椎间关节滑膜嵌顿综合征的解剖学基础

目的：为椎间关节滑膜嵌顿综合征的诊治提供解剖学基础。方法：解剖观察成人脊柱标本７条（共１７５对３５０个椎间关节）。观察椎间关节滑膜层及纤维层的结构特点。结果：椎间关节囊外为纤维层，内为较薄的滑膜层。关节囊包绕相邻上下关节突，关节腔狭小。滑膜层在相对关节面周缘，并形成双层突向关节腔内的滑膜皱襞，９０．６％有滑膜皱襞，依其根部连接滑膜层的部位分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型，依滑膜皱襞伸入关节腔内长度分Ⅰ、Ⅱ度。结论：滑膜皱襞的嵌顿是引起椎间关节滑膜嵌顿综合征的形态学基础。     

斜扳手法治疗腰椎小关节滑膜嵌顿的有限元分析

背景：斜扳手法对于腰椎关节滑膜嵌顿的疗效可靠,已被临床广泛应用,但是斜扳手法治疗腰椎关节滑膜嵌顿的相关研究还比较欠缺。目的：利用三维有限元法分析斜扳手法治疗腰椎关节滑膜嵌顿的生物力学作用机制,为斜扳手法治疗腰椎关节滑膜嵌顿提供理论依据。方法：采集腰椎关节滑膜嵌顿患者的腰椎CT数据,利用Mimics和Ansys软件建立脊柱L_4-5运动单元的三维有限元模型。模拟临床左侧卧位斜扳手法的操作过程,分析斜扳手法对腰椎L_4-5节段各组织结构生物力学、形态变化以及小关节接触面积的影响。结果与结论：(1)建立了腰椎L_4-5节段三维有限元模型,并验证了模型的有效性;(2)在施加斜扳手法前后,左侧小关节软骨应力从2.959 MPa增加到14.35 MPa,应变从0.078 34增加到0.345 1,关节软骨接触面积从20.806 2 mm²增加到94.872 7 mm²;而右侧小关节软骨应力从3.127 MPa减小到0 MPa,应变从0.081 96减小到0,关节软骨接触面从16.705 3 mm...     

腰椎椎间关节滑膜皱襞的解剖学研究及成人儿童的比较

目的：研究腰椎椎间关节滑膜皱襞的解剖学组织结构，探讨其临床价值。方法：对24具成人腰椎脊柱标本和40具儿童腰椎脊柱标本的解剖，观测腰椎间关节内滑膜皱襞的结构。结果：无论成人还是儿童，各腰椎间关节均可出现滑膜皱襞。两者比较，成人滑膜皱襞的出现率为85．9％高于儿童（35．9％），且成人以大中型滑膜皱襞为主，而儿童以小型为主。成人滑膜皱襞主要出现在外上（14．6％）、外下（16．6％）及外侧（17％），而儿童主要出现在上（20_3％）、下缘（27．1％），成人与儿童的滑膜皱襞的形态均以片状为主。结论：成人腰椎椎间关节滑膜皱襞的出现率高，以大中型滑膜皱襞为主，这很可能是腰椎椎间关节滑膜皱襞嵌顿多见于成人，而儿童少见的解剖学基础，也可能是成人较儿童腰背痛多见的原因之一。     

寰枕、寰枢关节滑膜皱襞解剖观测及临床意义

目的：观察寰枕、寰枢关节中各关节有无滑膜皱襞存在，皱襞的形态、位置和组织学，探讨其临床意义。方法：对16例12岁以下小儿和8例成人防腐尸体的寰枕、寰枢关节中的各关节进行解剖观测。结果：无论成人或小儿，除了寰枢后正中关节外，其它关节均有滑膜皱襞存在，滑膜皱襞总出现率66．7％。寰枢前正中关节中皱襞位于上关节间隙，寰枕关节、寰枢外侧关节的皱襞主要分布于前外侧，多数皱襞呈月牙形。与成人相比，小儿组皱襞数量多，总出现率达72．34％(成人组仅58．3％)，小儿以大中型皱襞为主(58．35％)，成人以小型皱襞为主(62．5％)且无大皱襞。镜下观察儿童有三种不同的组织学类型，其中以脂肪型和纤维脂肪型为主(88．9％)。结论：推测在儿童寰枕、寰枢关节中有更多更大的滑膜皱襞，在受到外伤或炎症作用下，皱襞肿胀变大，位置改变，发生嵌顿，这很可能是小儿好发某些上颈椎疾病，如寰枢椎旋转畸形的解剖学基础。     

小儿髋关节滑膜嵌顿15例临床分析

小儿髋关节滑膜嵌顿临床上并非少见,但由于无统一的诊断命名,故本病的诊断较为混乱,临床上常与髋关节滑膜炎、一过性滑膜炎及髋关节扭伤等相混淆.到目前为止,本病尚无系统的治疗方法.本院自1987年至2003年共收治小儿髋关节滑膜嵌顿15例,经自创手法整复治疗均治愈.现就其诊疗、发病机理和预防的有关问题讨论如下.     

腰椎间关节及部分相关结构的神经支配

在20具成人腰骶部脊柱标本上,观察了腰椎间关节及部分相关结构的神经分布.腰椎间关节主要由腰神经后内侧支支配,为单源多节段分布模式。后内侧支的行程为双“S”形,可使神经缓冲牵拉免受损伤,它经过狭窄弯曲的骨纤维管时可能易受嵌压导致下背痛.     

腰椎小关节穿刺的应用解剖

目的:研究腰椎小关节穿刺的解剖入路,供临床参考应用。方法:采用新鲜成人脊柱腰段标本35(男22、女13)例,通过横断断层解剖学方法,从横断面上对L1～2～L5～S1腰椎小关节的类型、关节角、上下关节突间距以及关节面的形态等进行观测。结果:①关节类型L1～2～L5～S1主要为上凹面型(82.6%)和平面型(17.4%),其中L5～S1有51.4%为上凹面型,48.6%为平面型;②关节角从L1～2至L5～S1腰椎关节突关节角逐渐增大,分别为26°、30°、35°、40°、45(°女性平均略大3°～5°);③关节的位置在后正中线外侧,相应的上、下腰椎棘突后缘中点之间,与后正中线的距离由上到下逐渐增加,分别为14.20、15.74、18.90、24.22、27.20mm;④穿刺要经过皮肤、浅筋膜、胸腰筋膜后层、竖脊肌、关节囊后壁。结论:腰椎小关节穿刺应根据关节的类型、关节角大小选择相应腰椎间隙中点的外14.20～27.20mm(平均20.05mm)处进行。     

腰椎间小关节螺旋CT三维测量、观察及临床意义

目的:观察腰椎间小关节关节面的三维解剖学形态,并探讨其临床意义.方法:60例螺旋CT扫描腰部阴性正常人,行三维重建后处理.在横轴面、冠状面及矢状面观察关节面形态.结果:关节突关节面的标准形态,横轴面,腰1/2节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度相同的"C"形;腰2/3、3/4、4/5节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度不相同的"C"形,下关节突关节面曲度较小,上关节突关节面曲度较大;腰5/骶1节段男性下关节突关节面"l"形,上关节突关节面"C"形,女性上、下关节突关节面均为"l"形.冠状面,腰1/2、2/3节段为椭圆形.腰3/4节段男性为椭圆形;女性为长方形.腰4/5节段男性为椭圆形;女性为椭圆形或长方形.腰5/骶1节段男女均可为圆形;或男性为方形女性为长方形.矢状面,为"l"形.结论:腰椎间小关节关节面形态在诸节段及横轴面、冠状面及男、女间不尽相同.     

隐神经卡压症的应用解剖学

本文在40侧成人下肢标本上观察了隐神经及其髌下支穿Hunter’s管前壁的形式及位置,并以腹股沟韬带中点至股骨内上髁最突出点的连线为标准,测量了缝匠肌前缘距该线以及隐神经穿出点距连线远端的距离。为探讨隐神经卡压症的病因、症状及选用的治方方法提供了应用解剖学基础。     

Anatomic study of the synovial folds of the occipito-atlanto-axial joints

This study was performed to observe and measure synovial folds of the occipito-atlanto-axial joints and to explore their clinical significance. Two hundred ninety eight occipito-atlanto-axial joints from 30 embalmed cadavers of children and 20 of adults were dissected to find the incidence, quantity, distribution, forms, dimension, and histology of synovial folds. Synovial folds were found in most joints in both groups except for the posterior median atlantoaxial joints. Most of synovial folds were crescent-shaped, distributed on the superior aspects of the anterior median atlantoaxial joints, or in the antero-lateral aspects of the atlantooccipital joints and the lateral atlantoaxial joints. Compared to the adult group, the child group had a higher incidence of synovial folds (72.5% joints). The adult incidence was found to be 58.5%. 54.3% of the synovial folds in child were medium size or large size, but only 30.1% of the synovial folds in adult were medium size and there were no large ones. Microscopically, there were three histologic types synovial folds in these cervical joints, and 78.9% of them belonged to adipose type or fibro-adipose type in child, but only 45.8% belonged to the two types in adult. Our data suggest that the larger synovial folds in children may predispose them to an increased rate of entrapment with resultant edema and subluxation of the associated joint complex. This may be the cause why some cervical spine diseases preferentially take place in children rather than in adult, such as benign paroxysmal torticollis'atlantoaxial rotatory deformity and Grisel's syndrome.     

Prediction of the human thoracic and lumbar articular facet joint morphometry from radiographic images

The articular facet joints (AFJ) play an important role in the biomechanics of the spine. Although it is well known that some AFJ dimensions (e.g. facet height/width or facet angles) play a major role in spinal deformities such as scoliosis, little is known about statistical correlations between these dimensions and the size of the vertebral bodies. Such relations could allow patient-specific prediction of AFJ morphometry from a few dimensions measurable by X-ray. This would be of clinical interest and could also provide parameters for mathematical modeling of the spine. Our purpose in this study was to generate prediction equations for 20 parameters of the human thoracic and lumbar AFJ from T1 to L4 as a function of only one given parameter, the vertebral body height posterior (VBHP). Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were performed with published anatomical data, including linear and angular dimensions of the AFJ and vertebral body heights, to find the best functions to describe the correlations between these parameters. Third-order polynomial regressions, in contrast to the linear, exponential and logarithmic regressions, provided moderate to high correlations between the AFJ parameters and vertebral body heights; e.g. facet height superior and interfacet width (R2, 0.605-0.880); facet height inferior, interfacet height and sagittal/transverse angle superior (R2, 0.875-0.973). Different correlations were found for facet width and transverse angle inferior in the thoracic (R2, 0.703-0.930) and lumbar (R2, 0.457-0.892) regions. A set of 20 prediction equations for AFJ parameters was generated (P-values < 0.005, anova). Comparison of the AFJ predictions with experimental data indicated mean percent errors <13%, with the exception of the thoracolumbar junction (T12-L1). It was possible to establish useful predictions for human thoracic and lumbar AFJ dimensions based on the size of the vertebral bodies. The generated set of equations allows the prediction of 20 AFJ parameters per vertebral level from the measurement of the parameter VBHP, which is easily performed on lateral X-rays. As the vertebral body height is unique for each person and vertebral level, the predicted AFJ parameters are also specific to an individual. This approach could be used for parameterized patient-specific modeling of the spine to explore the clinically important mechanical roles of the articular facets in pathological conditions, such as scoliosis.     

A predominant Th1 polarization is present in synovial fluid of end-stage osteoarthritic knee joints: analysis of peripheral blood,synovial fluid and synovial membrane

Thorough understanding of the complex pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) is necessary in order to open new avenues for treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize the CD4⁺ T cell population and evaluate their activation and polarization status in OA joints. Fifty-five patients with end-stage knee OA (Kellgren–Lawrence grades III–IV) who underwent surgery for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were enrolled into this study. Matched samples of synovial membrane (SM), synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) were analysed for CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8^– T cell subsets [T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells] and activation status (CD25, CD69, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L) by flow cytometry. Subset-specific cytokines were analysed by cytometric bead array (CBA). SM and SF samples showed a distinct infiltration pattern of CD4⁺ T cells. In comparison to PB, a higher amount of joint-derived T cells was polarized into CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8^– T cell subsets, with the most significant increase for proinflammatory Th1 cells in SF. CBA analysis revealed significantly increased immunomodulating cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10] in SF compared to PB. Whereas in PB only a small proportion of CD4⁺ T cells were activated, the majority of joint-derived CD4⁺ T cells can be characterized as activated effector memory cells (CD69⁺CD45RO⁺CD62L^–). End-stage OA knees are characterized by an increased CD4⁺ T cell polarization towards activated Th1 cells and cytokine secretion compared to PB. This local inflammation may contribute to disease aggravation and eventually perpetuate the disease process.     

The orientation of the articular facets of the zygapophyseal joints at the cervical and upper thoracic region

Knowledge of the orientation of facet joints in the cervical and upper thoracic region is important for understanding the biomechanical properties and clinical conditions relevant to the neck. The study was undertaken on dry macerated bones from 30 adult male human vertebral columns. The orientation of the superior articular facets in relation to their inclination with the sagittal and transverse planes was examined between C3 and T3 vertebrae in each column. The linear dimensions of the superior articular facets and the width/height ratio were also calculated. The results show that all vertebrae at C3 level and 73% at C4 level displayed posteromedially facing superior articular facets. Similarly at T1 level (C7/T1 joint) and below, all columns showed posterolaterally facing superior articular facets. The level of change in orientation, from posteromedial to posterolateral facing superior facets, was not constant and occurred anywhere between C4 (C3/C4 joint) and T1 (C7/T1 joint). The change in orientation followed 2 different patterns, i.e. sudden or gradual. The C6 vertebra (C5/C6 joint) was the most frequent site to show the transition. The shape of the superior articular facets was circular to oval at C3, C4 and C5 levels and gradually changed to a transversely elongated surface at C7 and T1. These findings correlate well with various cervical movements and associated clinical conditions.     

腰椎间孔进路硬膜外阻滞的有关结构

对15具成人尸体 T_(12)～L_3间的椎间孔进行了观测。观测了椎间管内毗邻结构,特别是血管神经在孔内外的分布规律。提出了各椎间孔最佳进针部位并分析了穿行径路.     

Age-related changes in the lumbar facet joints

The normal appearance of the lumbar facet joints has been related to the age of the subject. We classified the changes in the menisci, articular cartilage, and subarticular cortical bone with respect to age in 24 cadavers. Normally the meniscus diminishes in size, the articular cartilage thins, and subarticular cortical bone thickens with age. Determination of normality must be made with respect to age.