Music listening alleviates anxiety and physiological responses in patients receiving spinal anesthesia

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the effects of listening to music on the anxiety levels and physiological responses of surgical patients receiving spinal anesthesia.MethodsAn experimental design was used in the study with an experimental group (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50). The experimental group received 30 min of musical intervention and routine nursing care in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) while the control group received only routine nursing care.ResultsThe study found significant differences in both anxiety and physiological indices between the two groups. The mean score of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the study group decreased from a pre-test score of 59.0 to a post-test score of 31.20 (t = 28.63, p < 0.001). Physiological indices such as heart rate (t = 2.61, p = 0.012), respiration rate (t = 2.29, p = 0.026), systolic blood pressure (t = 2.30, p = 0.026), and diastolic blood pressure (t = 3.02, p = 0.004) decreased significantly as well. Control group was not seeing significant changes from pre-op values.ConclusionListening to music while in the recovery room may decrease the level of anxiety in surgical patients receiving spinal anesthesia. The results of this study can serve as a reference for PACU nurses in utilizing music listening programs to achieve the goal of holistic care.     

Effects of music listening on anxiety and physiological responses in patients undergoing awake craniotomy

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of music listening on the level of anxiety and physiological responses for awake craniotomy.MethodsAn experimental design with randomization was applied in this study. Participants in experimental group (19 patients) selected and listened music at their preferences in the waiting room and throughout the entire surgical procedure in addition to usual care while control group (19 patients) only gave usual care. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure were collected for analysis.ResultsThe results of this study showed that after music listening, there was significant decrease in the level of anxiety (p < .001). The findings also showed that the music intervention significantly reduced heartbeat rate 84.5 (p < .004), systolic pressure 42 (p < .001), and diastolic pressure 38 (p < .001) over time. We concluded that music listening is associated with a decreased level of anxiety and distress after awake craniotomy patients.ConclusionThe results of this study can provide perioperative nursing care in providing music listening when patients were in the waiting room and during surgery to reduce the anxiety so as to reach the goal of human care and improve perioperative nursing care.     

Effect of low-impact aerobic exercise combined with music therapy on patients with fibromyalgia. A pilot study

ObjectiveFibromyalgia is a pathological entity characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and the presence of “tender points”. It constitutes a significant health problem because of its prevalence and economic impact. The aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic benefits of low impact aerobic exercise alone or in combination with music therapy in patients with fibromyalgia.MethodsA single-blind randomized controlled pilot trial was performed. Thirty-five individuals with fibromyalgia were divided into three groups: (G1) therapeutic aerobic exercise with music therapy (n = 13); (G2) therapeutic aerobic exercise at any rhythm (n = 13) and (CG) control (n = 9). The intervention period lasted eight weeks. Depression, quality of life, general discomfort and balance were assessed before and after intervention.ResultsAt post-intervention, group G1 improved in all variables (depression (p = 0.002), quality of life (p = 0.017), general discomfort (p = 0.001), and balance (p = 0.000)), while group G2 improved in general discomfort (p = 0.002). The change observed in balance was statistically different between groups (p = 0.01).ConclusionTherapeutic aerobic exercise is effective in improving depression and general discomfort in individuals with fibromyalgia. However, effectiveness is higher when combined with music therapy, which brings about further improvements in quality of life and balance.     

The effect of music therapy on mood and anxiety–depression: An observational study in institutionalised patients with traumatic brain injury

IntroductionA previous study (carried out in 2003–2004) had included 34 patients with traumatic brain injury in order to study the feasibility and usefulness of music therapy in patients with this type of injury.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of music therapy on mood, anxiety and depression in institutionalised patients with traumatic brain injury.Study methodologyA prospective, observational study.Materials and methodsThirteen patients with traumatic brain injury were included in the present study and took part in individual, weekly, 1-hour music therapy sessions over a period of 20 weeks. Each session was divided into two 30-minute periods – one devoted to listening to music (receptive music therapy) and the other to playing an instrument (active music therapy). The assessment criteria (measured at weeks 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20) were mood (on the face scale) and anxiety–depression (on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression [HAD] Scale). Mood was assessed immediately before and after the first music therapy session and every fifth session.ResultsMusic therapy enabled a significant improvement in mood, from the first session onwards. This short-term effect was confirmed by the immediate changes in the scores after music therapy sessions (from 4.6 ± 3.2 to 2.6 ± 2; p < 0.01). Music therapy also led to a significant reduction in anxiety–depression (p < 0.05) from week 10 onwards and up until the end of the study (week 20).ConclusionThese results confirm the usefulness of music therapy in the treatment of anxiety–depression and mood in patients with traumatic brain injury. Music therapy could usefully form an integral part of the management programme for these patients.     

Measuring the expressed emotion in Chinese family caregivers of persons with dementia: Validation of a Chinese version of the Family Attitude Scale

BackgroundExpressed emotion (EE) captures the affective quality of the relationship between family caregivers and their care recipients and is known to increase the risk of poor health outcomes for caregiving dyads. Little is known about expressed emotion in the context of caregiving for persons with dementia, especially in non-Western cultures. The Family Attitude Scale (FAS) is a psychometrically sound self-reporting measure for EE. Its use in the examination of caregiving for patients with dementia has not yet been explored.ObjectivesThis study was performed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the FAS (FAS-C) in Chinese caregivers of relatives with dementia, and its validity in predicting severe depressive symptoms among the caregivers.MethodsThe FAS was translated into Chinese using Brislin's model. Two expert panels evaluated the semantic equivalence and content validity of this Chinese version (FAS-C), respectively. A total of 123 Chinese primary caregivers of relatives with dementia were recruited from three elderly community care centers in Hong Kong. The FAS-C was administered with the Chinese versions of the 5-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5), the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Revised Memory and Behavioral Problem Checklist (RMBPC).ResultsThe FAS-C had excellent semantic equivalence with the original version and a content validity index of 0.92. Exploratory factor analysis identified a three-factor structure for the FAS-C (hostile acts, criticism and distancing). Cronbach's alpha of the FAS-C was 0.92. Pearson's correlation indicated that there were significant associations between a higher score on the FAS-C and greater caregiver burden (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), poorer mental health of the caregivers (r = −0.65, p < 0.001) and a higher level of dementia-related symptoms (frequency of symptoms: r = 0.45, p < 0.001; symptom disturbance: r = 0.51, p < 0.001), which serves to suggest its construct validity. For detecting severe depressive symptoms of the family caregivers, the receiving operating characteristics (ROC) curve had an area under curve of 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.69–0.87, p < 0.0001). The optimal cut-off score was >47 with a sensitivity of 0.720 (95% CI = 0.506–0.879) and specificity of 0.742 (95% CI = 0.643–0.826).ConclusionsThe FAS-C is a reliable and valid measure to assess the affective quality of the relationship between Chinese caregivers and their relatives with dementia. It also has acceptable predictability in identifying family caregivers with severe depressive symptoms.     

Preoperative pain as a risk factor for chronic post-surgical pain – Six month follow-up after radical prostatectomy

BackgroundChronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) by definition develops for the first time after surgery and is not related to any preoperative pain. Preoperative pain is assumed to be a major risk factor for CPSP. Prospective studies to endorse this assumption are missing.MethodsIn order to assess the incidence and the risk factors for CPSP multidimensional pain and health characteristics and psychological aspects were studied in patients prior to radical prostatectomy. Follow-up questionnaires were completed three and six months after surgery.ResultsCPSP incidences in 84 patients after three and six months were 14.3% and 1.2%. Preoperatively, CPSP patients were assigned to higher pain chronicity stages measured with the Mainz Pain Staging System (MPSS) (p = 0.003) and higher pain severity grades (Chronic Pain Grading Questionnaire) (p = 0.016) than non-CPSP patients. CPSP patients reported more pain sites (p = 0.001), frequent pain in urological body areas (p = 0.047), previous occurrence of CPSP (p = 0.008), more psychosomatic symptoms (Symptom Check List) (p = 0.031), and worse mental functioning (Short Form-12) (p = 0.019). Three months after surgery all CPSP patients suffered from moderate to high-risk chronic pain (MPSS stages II and III) compared to 66.7% at baseline and 82.3% had high disability pain (CPGQ grades III and IV) compared to 41.7% before surgery. CPSP patients scored significantly less favorably in physical and mental health, habitual well-being, and psychosomatic dysfunction three months after surgery.ConclusionsAll patients with CPSP reported on preoperative chronic pain. Patients with preoperative pain, related or not related to the surgical site were significantly at risk to develop CPSP. High preoperative pain chronicity stages and pain severity grades were associated with CPSP. CPSP patients reported poorer mental health related quality of life and more severe psychosomatic dysfunction before and 3 months after surgery.     

Pain Catastrophizing and Pain-Related Fear in Osteoarthritis Patients: Relationships to Pain and Disability

This study examined the degree to which pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear explain pain, psychological disability, physical disability, and walking speed in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Participants in this study were 106 individuals diagnosed as having OA of at least one knee, who reported knee pain persisting for six months or longer. Results suggest that pain catastrophizing explained a significant proportion (all Ps ≤ 0.05) of variance in measures of pain (partial r² [pr²] = 0.10), psychological disability (pr² = 0.20), physical disability (pr² = 0.11), and gait velocity at normal (pr² = 0.04), fast (pr² = 0.04), and intermediate speeds (pr² = 0.04). Pain-related fear explained a significant proportion of the variance in measures of psychological disability (pr² = 0.07) and walking at a fast speed (pr² = 0.05). Pain cognitions, particularly pain catastrophizing, appear to be important variables in understanding pain, disability, and walking at normal, fast, and intermediate speeds in knee OA patients. Clinicians interested in understanding variations in pain and disability in this population may benefit by expanding the focus of their inquiries beyond traditional medical and demographic variables to include an assessment of pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear.     

The role of knee joint moments and knee impairments on self-reported knee pain during gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis

BackgroundThe association between high mechanical knee joint loading during gait with onset and progression of knee osteoarthritis has been extensively studied. However, less attention has been given to risk factors related to increased pain during gait. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knee joint moments and clinical characteristics that may be associated with gait-related knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.MethodsSixty-seven participants with knee osteoarthritis were stratified into three groups of no pain (n = 18), mild pain (n = 27), or moderate/severe pain (n = 22) based on their self-reported symptoms during gait. All participants underwent three-dimensional gait analysis. Quadriceps strength, knee extension range of motion, radiographic knee alignment and self-reported measures of global pain and function were also quantified.FindingsThe moderate/severe pain group demonstrated worse global pain (P < 0.01) and physical function scores (P < 0.01) compared to the no pain and the mild pain groups. The moderate/severe pain group also walked with greater knee flexion moments during the midstance phase of gait compared to the no pain group (P = 0.02). Additionally, the moderate/severe pain group demonstrated greater varus knee malalignment (P = 0.009), which was associated with higher weight acceptance peak knee adduction moments (P = 0.003) and worse global pain (P = 0.003) and physical function scores (P = 0.006).InterpretationGreater knee flexion moment is present during the midstance phase of gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis and moderate/severe pain during gait. Additionally, greater varus malalignment may be a sign of increased global knee joint dysfunction that can influence many activities of daily living beyond gait.     

Barriers to Pain Management in a Community Sample of Chinese American Patients with Cancer

Barriers to cancer pain management can contribute to the undertreatment of cancer pain. No studies have documented barriers to cancer pain management in Chinese American patients. The purposes of this study in a community sample of Chinese Americans were to: describe their perceived barriers to cancer pain management; examine the relationships between these barriers and patients' ratings of pain intensity, pain interference with function, mood disturbances, education, and acculturation level; and determine which factors predicted barriers to cancer pain management. Fifty Chinese Americans with cancer pain completed the following instruments: Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) Scale, Barriers Questionnaire (BQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA), and a demographic questionnaire. The mean total BQ score was in the moderate range. The individual barriers with the highest scores were: tolerance to pain medicine; time intervals used for dosage of pain medicine; disease progression; and addiction. Significant correlations were found between the tolerance subscale and least pain (r = 0.380) and the religious fatalism subscale and average pain (r = 0.282). These two subscales were positively correlated with anxiety and depression levels: (tolerance: r = 0.282, r = 0.284, respectively; religious fatalism: r = 0.358, r = 0.353, respectively). The tolerance subscale was positively correlated with pain interference (r = 0.374). Approximately 21% of the variance in the total BQ score was explained by patients' education level, acculturation score, level of depression, and adequacy of pain treatment. Chinese American cancer patients need to be assessed for pain and perceived barriers to cancer pain management to optimize pain management.     

Effects of music and music video interventions on sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial in adults with sleep disturbances

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to compare the effects of music and music video interventions on objective and subjective sleep quality in adults with sleep disturbances.DesignA randomized controlled trial was performed on 71 adults who were recruited from the outpatient department of a hospital with 1100 beds and randomly assigned to the control, music, and music video groups.InterventionsDuring the 4 test days (Days 2–5), for 30 min before nocturnal sleep, the music group listened to Buddhist music and the music video group watched Buddhist music videos. They were instructed to not listen/watch to the music/MV on the first night (pretest, Day 1) and the final night (Day 6). The control group received no intervention.Main outcome measuresSleep was assessed using a one-channel electroencephalography machine in their homes and self-reported questionnaires.ResultsThe music and music video interventions had no effect on any objective sleep parameters, as measured using electroencephalography. However, the music group had significantly longer subjective total sleep time than the music video group did (Wald χ² = 6.23, p = 0.04).ConclusionOur study results increase knowledge regarding music interventions for sleep quality in adults with sleep disturbances. This study suggested that more research is required to strengthen the scientific knowledge of the effects of music intervention on sleep quality in adults with sleep disturbances. (ISRCTN94971645)     

Music intervention during daily weaning trials—A 6 day prospective randomized crossover trial

PurposeTo examine the effect of patient-selected music intervention during daily weaning trials for patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation.MethodsUsing a crossover repeated measures design, patients were randomized to music vs no music on the first intervention day. Provision of music was alternated for 6 days, resulting in 3 music and 3 no music days. During weaning trials on music days, data were obtained for 30 min prior to music listening and continued for 60 min while patients listened to selected music (total 90 min). On no music days, data were collected for 90 min. Outcome measures were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO₂), blood pressure (BP), dyspnea and anxiety assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS-D, VAS-A) and weaning duration (mean h per day on music and non-music days).ResultsOf 31 patients randomized, 23 completed the 6-day intervention. When comparisons were made between the 3 music and 3 no music days, there were significant decreases in RR and VAS-D and a significant increase in daily weaning duration on music days (p < 0.05). A multivariate mixed-effects model analysis that included patients who completed ≥2 days of the intervention (n = 28) demonstrated significant decreases in HR, RR, VAS-A, and VAS-D and a significant increase in daily weaning duration on music days (p < 0.05).ConclusionsProviding patient selected music during daily weaning trials is a simple, low-cost, potentially beneficial intervention for patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation. Further study is indicated to test ability of this intervention to promote weaning success and benefits earlier in the weaning process.     

Efecto de la musicoterapia sobre la ansiedad y el dolor en el paciente crítico politraumatizado

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of music therapy on anxiety and pain in critical polytraumatised patients admitted to the resuscitation unit of a tertiary level hospital in Spain.Material and methodRandomised clinical trial conducted in a tertiary level hospital, from June 2016 to May 2018. The study sample was 60 patients, 30 belonging to the intervention group (IG), and 30 to the control group (CG). The IG were given a 30-minute music session and heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. The VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was applied for anxiety and pain before and after each session. The same measures and scales were applied in the CG who did not receive a music session. The music session comprised 3 parts: the first was standard music selected by music therapists; the second was personalised, chosen by the patient and the third was a new standard. The intervention took place in a booth with headphones.ResultsSignificant changes in anxiety levels (P < .01) were detected in the group of patients undergoing the intervention, measured with the VAS scale for anxiety, and pain levels (P < .01), measured with the VAS scale for pain. No significant differences were found in the physiological parameters of HR and BP.ConclusionThe use of music in critical polytraumatised patients reduces anxiety and pain levels, increasing the patient's well-being and improving the quality of care. Music therapy, therefore, is considered beneficial as a complementary measure in critical care units. It would be worthwhile to continue studies in this and other hospital areas.     

Feeding Tubes and Health Costs Postinsertion in Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia

ContextThe best evidence suggests that feeding tubes are ineffective in persons with advanced dementia. Little is known about their health care costs.ObjectivesTo estimate Medicare costs attributable to inpatient care among nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia during the year following the placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube during an index hospitalization.MethodsMedicare claims (1999–2009) and Minimum Data Set data (1999–2009) were used to estimate Medicare costs attributable to inpatient care among NH residents with advanced dementia during the year following the placement of a PEG tube and compared with those who did not get a PEG tube. The study used a 3:1 propensity-matched cohort design.ResultsMatched residents with (n = 1924, 68.9% female, 28.8% African American, average age 83.1 years) and without (weighted n = 1924, unique n = 4337) PEG insertion showed comparable sociodemographic characteristics, similar rates of feeding tube risk factors, and similar mortality (51.9% 180 day mortality among those with a feeding tube vs. 49.8% among those without a feeding tube, P = 0.11). One year hospital costs were $2224 higher in NH residents with a feeding tube ($10,191 vs. $7967, 95% CI of difference = $1514, $2933), with those with a feeding tube likely to spend more time in an intensive care unit (1.92 vs. 1.29 days, 95% CI of difference = 0.34, 0.92 days).ConclusionIn an analysis controlling for selection bias, PEG tube insertion is associated with a small but significant increase in annual inpatient health care costs, as well as in hospital and intensive care unit days, postinsertion.     

The impact of health literacy on health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo establish if health literacy (HL) is linked to poorer outcomes and behaviours in patients with chronic pain.DesignA prospective cross-sectional observational study.SettingMultidisciplinary out-patient pain clinics in three university teaching hospitals.PatientsNew patients (n = 131) referred to the pain clinic with a history of chronic pain (>12 weeks).MethodsA questionnaire was distributed to chronic pain patients attending their first appointment. Those eligible for inclusion were newly referred patients who had pain lasting longer than three months. The questionnaire comprised the following sections: demographics, chronic pain status and disease-related knowledge, quality of life (SF-36), beliefs (Beliefs About Pain Control Questionnaire), and a validated HL tool (Newest Vital Sign).ResultsOf the 131 participants recruited, 54% had inadequate HL. The group was subsequently stratified according to HL level. In bivariate analysis, inadequate HL was associated with older age (p < 0.001), being unemployed or retired (p = 0.005), less education (p < 0.001), lower income, increased comorbidities (p = 0.038), being less likely to utilise allied health services (p = 0.001), poorer disease-related knowledge (p = 0.002), and poorer beliefs about pain (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, disease-related knowledge (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.0 to 6.3, p = 0.05) and beliefs about pain (B = −2.3, S.E = 0.9, p = 0.01) remained independently associated with HL.ConclusionInadequate HL is prevalent in chronic pain patients, and may impact on the development of certain characteristics necessary for effective self-management.     

Relative utility for hemispheric lateralization of different clinical fMRI activation tasks within a comprehensive language paradigm battery in brain tumor patients as assessed by both threshold-dependent and threshold-independent analysis methods

The aim of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of 6 different commonly used language fMRI activation paradigms, including receptive and expressive, as well as semantic and phonological tasks, for hemispheric lateralization in brain tumor patients utilizing both threshold-dependent and threshold-independent approaches. We studied 46 right-handed patients with primary intra-axial brain tumors with BOLD fMRI on a 3-T MRI system. A linear fit of the laterality indices (LIs) as a function of the t-value (which varied from 2.0 to 6.5) was calculated and the slope (M) taken as measure of LI variability in the threshold-dependent LI approach; for the threshold-independent approach, the LIs were determined by comparing the integrated T-score weighted distributions of all positively task-correlated voxels of the left and the right hemispheric regions of interest. We demonstrated that silent word generation (SWG) and rhyming (R) were the two expressive tasks that provided the best hemispheric language lateralization in this group, based on concordant threshold-dependent and threshold-independent analyses. Furthermore, R (mean LI value = 61.91, M = 7.9 ± 1.5) had a higher mean LI value and was less threshold-dependent than SWG (mean LI = 52.97, M = 11.40 ± 0.64) for LI determination. SWG and R were able to provide effective language lateralization even in the subgroup of patients with lesions located in the left hemisphere and in the frontal or parietal lobes. The receptive language paradigms examined in this study (passive listening [PL], listening comprehension [LC], and reading comprehension [RC]) were less effective than SWG and R for language lateralization.     

Music Therapy Reduces Pain in Palliative Care Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ContextTreatment of pain in palliative care patients is challenging. Adjunctive methods of pain management are desirable. Music therapy offers a nonpharmacologic and safe alternative.ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy of a single music therapy session to reduce pain in palliative care patients.MethodsTwo hundred inpatients at University Hospitals Case Medical Center were enrolled in the study from 2009 to 2011. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: standard care alone (medical and nursing care that included scheduled analgesics) or standard care with music therapy. A clinical nurse specialist administered pre- and post-tests to assess the level of pain using a numeric rating scale as the primary outcome, and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale and the Functional Pain Scale as secondary outcomes. The intervention incorporated music therapist-guided autogenic relaxation and live music.ResultsA significantly greater decrease in numeric rating scale pain scores was seen in the music therapy group (difference in means [95% CI] ?1.4 [?2.0, ?0.8]; P < 0.0001). Mean changes in Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scores did not differ between study groups (mean difference ?0.3, [95% CI] ?0.8, 0.1; P > 0.05). Mean change in Functional Pain Scale scores was significantly greater in the music therapy group (difference in means ?0.5 ([95% CI] ?0.8, 0.3; P < 0.0001).ConclusionA single music therapy intervention incorporating therapist-guided autogenic relaxation and live music was effective in lowering pain in palliative care patients.     

Multimodal group rehabilitation compared to usual care for patients with chronic neck pain: A pilot study

The aim of this pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to compare multimodal group rehabilitation to usual care physiotherapy for patients with chronic neck pain (CNP). Participants (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of two interventions, multimodal group rehabilitation or usual care physiotherapy. Multimodal group rehabilitation involved stability, strengthening and proprioceptive exercises along with an educational programme. Patients attended for 1 h, once a week for six weeks. The usual care group was treated as deemed appropriate by their physiotherapist. A blinded assessor recorded baseline and post-intervention scores of disability and pain using the neck disability index (NDI) and the 0–10 pain numerical rating scale (NRS), respectively. One participant from each group dropped out before receiving any intervention. Post-intervention both groups significantly improved in both function and pain scores (p ≤ 0.01). The mean change in the NDI scores for the multimodal group versus the usual care group were 12.3 ± 5.3% and 7.4 ± 4.8%, and pain NRS score changes were 4.6 ± 2.3 and 4.5 ± 2.2, respectively. There was no significant difference in improvements in disability (p = 0.84) or pain (p = 0.67) between groups. These results warrant further investigation of multimodal group rehabilitation for CNP, and provide data to inform an appropriately powered full-scale RCT with long-term follow-up.     

Efecto de la música sobre la ansiedad y el dolor en pacientes con ventilación mecánica

The power of music to relieve anxiety or pain has been widely used throughout history.ObjectiveTo evaluate effects of music on anxiety and pain in patients on invasive mechanical ventilation.DesignA randomized controlled trial with repeated measures.Material and methodThis was a randomized, experimental prospective study in a tertiary hospital conducted from January 2009 to June 2010. The sample was made up of 44 participants. Intervention consisted in a 30-minute musical session in which the subject used a headset and was in an individual room. For the control group, the usual setting of an intensive care unit was maintained unchanged. Each patient underwent a minimum of 3 and maximum of 5 sessions. The patient per se selected the music from among a selection prepared by the investigator team. Anxiety and pain and hemodynamic variables of heart rate, respiratory rate systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline, after the music session and then one-hour later.ResultsMusic therapy significantly decreased anxiety score (P = .000) when measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale. There were no differences in pain in the experimental group (P = .157) when measured with the visual analogue scale. No summative effects were demonstrated during multiple sessions.ConclusionMusic reduces anxiety in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Invasive mechanical ventilation can be established as a non-pharmacologic tool added to the available therapeutic options.