MCP-1: Chemoattractant with a role beyond immunity: A review

BackgroundMonocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, a potent monocyte attractant, is a member of the CC chemokine subfamily. MCP-1 exerts its effects through binding to G-protein-coupled receptors on the surface of leukocytes targeted for activation and migration. Role of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in monocyte recruitment during infection or under other inflammatory conditions is well known.MethodA comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov) and Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/). The data was assessed from books and journals that published relevant articles in this field.ResultRecent and ongoing research indicates the role of MCP-1 in various allergic conditions, immunodeficiency diseases, bone remodelling, and permeability of blood - brain barrier, atherosclerosis, nephropathies and tumors.ConclusionMCP-1 plays an important role in pathogenesis of various disease states and hence MCP-1 inhibition may have beneficial effects in such conditions.     

Hepcidin: a novel peptide hormone regulating iron metabolism

BackgroundHepcidin is a low-molecular weight hepatic peptide regulating iron homeostasis. Hepcidin inhibits the cellular efflux of iron by binding to, and inducing the internalization and degradation of, ferroportin, the exclusive iron exporter in iron-transporting cells. It has been recently recognized as a main hormone behind anemia of chronic disease.MethodA comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/) and the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov). The data was also assessed from journals and books that published relevant articles in this field.ResultHepcidin regulates iron uptake constantly on a daily basis, to maintain sufficient iron stores for erythropoiesis. Hepcidin, by its iron regulatory action on iron metabolism may be expected to have an important role in immune regulation, inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Hepcidin is the underlying cause of anemia in these clinical settings.ConclusionHepcidin analysis may prove to be a novel tool for differential diagnosis and monitoring of disorders of iron metabolism, and establishment of therapeutic measures in various disease conditions like hereditary hemochromatosis, anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers.     

膝关节韧带重建人工材料的优化与选择

目的:通过文献检索,深入认识膝关节韧带的生物力学特征,揭示膝关节韧带损伤的原因,提出大学生体育运动中膝关节损伤的预防、治疗、功能恢复及优化重建材料建议.方法: 由第一作者检索2006,2010 PubMed数据库 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) 及万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn),检索词为"膝关节,生物力学,运动损伤,人工韧带,材料优化". 纳入膝关节生物力学特征,膝关节韧带一般损伤原因、预防、治疗、功能恢复,以及关节韧带断裂重修材料的相关研究,排除重复类研究.结果:检索文献总量566篇,阅读文章标题和摘要进行初选,共保留18篇文献行进一步分析.结论:膝关节韧带损伤在体育运动中经常发生,对学生的体质健康危害很大.对膝关节运动状态下的生物力学特征、膝关节韧带损伤康复、膝关节韧带断裂重建材料优化等进行研究,有助于大学生体育运动中膝关节损伤的预防、治疗和功能恢复,对促进大学生体质健康,落实阳光体育运动具有重要意义.随着材料医学的发展,近年来人工合成韧带开始步入临床,近期与中期效果令人鼓舞,综合应用生物降解聚合物技术、细胞因子治疗、体外细胞培养、基因转染等组织工程学技术,将有助于进一步确定韧带修复替代的生物学基本理论,开发出一种新的韧带替代技术,在本世纪内达到人工合成韧带标准.     

输尿管支架生物降解材料丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物在体外的降解及临床应用

背景:目前不同形式的输尿管支架均有其并发症,因此,如何选择适宜的支架来治疗泌尿系统疾病是目前医学界研究的热点.目的:探讨输尿管支架生物降解材料丙交酯/乙交酯共聚物在体外的降解规律及临床应用前景.方法:由第一作者检索1991-01/2009-12 PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)及万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn)有关输尿管支架生物降解材料丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物在体外的降解及临床应用方面的文献,英文检索词为"SR-PLGA;in-vitro degradation;degradalion rate",中文检索词为"丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物;体外降解;降解速率".检索文献量总计135篇,排除陈旧及重复性文章,最终纳入17篇文献进一步分析.结果与结论:高分子降解性输尿管支架材料体内外生物降解性质的研究国外报道较少,国内则未见报道,目前该领域处于基础研究阶段.作为生物降解性高分子材料,降解性质及相容性是此种材料得以应用的首要条件,了解材料的降解及相容性对材料的临床应用具有极其重要的意义.输尿管支架生物降解材料丙交酯-乙交酯共聚物的生物相容性良好,通过调整乙交酯与丙交酯的组分比,可有效调节共聚物的降解速率.     

Co-peptin: Role as a novel biomarker in clinical practice

BackgroundArginine vasopressin (AVP) is a key regulator of water balance, but its instability makes reliable measurement difficult and precludes its routine use. Co-peptin is the C-terminal part of the AVP precursor which plays an important role in the correct structural formation of the AVP precursor and its efficient proteolytic maturation. Because of its stoichiometric generation, co-peptin mirrors the release of AVP and measurement of more stable co-peptin may be an indicator of AVP levels.MethodA comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov) and Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/). The data was assessed from books and journals that published relevant articles in this field.ResultRecent and ongoing research indicates the diagnostic and prognostic roles of co-peptin in various clinical settings especially in critically ill patients.ConclusionCo-peptin levels are altered in various physiological and pathological conditions indicating its possible role as a biomarker. However, further research using co-peptin in various clinical settings will prove its cost-effectiveness and clinical usefulness.     

接骨钢板的材料学特征及临床应用

目的:介绍接骨钢板的材料学特征及其临床应用现状.方法:由第一作者检索PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)、中国知网数据库(http://www.cnki.net/)及万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn)200012009收录的有关接骨钢板材料学特征及临床应用的文章,检索关键词为"接骨钢板,材料学特征,生物相容性,临床应用".纳入论点论据可靠、主题与此课题联系紧密的试验文章,排除缺乏原创性的文章.共纳入25篇文献,从接骨钢板的材料学特征、临床应用及其优缺点方面加以整理和分析.结果:从接骨钢板的材料学特征来看,应使其弹性模量接近骨骼,以减少应力遮挡效应.在临床应用中应注意生物固定与机械固定相结合,不断改进钢板结构,减少钢板与骨骼接触面积,以降低或防止局部形成骨质疏松.结论:目前临床上应用的接骨板材料主要包括不锈钢、钴合金及钛合金,各有其优缺点,其中医用钛合金是金属中最理想的体内置入材料.在临床应用方面微创内固定钢板为骨折后运动功能的早日恢复提供了有力的技术保障,有着广阔的应用前景.     

左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统在妇科疾病治疗中的作用

背景:左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统有很高的避孕可靠性,可对子宫内膜产生明显的抑制作用.目的:阐述左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统在妇科疾病治疗中的作用.方法:由第一作者检索CBM、PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)、万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn)及google学术网1990/2010有关左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗妇科疾病的文献,排除重复性研究.结果与结论:共保留17篇文献进行归纳总结.结果显示,左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统作为释放微量孕激素的宫内缓释系统,可安全、有效地应用于避孕,治疗月经过多、内异症、子宫腺肌病,以及激素替代治疗中对子宫内膜的保护等,对治疗子宫肌瘤引起的月经过多也有良好效果.提示左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统治疗妇科疾病效果显著,但还需要大样本、长期的临床研究加以验证.     

Ongoing and future directions in percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation

Introduction: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the major valvular disease. Although surgical mitral valve (MV) repair is the standard of care for patients with severe MR, an unmet need exists in the management of patients with severe symptomatic MR and high surgical risk. Transcatheter MV therapies are alternative treatment option in such patients with moderate to severe and symptomatic MR.

Areas covered: Literatures to direct the reader to important further reading were searched with relevant websites; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed using search word ‘transcatheter mitral intervention’.

Expert commentary: A variety of transcatheter techniques have emerged for the percutaneous treatment of MR. We should carefully select one or combination procedure for each patient as an ideal tailor-made transcatheter MV therapy in order to improve the outcomes.     

免疫抑制药物在抗移植排斥反应过程中的应用

背景:器官移植患者需要终生伴随免疫抑制剂,因此合理应用免疫抑制剂是器官移植成功的关键所在.目的:对各类代表药物在器官移植中的应用作简要分析,拟为器官移植患者选择合适的免疫抑制剂.方法:由第一作者检索1999-01/2011-06 PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)和万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn).英文检索词为"immunosuppressive drug;reject reaction;cyclosporine A;tacrolimus(FK506)",中文检索词为"免疫抑制剂,肾移植,肝移植,排斥反应".检索文献量总计105篇,选择不同种类的免疫抑制药物在不同器官移植领域应用的特点及临床效果分析,排除陈旧及重复实验文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志的文章,最终纳入18篇符合标准的文献.结果与结论:常见免疫抑制药分类:肾上腺皮质激素、代谢拮抗药、T淋巴细胞抑制药.然而每一种免疫抑制剂在发挥免疫抑制作用时都会伴有一定毒副反应,应尽量避免不良反应发生.如何利用免疫抑制药之间的协同作用,发挥最佳疗效是临床需进一步关注和研究的重点,应严密监测患者血药浓度,做到个体化用药,尽可能降低毒副反应发生率.     

神经干细胞在脊髓损伤中的应用与进展

背景:神经干细胞来源广泛,取材方便,分离培养容易,且神经干细胞易于外源基因的导入和表达,可为基因治疗神经系统的疾病提供良好的载体.目的:对神经干细胞在脊髓损伤中的应用进行回顾性研究.方法:由通讯作者检索2006/2009 PubMed数据(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)及万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn)有关神经干细胞的培养,鉴定,分化,及其应用于脊髓损伤的组织工程修复等方面的文献,英文检索词为"neural stem cells,spinal cord injury,cellular transplantation",中文检索词为"神经干细胞,脊髓损伤,细胞移植".排除重复性研究.计算机初检得到82篇文献,根据纳入标准保留23篇进一步归纳总结.结果与结论:神经干细胞移植的动物实验已广泛开展.目前神经干细胞在修复脊髓损伤中的应用主要集中以下几方面:一是直接细胞移植进行替代治疗,通过神经干细胞的移植或激活体内的神经干细胞,使其分化为神经元和胶质细胞,并与已经存在的神经细胞结构整合到一起而达到治疗疾病的目的;二是以神经干细胞作为基因载体,携带治疗作用的目的基因进行移植,从而达到细胞替代和基因治疗的双重作用;三是通过对生长因子和细胞因子的研究,诱导自身的神经干细胞分化进行神经自我修复.     

脂肪干细胞在骨科基础研究中的新进展

背景:自脂肪来源干细胞被发现以来,培养传代及在支架材料上的生长能力就越来越受到骨科相关研究的关注.目的:探讨脂肪来源干细胞的生物学特性及在骨科基础研究中的进展.方法:由第一作者检索2001/2010 ISI Web of knowledge 数据库(网址http://www.isiknowledge.com)和PubMed 数据库(网址 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)有关脂肪来源干细胞培养特性和组织修复的相关文献并进行综合分析,检索词为"adipose derived stem cells,orthopaedic".结果与结论:脂肪来源干细胞具有与骨髓间充质干细胞相似的生物学特性及分化潜能,并且在骨骼、软骨、椎间盘、肌腱和韧带等组织的修复方面表现出良好的治疗效果.同时,脂肪来源干细胞在体内广泛分布,获取容易,为其在骨科相关疾病的修复治疗中奠定了良好的应用前景.     

An automated communication system in a contact registry for persons with rare diseases: scalable tools for identifying and recruiting clinical research participants

ObjectivesStrategies for study recruitment are useful in clinical research network settings. We describe a registry of individuals who have self-identified with one of a multiplicity of rare diseases, and who express a willingness to be contacted regarding possible enrollment in clinical research studies. We evaluate this registry and supporting tools in terms of registry enrollment and impact on participation rates in advertised clinical research studies.MethodsA web-based automated system generates periodic and customized communications to notify registrants of relevant studies in the NIH Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). The majority of these communications are sent by email. We compare the characteristics of those enrolled in the registry to the characteristics of participants enrolled in sampled RDCRN studies in order to estimate the impact of the registry on study participation in the network.ResultsThe registry currently contains over 4000 registrants, representing 40 rare diseases. Estimates of study participation range from 6–27% for all enrollees. Study participation rates for some disease areas are over 40% when considering only contact registry enrollees who live within 100 mi of a clinical research study site.ConclusionsAutomated notifications can facilitate consistent, customized, and timely communication of relevant protocol information to potential research subjects. Our registry and supporting communication tools demonstrate a significant positive impact on study participation rates in our network. The use of the internet and automated notifications make the system scalable to support many protocols and registrants.     

生物可降解材料在眼科临床中的应用

背景:组织工程化材料在眼科应用较少,尤其在眼表重建中大部分材料还处于动物实验阶段,尚有许多亟需解决的问题.目的:评价生物可降解材料在眼科中的应用,以寻找合理的眼科材料.方法:采用电子检索的方式,在万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/)及Pubmed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed)中检索1999-01/2009-12有关生物可降解材料应用于眼科临床的研究文章,关键词为"组织工程,眼科,生物材料".排除重复研究、普通综述或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入17篇文献进行评价.结果与结论:生物可降解材料具有生物屏障作用,能促进上皮细胞增长,抑制成纤维细胞生长,减少胶原纤维合成,减少手术创面出血,达到防止粘连的目的,还有抑菌、增强免疫力、促进伤口愈合的功能.故在眼科疾病治疗中可单独用作眼外伤或术后炎症、纤维增生性病变的治疗药物,也有可能用于眼部整形.随着生物医学和材料学的进一步结合,生物可降解材料在眼科领域的研究将会越来越广泛和深入.可以预见,生物可降解材料一旦工业化,在生物医学方面将会有非常广阔的应用前景.     

肌肉运动与骨骼肌细胞的凋亡

背景:不少医学研究表明,细胞凋亡能导致大量自由基增多、Ca~(2+)浓度升高、线粒体膜电位下降引起运动能力的下降.因此,研究细胞凋亡与运动训练的关系意义重要.目的:总结与探索关于肌肉运动与骨骼肌细胞凋亡的相关问题.方法:计算机检索中国期刊全文数据(网址http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/index.aspx)及PubMed数据库(网址http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)1990-01/2009-06期间的相关文章,检索词为"肌肉运动,骨骼肌细胞凋亡,muscle exercise,apoptosis in the skeletal muscle".纳入与肌肉运动与骨骼肌细胞的凋亡研究现状与发展密切相关.①有关骨骼肌细胞凋亡的研究.②运动与骨骼肌细胞凋亡研究.③运动诱发骨骼肌细胞凋亡的基因调控研究.④骨骼肌细胞凋亡的分子机制研究.⑤同一领域选择近期发表或在权威杂志上发表的文章.排除重复性研究.结果与结论:运动后,正常肌肉中或是病理状态下的肌肉中骨骼肌细胞都会出现凋亡,凋亡的形态学表现与普通凋亡细胞相似,即核固缩、质膜发泡、细胞器紧缩,凋亡小体形成,其凋亡过程大致可分为3个阶段,即启始阶段、效应阶段和降解阶段.骨骼肌细胞凋亡的增加是导致运动性疲劳的重要原因.目前国内外对骨骼肌细胞凋亡的基因调控研究主要是从凋亡调控因子Bcl-2蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α及死亡蛋白酶半胱氨酸天冬氨酸酶着手.bcl-2基因蛋白的抗凋亡作用主要是通过阻止线粒体通透性转换孔的开放,阻止线粒体释放促凋亡蛋白、防止线粒体膜脂质过氧化以及线粒体基质Ca2+释放实现的.肿瘤坏死因子家族在启动死亡因子及其受体途径中起重要作用,此途径的启动依赖于死亡配体与死亡受体相结合,激活半胱氨酸天冬氨酸酶,导致细胞凋亡.通过研究探索运动强度与骨骼肌细胞凋亡及坏死的界限关系,有利于在运动中认识运动性疲劳产生的机制及有效消除疲劳.     

Proceedings of the Food and Drug Administration's public workshop on new red blood cell product regulatory science 2016

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a workshop on red blood cell (RBC) product regulatory science on October 6 and 7, 2016, at the Natcher Conference Center on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Campus in Bethesda, Maryland. The workshop was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH; the Department of Defense; the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Department of Health and Human Services; and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA. The workshop reviewed the status and scientific basis of the current regulatory framework and the available scientific tools to expand it to evaluate innovative and future RBC transfusion products. A full record of the proceedings is available on the FDA website ( http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/NewsEvents/WorkshopsMeetingsConferences/ucm507890.htm ). The contents of the summary are the authors' opinions and do not represent agency policy.     

生物补片在盆底修补和重建中的应用

中以"补片材料,聚丙烯,复合补片"或"reconstructive pelvic surgery,repair,replacement"为检索词进行检索.选择文章内容与补片类型、材料学特点、生物相容性及其应用效果相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章.根据纳入标准选择24篇文献用于进行综述.结果和结论:聚丙烯补片的优点是编织的网,网孔较大,有利于纤维组织长入,提高了组织的强度和抗拉性,白细胞和巨噬细胞可自由进入网孔内,因此不易藏匿细菌,故具较好的抗感染能力,感染后多可不去除网片.而膨化聚四氟乙烯层则质地柔软、表面光滑,组织耐受性非常好,可防止与腹腔内组织粘连,而其亚微米水平的孔径防止了细菌的侵入,它所造成的炎症及异物反应是目前人工合成材料中最轻的.     

Cytokines in recurrent pregnancy loss

BackgroundRecurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages prior to 20 weeks gestation. Exaggerated maternal immune response to fetal antigens has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms underlying recurrent pregnancy loss.MethodA comprehensive literature search was conducted from the websites of the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov) and Pubmed Central, the US National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences literature (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/). The data was assessed from books and journals that published relevant articles in this field.ResultIn normal pregnancy, tolerance of the genetically incompatible fetus by the maternal immune system depends on the interactions of an array of cytokines secreted by maternal and fetal cells at the site of implantation. Earlier research indicated that altered immunity in RPL is dominated by the Th1/Th2 hypothesis, which proposed that the fetus escapes maternal-derived T-cell responses through skewing the Th0 differentiation toward Th2 pathway which dampens pro-inflammatory Th1-type immunity. Recent studies indicate the role of proinflammatory Th17 cells and immunoregulatory Treg cells in RPL in addition to Th1/Th2 interactions.ConclusionCytokines form a complex regulatory network which maintains homeostasis between the fetal unit and the maternal immune system. If this delicate balance is adversely affected, immunoregulatory mechanisms may be insufficient to restore homeostasis and this may lead to pregnancy failure.     

细胞因子Th1/Th2偏移与运动及衰老的关系

背景:很多研究都提示机体衰老和疾病过程中均伴有Th1和Th2细胞因子平衡发生偏离的现象.目的:就运动、衰老和免疫领域的细胞因子与Th1/Th2分化、衰老与Th1/Th2型细胞因子、Th1/Th2型细胞因子平衡在运动延缓衰老中的可能作用方面的研究进行归纳分析.方法:检索1990/2011PubMed数据及万方数据库有关运动、免疫和衰老等方面的文献,英文检索词为"exercise,immunesenescence",中文检索词为"运动,衰老,免疫".排除与研究目的无关和内容重复者.保留42篇文献做进一步分析.结果与结论:随着增龄,老年人易出现T淋巴细胞克隆向Th1亚群分化,进而出现Th1型细胞因子分泌增多,抑制Th2型细胞因子的分泌,破坏了Th1/Th2平衡在机体免疫防御反应的调节中所具有关键性作用,导致糖尿病、肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病等发病率增加.大量研究也证实,运动可以延缓衰老,减少老年性疾病的发生率.是否可以通过Th1/Th2偏移及其偏移的逆转来解释呢?还有待科学实验来予以验证.