经骶后孔骶管阻滞的临床应用解剖

目的:探索适合骶后孔骶管阻滞的精确定位方法及其进针角度和深度,为临床骶管阻滞和注射提供解剖学依据。方法:选取28例尸体标本,层次解剖并测量骶后各结构,对半劈开或打开骶管后壁,观测骶管各结构。以通过两侧髂嵴最高点连线为X1轴,以通过两骶角连线为X2轴,以骶后正中嵴垂线为Y轴进行定位。结果:①第2、3骶后孔的精确定位X1轴坐标分别为:男(68.45±5.78)、(86.91±6.14)mm,女(60.44±6.30)、(78.60±7.23)mm,X2轴坐标分别为:男(52.46±5.24)、(31.00±4.62)mm,女(48.26±4.32)、(30.20±4.27)mm,Y轴坐标分别为:男(20.76±2.53)、(19.20±2.50)mm,女(19.58±2.10)、(17.45±2.32)mm。②硬膜囊下端一般平对第2骶椎,与第2骶后孔上缘水平的距离为(13.07±5.50)mm。结论:第2、3骶后孔均可作为经骶后孔进针骶管阻滞麻醉的理想部位,推荐采用倒"工"形双重坐标法定位,穿刺角度宜向内、下偏斜矢状轴30°～40°,进针深度分别为9.3mm、6.4mm为宜。     

鼻内泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎的应用解剖

目的 为鼻内窥镜引导下泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎提供解剖学基础.方法 手术显微镜下解剖10例(20侧)成人男性头颈部标本,观测泪囊窝的结构.结果 泪囊窝的长度、深度、宽度分别为(13.46±1.37)、(2.29±0.36)、(4.97±0.39) mm.泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁投影区域的最高点、最低点、向前最突出点及向后最突出点与鼻前棘的距离分别为(37.61±5.39)、(30.92 ±4.89) 、(30.95±5.36) 、(34.92 ±5.43)mm,泪囊窝投影区域的最高点、最低点、向前最突出点及向后最突出点分别至鼻前棘连线与鼻腔底平面的夹角分别为(77.8°±4.4°)、(67.5°±5.3°)、(73.3°±6.4°)、(71.4°±6.7°).泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁的投影区域近似于椭圆形,该椭圆形长轴为(9.33±0.41) mm、短轴为(3.87 ±0.73)mm,根据椭圆形面积计算公式(S=长轴/2×短轴/2×π)计算泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁的投影区域的面积为(28.45±0.25)mm2.结论 以鼻前棘为体表定位点,以泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁投影区域的最高点、最低点、最前点和最后点为基础,在长轴为(9.33 ±0.41)mm、短轴为(3.87±0.73) mm、面积为(28.45±0.25)mm2的椭圆形区域内可以准确去除泪囊窝骨质而不会损伤眶纸样板以及眶内容物.     

面神经腮腺段的定位解剖

目的 为腮腺区外科手术提供面神经腮腺段的定位解剖学资料.方法 以颞骨的颧突根与下颌角后缘的连线为y轴,以过乳突尖并垂直于y轴的直线为x轴设定坐标系,以该坐标系为参照观测32具(64侧)成年尸体腮腺内面神经干的起、止点和面神经主要分支起点、出腮腺的位置和行走方向.结果 面神经上、下干的起点位置分别是:(-17.32±1.22) mm和(-7.24±0.86)mm、(-17.32±1.22) mm和(-7.24±0.86) mm,止点位置分别是:(-10.26±1.02) mm和(17.24±1.22) mm、(-12.82±1.12) mm和(-12.22±0.88) mm,行走方向与x轴成角分别是:(36.20°±5.20°) 、(-38.30°±4.60°);颞支、颧支、上颊支、下颊支、下颌缘支、颈支的起点位置分别是:(-10.26±1.02)mm和(27.24±1.22) mm、(-3.27±0.24)mm 和(24.36±4.27) mm、(-3.85±0.86) mm和(18.42±2.06) mm、(-3.26±1.04)mm和(14.24±3.26) mm、(-11.72±2.35) mm和(-6.43±2.06) mm、(-12.82±1.12) mm和(-12.22±0.88) mm,出腮腺点位置分别是:(0.42±0.08) mm和(38.56±6.68) mm、(8.2±2.44) mm和(36.04±4.28) mm、(18.26±3.64) mm和(26.82±3.86) mm、(25.48±4.76)mm和(9.66±1.58) mm 、(4.25±0.54)mm和(-13.63±5.23) mm、(-1.08±0.22) mm和(-16.26±3.64) mm,行走方向与x轴成角分别是:(68.10°±2.040°)、(34.80°±4.70°)、(9.40°±1.560°)、(-3.70°±1.350°)、(-55.60°±2.850°)、(-68.30°±2.630°).结论 根据颌面部外科手术需要,可通过体表标志线精确确定面神经干及其主要分支在腮腺内的位置和行走方向.     

骶后孔(八髎穴)的临床应用解剖学

目的 :为八穴的针灸推拿以及骶后神经和骶管麻醉提供解剖学依据。方法 :我们测量了 30例骶骨标本 ,将骶后中线定为Y轴 ,将通过两骶角的连线定为X轴 ,测定骶后孔中点至两轴的距离 ;并测量骶后孔的口径 ,骶后孔中点至相应骶前孔中点的间距以及每侧 1～ 2 ,3～ 4骶后孔中点间距。结果 :根据统计分析 ,我们确定了两种骶后孔定位方法 ,取得了 1～ 2 ,3～ 4骶后孔中点间距的数值 ;4对骶后孔口径的大小顺序是 :1孔 >2孔 >4孔 >3孔。结论 :两种定位方法可帮助医生对骶后孔进行更为准确的定位 ,避免一些给患者带来的损伤 ,可使一些医疗麻醉等措施得以成功实施 ,有助于提高临床疗效     

瑞迪RD／DB碳纤维定位体架质量保证

目的:对新购进瑞迪RD/DB碳纤维定位体架进行全面检验,建立相应的质量保证体系.方法:(1)肉眼外观检查体架一般情况;使用钢卷尺测量外表坐标刻度的准确性.(2)在模拟机下使用激光灯检测左右Y轴,Z轴外表刻度的一致性.(3)使用直线加速器6MVX-线,固体水模及0.66 cc电离室测量体架穿射因子随测量深度及机架角度变化情况.(4)使用模体模仿实际情况检测内置坐标同外表刻度的一致性.结果:卷尺测量右侧Y轴,右侧Z轴及X轴均无差异;Y轴外表坐标刻度400～100范围左侧较右侧数值最大范围小1 mm,800～400间无差异;Z轴左右对应无差异;X轴100外表刻度对应内置坐标之定位基准线;穿射因子随测量深度和机架角增加而增加,机架角15°以前变化较缓,后变化加快;1 mm,3 mm,5 mm,7 mm层厚CT扫描传人TPS重建并计算得等中心坐标同预设坐标均有差异,最大值<1.8 mm.结论:实际检测结果符合临床治疗要求,但仍须对新购体架作全面验证,实际计算出等中心坐标需经模拟机或EPID验证后方能作为治疗坐标使用.     

面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点及临床意义

目的:观测面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点。方法:9例福尔马林固定的成人尸头,18侧,在腮腺内解剖出面神经主干,追踪解剖颞支从腮腺至进入眼轮匝肌处。分别测量进入眼轮匝肌的颞神经最上分支和最下分支点到以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标的垂直和水平距离。结果:颞支的分支在进入眼轮匝肌外缘(以外眦为坐标点)的最上分支为( 2.58±0.32cm, 2.89±0.32cm),最下分支为(0 cm, 2.81±0.32 cm)。Y轴上颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为在以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标点的颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为(3.53±0.39)cm和(1.14±0.15)cm,(3.87±0.38)cm和(1.26±0.10)cm,(3.22±0.39)cm和(1.02±0.14)cm。面神经颞支的分支沿眼轮匝肌纤维水平向内走行并相互分支吻合。在Y LC轴、Y MP轴、Y MC轴上分别距X轴(1.14±0.15)cm、(1.26±0.10)cm、(1.02±0.14)cm三点弧形连线以下的区域,无面神经分支分布。结论:在无面神经分布的区域,切开眼轮匝肌纤维不会损伤面神经;在眼轮匝肌深面的筋膜脂肪层进行分离可以避免面神经分支的损伤。     

岩斜区侧方手术入路相关血管神经显微外科解剖

目的 :为岩斜区侧方手术入路提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法 :15例头颅湿标本 ,模拟手术入路解剖观测相关重要血管神经走行长度及相互毗邻关系。观察了Labbe’s静脉 ,岩静脉 ,小脑前下及后下动脉走行及与神经的关系。结果 :测得三叉神经出颅部到正中矢状面距离、角度及颅内段长度分别为(13 .1± 2 .1)mm (10 .2～ 15 .3mm ) ,19.3°± 8.1°(14 .5°～ 2 5 .0°) ,(14 .0± 1.9)mm (11.6～ 18.2mm ) ;展神经分别为 (10 .0± 1.7)mm (8.9～ 11.9mm ) ,2 5 .3°± 12 .3°(2 1.0°～ 2 7.6°) ,(17.1± 3 .5 )mm (14 .0～ 2 1.0mm) ;面和前庭蜗神经分别为 (2 3 .8± 2 .9)mm (2 .1～ 3 .2mm ) ,70 .3°± 5 .6°(65 .0°～ 78.3°) ,(14 .8±2 .3 )mm (11.2～ 2 0 .1mm) ;舌咽神经分别为 (2 3 .1± 3 .1)mm (19.8～ 3 4.1mm ) ,67.5°± 7.6°(5 9.6°～70 .4°) ,(14 .9± 1.9)mm (13 .0～ 16.7mm )。结论 :①颞下、乙状窦前及乙状窦后入路适用于中、上岩斜区病变 ;枕下远外侧入路适用于下岩斜区病变。②本文岩斜区重要神经血管形态及相互关系测量数据 ,可提高该区相关手术的安全度和成功率。     

食管癌术后胸腔胃内复发肿瘤照射技术探讨

目的为了获得胸腔残胃肿瘤精确照射的适宜合理计划靶体积(PTV),进行了放疗中胸腔残胃位置移动的观察,目的是为确定三维适形放疗PTV的适宜范围。方法食管癌患者接受食管癌根治、食管胃主动脉弓上吻合手术后胸腔胃内肿瘤转移复发5例,通过CT定位结合反复X光下复核。以首次X线片上显示照射野中心为基点,在X线光片上测量“ ”中心与Y轴和X轴方向胸腔胃壁的距离,并逐日记录探讨应用三维适形放疗技术治疗胸腔残胃内病灶的合理计划靶体积PTV范围。结果胸腔胃壁在X轴和Y轴方向的移动范围在机架15°时分别为±2.75mm和±2.58mm,在30°时分别为±2.61mm和±2.34mm,0°时分别为±3.78mm和±3.15mm,提示胸腔胃以上下和左右方向移动范围相对较大,而前后的移动范围相对较小。结论在临床观察中笔者发现由于患者进食规律的变化和其他因素的影响,胸腔残胃的位置常有比较明显的移动,这一点为PTV的确定带来一定的困难,特别是采用精确放疗技术时如果因器官移动造成靶区边缘的低剂量或遗漏,将导致肿瘤失控或者正常胃组织过量照射等严重后果。     

胸部定位参考线配合红外定位系统在鼻咽癌放疗中的应用

目的:应用千伏级锥形束CT(CBCT)验证胸部定位参考线配合红外定位系统(OPS)减小鼻咽癌调强放疗摆位线性误差与旋转误差。方法:随机选取不同定位方式的鼻咽癌患者共60例分成两组,其中采用胸部定位参考线配合OPS的患者30例,常规定位的患者30例,60例患者均采用头颈肩热塑体膜固定体位。胸部定位参考线配合OPS的患者扫描前根据患者与头颈肩热塑体膜相对位置及头颈肩固定体板的位置仰卧于定位床上,确定胸部参考线并在其标记线上贴上相应OPS定位小球,其余治疗摆位时患者体位与体板相对位置以定位参考线为准,然后进行增强扫描定位,将定位图像传输至治疗计划系统(TPS)进行调强治疗计划。应用CBCT扫描对两种定位方法进行误差分析。结果:两组图像应用骨性和灰度加旋转配准算法计算与定位图像配准,得到X(左右方向)、Y(头脚方向)、Z(前后方向)线性和旋转误差。设置胸部参考线与未设置胸部参考线两组患者X、Y、Z方向摆位线性误差分别为(-0.21±1.13)、(0.14±0.90)、(-0.31±1.12)mm和(-0.59±1.76)、(0.76±1.60)、(-0.41±2.13)mm,P值分别为0.664 000、0.000 038、0.421 000;X、Y、Z方向摆位旋转误差分别为0.23°±0.61°、0.35°±0.42°、0.11°±0.72°和0.85°±1.31°、0.47°±0.61°、0.91°±1.32°,P值分别为0.000 150、0.054 200、0.000 430。结论:通过胸部定位参考线配合OPS,能有效减少来自摆位的随机误差,同时保证治疗体位的精确性和重复性,提高放疗精度。     

骶骨前孔区应用解剖学研究

目的 :为后路骶神经管扩大减压术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对 2 6具 (5 2侧 )成人尸体进行骶前孔区血管、神经走行特点的观察 ,对具有临床意义的数据进行解剖学测量。结果 :①骶外侧动脉的分支进入骶前孔 ,S1多在骶前孔外上缘 (5 6.3 %) ,S2 多在骶前孔内上缘 (73 .1%) ;②臀上动脉与骶丛相交点水平线上距S1AB线 (横线与骶前孔内侧缘交点的垂线 ) (3 0 .0± 7.3 )mm ,S1水平线下方 (-11.3± 9.9)mm ;③骶外侧静脉与臀上静脉及出骶前孔的静脉存在吻合支 ,骶前静脉丛与椎体静脉有广泛吻合 ;④S1、S2 、S3 、S4神经与AB线的夹角分别为 (63 .1± 11.7)° ,(71.2± 11.8)° ,(70 .2± 11.3 )° ,(79.7± 16.2 )° ;⑤梨状肌多起自S2～ 4椎体侧方 ,梨状肌上缘与S1、S2 的垂直距离为 (-11.5± 11.0 )mm ,(12 .7± 10 .0 )mm。S1神经与梨状肌上缘相交点与S1的距离为 (2 2 .9± 9.8)mm。结论 :后路骶神经管扩大减压术是相对安全的 ,但应避免损伤骶前孔区的血管 ;后路骶神经管扩大减压术最好沿骶神经走行方向进行 ,到达梨状肌上缘即可。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.