肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融术治疗原发性肝细胞癌疗效分析

目的分析肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融术(RFA)治疗原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)的临床疗效及安全性。方法 HCC患者76例,随机分为两组,对照组31例,采用肝切除术;观察组45例,采用TACE联合RFA治疗。比较两组患者治疗3个月后的甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3(GPC3)血清水平及2年的生存率,并记录并发症的发生情况。结果两组患者经治疗后血清中AFP、CEA、GPC3水平明显下降,治疗前、后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两组问AFP、CEA、GPC3水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组2年生存率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后3个月生活质量均比术前有所提高(P0.05),并且观察组比对照组提高更明显[(8.82±0.98)比(7.04±1.24),P0.05]。结论 TACE联合RFA能有效治疗HCC,疗效与肝切除术相当,但可以提高生活质量并减少手术创伤。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融术治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效

目的评价TACE联合射频消融(RFA)治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效。方法回顾性分析72例中晚期肝癌患者,其中35例行TACE联合RFA治疗(联合组),37例行单纯TACE治疗(对照组)。术后随访,比较两组短期疗效、治疗后肝功能、血清甲胎蛋白、并发症以及远期生存率。结果联合组术后总有效率(29/35,82.86%)明显高于对照组(20/37,54.05%;P=0.009)。联合组和对照组术后血清甲胎蛋白降至(102.19±32.13)μg/L、(218.46±49.87)μg/L(P0.001)。联合组1、2、3年生存率分别82.86%、54.29%、34.29%,中位生存期25个月;对照组分别为54.05%、32.43%、13.51%,中位生存期16个月;两组生存率差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。联合组及对照组治疗后肝功能均有一过性改变,术后2周基本恢复,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 TACE联合RFA治疗中晚期肝癌是有效的综合介入治疗方法。     

125I粒子植入与射频消融对TACE术后AFP阳性中晚期肝细胞癌干预效果的对比分析

目的对比分析125I粒子植入或射频消融(RFA)对TACE术后甲胎蛋白(AFP)阳性中晚期原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)患者的干预效果。方法回顾性分析79例TACE术后AFP阳性的中晚期原发性HCC患者,其中41例接受125I粒子植入(A组),38例接受RFA(B组)。分别于治疗后1、3、6个月评价治疗效果,并检测血清AFP。结果术后1个月,2组治疗有效率差异无统计学意义(P=0.122);术后3、6个月A组治疗有效率均高于B组(P均<0.05)。A、B组术前及术后1个月血清AFP差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),术后3、6个月A组AFP均低于B组(P均<0.05)。结论125 I粒子植入治疗TACE术后AFP阳性中晚期HCC临床效果优于RFA,且降低AFP效果更显著。     

TACE联合PMCT治疗巨块型肝癌的效果分析

探讨巨块型肝癌患者行经导管动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)联合微波组织凝固(PMCT)治疗的临床效果。回顾性分析2010年1月—2013年12月在我院接受治疗的巨块型肝癌患者87例,根据治疗方法分为TACE组42例、TACE+PMTC组45例,对比两组近期疗效、远期预后。TACE+PMTC组总有效率64.44%,高于TACE组42.86%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前,TACE+PMTC组与TACE组的血清AFP、CA19-9、GGT水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组血清AFP、CA19-9较治疗前均降低(P0.05),TACE+PMTC组血清AFP、CA19-9低于TACE组(P0.05);TACE+PMTC组3年生存率(37.78%)与TACE组(21.43%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);TACE+PMTC组中位生存时间(25.5个月)长于TACE组(18.5个月,P0.05)。巨块型肝癌患者采用TACE联合PMTC治疗的临床效果优于单用TACE治疗,对于延长生存时间有利。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的疗效分析

探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的临床效果。收集2006年6月—2011年6月采用TACE联合RFA治疗合并有门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌42例(观察组),并筛选同期单纯TACE治疗的患者42例(对照组)。比较2组1、2、3年存活率及治疗前后的临床改善、血清肿瘤标志物(AFP)和肿瘤影像学的改变。观察组患者肿瘤及门静脉癌栓坏死、缩小比率明显优于对照组(P0.01),术后6个月观察组AFP降至正常的患者明显多于对照组(P0.01),而且观察组患者1、2、3年存活率明显高于对照组(P0.05),2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。TACE联合RFA治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓具有十分显著的疗效,有利于改善患者预后。     

GP73在肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗肝癌中的临床应用

研究GP73、VEGF及AFP在肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)前后的变化情况。43例HCC患者同时接受肝穿刺,采用肿瘤组织免疫组织化学法和血清ELISA法检测AFP、VEGF及GP73水平,对治疗前血清GP73阳性38例患者比较其TACE+RFA治疗前后3种指标血中变化情况。2种方法检测患者病理标本及血清AFP、VEGF和GP73水平,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血清GP73阳性38例患者经TACE+RFA治疗前后AFP、VEGF及GP73比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.749、3.732及7.033,P0.01)。血清GP73在HCC诊治检测中敏感性及特异性高于AFP,如联合VEGF及AFP检测对TACE+RFA治疗HCC的效果具有重要意义。     

肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效分析

背景与目的:肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术(TACE) 是治疗中晚期肝细胞癌(HCC)的重要手段,为进一步提高中晚期HCC的治疗效果,TACE联合射频消融术(RFA)的方案也被用于临床,但目前尚无高质量的随机化研究来明确该联合方案的临床疗效,为此,本研究通过采用倾向得分匹配(PSM)的方法,减少混杂偏倚影响,探讨TACE联合RFA对于中晚期HCC的疗效。方法:收集2012年1月—2018年1月在西南医科大学附属医院肝胆外科接受单纯TACE治疗(TACE组)和TACE联合RFA治疗(联合组)符合纳入标准的中晚期HCC患者临床资料,用PSM法对两组患者临床资料进行1:1匹配后,用Kaplan-Meier法比较两组患者总体生存率差异,以及按不同临床因素分亚组后的生存率差异。结果:共收集到221例符合条件的患者,其中TACE组127例,联合组94例,PSM后成功配对160例患者。TACE组和联合组患者的中位生存时间分别18、22个月,1、2、3年生存率分别为91.3%、57.9%、16.1%和94.4%、66.2%、29.2%,联合组患者的生存率明显优于TACE组患者(P=0.024)。进一步亚组分析显示,在AFP≤400 μg/L和肿瘤为单发的患者中,联合组的生存时间均优于TACE组(P=0.044、P=0.037),而在AFP400 μg/L、肿瘤多发以及Child评分在A或B级的患者中,TACE组与联合组的生存率均无明差异(均P0.05)。结论:TACE联合RFA治疗较单独TACE治疗对延长中晚期HCC患者的生存时间有着明显优势。在AFP≤400 μg/L和单发肿瘤的中晚期患者中采用TACE联合RFA治疗可明显延长患者生存时间,对于多发肿瘤和AFP400 μg/L的患者,TACE联合RFA治疗并无明显优势;Child分级可能并不是选择TACE联合RFA治疗的参考指标。     

中晚期原发性肝癌患者TACE术后早期复发危险因素

目的观察中晚期原发性肝癌(HCC)患者TACE术后早期复发危险因素。方法对42例中晚期原发性HCC患者行TACE治疗,术后随访6个月,对比分析早期复发与未复发患者之间的差异。结果术后6个月中,23例HCC早期复发(复发组),19例未复发(无复发组)。复发组白蛋白35 g/L者占比低于未复发组(P0.05),甲胎蛋白(AFP)400 ng/ml者占比及谷氨酰基转移酶(ALT)水平均高于未复发组(P均0.05)。未复发组肿瘤病理分化程度较高(P0.05),复发组瘤灶相对较多、肿瘤最大径较大,ADC值和包膜完整比例低于未复发组(P均0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,AFP400 ng/ml者占比(OR=3.313,P=0.041)、肿瘤分化程度(OR=1.463,P=0.038)、瘤灶数量(OR=2.216,P=0.028)及肿瘤ADC值(OR=0.025,P=0.003)是TACE术后HCC早期复发的独立危险因素。结论 TACE术后中晚期HCC早期复发与AFP、肿瘤分化程度、瘤灶数量及ADC值独立相关。     

肝细胞癌患者肝移植术后甲胎蛋白的变化与肿瘤复发

目的探讨肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者肝移植术后的血清甲胎蛋白 (α-fetoprotein,AFP)变化与肝癌复发的关系。方法回顾性分析我院67例HCC患者肝移植手术前后的AFP动态变化与肝癌复发的关系。根据肝移植术前血清AFP水平,将患者分成3组,分别为A 组(术前血清AFP≤20 ng／ml)、B组(20 ng／ml<术前血清AFP≤400 ng/ml)和C组(术前血清AFP> 400 ng／ml),根据术后AFP的下降程度,将B组和C组患者分成3个亚组,即血清AFP在术后2周内降至≤20 ng/ml(BCl组)、术后2周后至2个月内降至≤20 ng／ml(BC2组)和2个月内未降至≤20 ng/ml(BC3组)。结果 67例肝癌受体移植后平均随访时间为13．2个月,总体复发率为35．8％ (24／67),平均复发时间为(7．2±0．7)个月,常见的复发转移部位依次为肺、肝、骨骼和淋巴结等;C 组患者移植术后复发率为52．8％,显著高于A、B两组(C组比A组,x2=6．759,P=0．009;C组比B 组,x2=4．550,P=0．033),A组和B组复发率无明显差异(x2=0．435,P=0．510);BC1组和BC2组术前AFP水平无明显差异,BC3组术前AFP明显高于BC1组和BC2组,BC3组患者术后复发率高达 67．9％,明显高于BC1组的33．3％和BC2组的22．2%,BC1组和Bc2组复发率未见明显差异。结论术前AFP水平>400 ng／ml的HCC肝移植患者术后复发率明显上升;术后AFP水平未能在 2个月内降至正常水平者复发率显著升高;移植后AFP的动态变化对预测HCC复发有重要价值。     

射频消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察

探讨射频消融(RFA)联合肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)对原发性肝癌(PHC)的治疗效果,并分析其对血清甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)水平的影响。选取肿瘤直径3.0 cm的PHC患者76例,随机分为对照组和观察组各38例,对照组行TACE治疗,观察组行TACE联合RFA治疗。比较两组近期临床疗效及血清氧化应激指标、炎症因子、肿瘤活性相关指标和肿瘤复发相关指标水平。观察组治疗后临床总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组血清氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及炎症因子C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、AFP-L3、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)及CA19-9水平均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.01)。TACE联合RFA可以更有效地杀灭PHC肿瘤细胞,降低肿瘤细胞转移率,减少术后复发,对于肿瘤直径3.0 cm的PHC患者临床治疗效果优于单独应用TACE。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.