支气管内膜结核37例临床分析及诊断方法学比较

目的探索支气管内膜结核(EBTB)的纤维支气管镜(纤支镜,FB)下类型及诊断方法学。方法分析37例确诊的EBTB患者的临床表现、胸部X线(CT)、纤支镜检查结果,作单纯痰抗酸杆菌培养、钳取病变部位行病理学检查及刷检病变部位涂片找抗酸杆菌,并(或)作抗酸杆菌培养。结果37例中主要症状包括:咳嗽31例,发热9例,咯血10例,胸痛8例,气促5例,消瘦3例。1例出现喘息。3例的X线表现正常,只有1例的CT检查结果提示EBTB。纤支镜检查示37%的病例有炎症浸润型病变,9%有增殖型病变,27%有狭窄闭塞型病变,16%有溃疡型病变,11%大致正常。37例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中4例阳性,37例行活组织检查者中25例证实为结核,37例行纤支镜刷检涂片找抗酸杆菌检查者中33例阳性,另外4例阴性再经刷检病变组织作抗酸杆菌培养均为阳性。这三种诊断方法的检出率分别为11%,68%,89%经Χ2检验,认为这三种不同检查方法的检出率不同,即FB涂片最高,单纯痰菌涂片最低。结论EBTB缺乏特异性临床表现,胸部X线表现正常不能排除EBTB,CT诊断价值不高,单纯痰抗酸杆菌培养检出率低,确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因低热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者,应怀疑EBTB而及时行纤支镜检查。刷检病变组织作抗酸杆菌培养检出率高,但抗酸杆菌培养时间长;镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和组织活检阳性率较高,且简便快捷,值得推广。     

支气管内膜结核70例临床分析

【目的】探讨支气管内膜结核（EBTB）的临床特征及早期诊断手段。【方法】分析70例经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）确诊的EBTB患者的临床表现、胸部X线、CT、纤支镜检查结果。【结果】70例中主要症状包括：咳嗽66例，发热23例，咯血20例，胸痛14例，气促9例。5例的X线表现正常，只有3例的CT检查结果提示EBTB。纤支镜检查示41．4％的病例有炎症浸润型病变，31．4％有狭窄闭塞型病变，14．7％有溃疡型病变，7．1％有增殖型病变，5．7％大致正常。54例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中5例阳性，68例行纤支镜刷片检查者中61例阳性，64例行活组织检查者中16例证实为结核。【结论】EBTB确诊主要靠纤支镜检查。对疑似EBTB者及时行纤支镜检查，并行常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和（或）组织活检，有助于诊断EBTB。     

纤维支气管镜检查在抗酸杆菌阴性肺结核诊断中的应用价值

目的:评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查在痰涂片抗酸杆菌阴性(菌阴)肺结核诊断中的作用.方法:对应用纤支镜检查确诊的92例菌阴且临床表现不典型肺结核病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果:本组39例纤支镜下见支气管黏膜有异常改变,其中29例(74.4%)刷检涂片找抗酸杆菌阳性,活检有结核病理改变23例(59.0%);另外53例病灶位于外周部位,纤支镜下未见明显异常,经支气管肺活检(TBLB)抗酸杆菌阳性42例(79.2%),刷检涂片抗酸杆菌阳性24例(45.3%),支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片检查抗酸杆菌阳性15例(28.3%).结论:对痰涂片抗酸杆菌阴性肺结核,尤其是临床表现不典型者,纤支镜检查有助于明确诊断.     

单纯性支气管结核58例临床分析

目的：探索支气管结核的临床特征及早期确诊方法。方法：分析58例单纯性支气管结核的临床表现、胸部X线(或CT)、纤支镜检查结果。结果：58例中痘状主要包括：咳嗽48例，咯血19例，发热12例，胸痛9例，胸闷7例。15例胸片正常，3例CT提示支气管结核。纤支镜检查38％有狭窄闭塞型病变，24％有炎症浸润型病变，19％有溃汤型病变，10％有增殖型病变，9％大致正常。49例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中3例阳性，58例行纤支镜刷片检查者中51例阳性。40例经纤支镜行活组织检查中有ll例证实为结核。结论：支气管结核确诊主要靠纤支镜检查。对疑似支气管结核者及时行纤支镜检查，并行常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和(或)组织活检，有助于诊断支气管结核。     

支气管结核132例临床诊断分析

目的：探索支气管结核的临床特征及早期诊断方法。方法：回顾分析132例2000—2002年我院住院的经纤维支气管镜确诊的支气管结核患者的临床表现、胸部X线(CT)、纤支镜检查结果。结果：132例中主要症状包括；咳嗽121例、发热42例、血痰50例、喘息26例、消瘦12例、声嘶17例。7例的X线表现正常，只有5例的CT检查结果疑为EBTB。常规细菌学检查阳性率29％。纤支镜刷检涂片检查抗酸菌的阳性率为82％。结论：本病症状多样缺乏特异性，胸部X线表现正常，不能排除EBTB，CT诊断阳性率不高，常规细菌学检查阳性率低，确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。临床上有咳嗽发热等呼吸道症状患者经积极治疗无效者，应怀疑EBTB而及时纤支镜检查。行镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和(或)组织活检可明显提高阳性率。且简便，应当普及推广。     

胸片正常的支气管内膜结核12例临床分析

目的 探讨胸片正常支气管内膜结核(EBTB)的临床特点及确诊手段.方法 分析12例经纤支镜(FB)确诊的胸片正常的支气管内膜结核患者的临床表现、胸部CT、纤支镜检查结果.结果 全部病例均有咳嗽,发热4例,咯血或血丝痰3例.胸闷2例,消瘦2例.喘鸣l例,伴乏力、午后潮热、盗汗6例.血沉正常5例.结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物(PPD)试验仅1例呈阳性.CT检查:3例未见明显异常,肺内结节2例,支气管不同程度受累6例.FB镜下异常者11例,均经活检或刷检涂片抗酸染色细菌学确诊.结论 EBTB缺乏特异性临床表现,痰检、CT、血沉、PPD试验已不能作为主要诊断手段,胸片正常的不明原因长期呼吸道症状存在者应及时行FB检查,以早期确诊.     

纤维支气管镜检查对胸部X线检查正常的咯血患者的诊断价值

目的:探讨胸部X线检查正常的咯血患者的病因。方法:通过纤支镜检查确定142例胸部X线检查正常的咯血患者的病因。结果:142例患者中,110例(77.46％)患者通过纤支镜检查确定病因,其中炎症88例(61.97％)、肺癌16例(11.27％)、支气管内膜结核6例(4.22％)。结论:纤支镜对确定胸片正常的咯血患者的病因有重要作用。     

纤维支气管镜下支气管内膜结核形态改变的临床研究

目的回顾性地总结了支气管内膜结核病人纤维支气管镜(以下简称纤支镜)下形态学表现。方法选择近5年来临床确诊的支气管内膜结核(EBTB)患者42例。其中男16例,女26例,对其纤支镜下形态改变进行归纳、分类。结果对所有研究对象纤支镜下形态学改变进行综合分析后归纳为以下7种类型:即干酪样坏死型6例、充血水肿型10例、疤痕狭窄型4例、肿瘤型4例、粟粒型8例、溃疡型4例和非特异性支气管炎型6例。结论纤支镜下支气管内膜结核7种类型的表现反映了该病自然病程中不同发展阶段的形态学改变,纤支镜检查对支气管内膜结核具有较大诊断价值。临床上出现反复咳嗽、咯血或痰中带血、胸痛等症状2周以上,而痰菌检查阴性,怀疑支气管内膜结核时应及时行纤支镜检查。     

纤维支气管镜诊断支气管结核104例临床分析

目的:探讨支气管结核(EBTB)的临床特征及纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)对EBTB早期诊断的价值及安全性。方法:分析104例经纤支镜确诊的EBTB患者的临床表现、胸部X线特征、纤支镜下表现及病理学、病原学检查结果。结果:104例EBTB患者中,男45例,女59例,年龄19～78岁,平均(42.3±13.7)岁。主要症状依次为咳嗽91例,咳痰42例,咯血33例,喘息、胸闷24例,喘鸣9例;上述症状伴发热12例,伴胸痛18例。纤支镜下表现:充血水肿型36.5%,溃疡坏死型18.3%,增殖型13.5%,瘢痕狭窄型24.0%,大致正常7.7%。病变多分布在双肺上叶及下叶背段、左主支气管、右中叶支气管,常累积多叶段。初步诊断易误诊为肺炎、支气管哮喘、肺癌、慢性支气管炎等。结论:EBTB临床表现及胸部影像学检查均缺乏特异性,目前纤支镜是早期诊断EBTB最重要、最有价值的手段,可减少漏诊、误诊、延误诊断的发生,安全性良好,值得推广。     

纤维支气管镜在新生儿呼吸道疾病诊治中的作用

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)在新生儿呼吸道疾病诊治中的作用.方法 对23例行纤支镜检查的新生儿进行前瞻性研究.结果 8例吸气性呼吸困难患者纤支镜检查发现气管局部炎症、狭窄3例,支气管开口狭窄、变异1例,先天性喉喘鸣1例,支气管内膜炎、气管黏稠分泌物1例,未发现异常2例.6例肺炎并肺不张患者,纤支镜检查均见气管支气管黏稠内分泌物,支气管肺泡灌洗液培养阳性5例.5例吸入性肺炎患者经纤支镜吸引病情明显好转.4例感染性肺炎并肺实变患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养阳性4例.主要并发症是低氧血症,压力支持通气可维持正常的氧合.结论 对新生儿呼吸道疾病患者纤支镜检查是一项安全而重要的诊疗技术.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.