 0%.The results or our research series are similar to other groups. It was shown that stereotactic brain biopsy is a safe and effective method for establishing a sound basis for treating the frequently life-threatening cerebral complications of AIDS.     

Nerve lesions about the shoulder

The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body. Because it serves as a way station for the nerves supplying the upper limb, it creates a potential for nerve lesions that may be caused or significantly influenced by the complex dynamics of the shoulder girdle. This article presents the most commonly encountered lesions as well as an algorithm for their diagnosis and treatment.