大转子区筋膜骨膜血管分布及其临床意义

目的：为股方肌蒂大转子筋膜骨膜骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４侧下肢标本上对大转子区筋膜和骨膜的形态特点及其血供进行了解剖学观察。结果：大转子区筋膜较厚,分浅、深两层,与臀大肌筋膜和大转子骨膜通过疏松结缔组织相连。筋膜和骨膜的动脉来源为多源性,来自旋股内侧动脉深支、臀下动脉大转子支、第１穿动脉升支、旋股外侧动脉升支和横支。它们在大转子形成广泛的吻合。旋股内侧动脉深支管径为１．７±０．５ｍｍ,长３．３±０．７ｃｍ,其筋膜支和骨膜支是大转子的主要营养血管。臀下动脉大转子支管径１．４±０．５ｍｍ,长５．２±０．８ｃｍ,常与旋股内侧动脉深支吻合。结论：带筋膜血管的骨膜骨瓣比不带筋膜的骨膜骨瓣血供丰富。根据大转子区筋膜和骨膜的血管分布特点,可设计带筋膜血管的股方肌蒂大转子骨膜骨瓣。     

筋膜骨膜骨瓣移位术的解剖学基础

通过动脉灌注红色乳胶,在12个肢体上观察了筋膜骨膜骨瓣的血供规律:①深筋膜有上、下血管网,供血“渠道”有鲜明的纵行方向性,故筋膜蒂应依纵向进行设计;②肌间隔为连接深筋膜与骨膜间的“桥梁”,故可设计为筋膜蒂-肌间隔-骨膜骨瓣;③利用肌间隔内包含的知名轴型血管,可以增加筋膜蒂骨膜骨瓣的长与宽比例;④深筋膜深面与肌肉之间存有筋膜下疏松结缔组织,是手术分离的“外科平面”。     

肘后血管网与组织瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的：研究肘后血管网对肘后组织瓣的供血作用,为临床设计新的组织瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：通过6例新鲜上肢标本和2例上肢血管铸型标本的解剖,观察肘后血管网的形态学特点及其与肘后组织瓣的供血关系。结果：肘后血管网分为肘后内侧血管网和肘后外侧血管网,分别发出骨膜支和肌皮穿支到肘后相关组织瓣区,肘后内侧血管网吻合处外径在(1.8±0.3)mm;肘后外侧血管网吻合处外径在(0.9±　0.4)mm。肘后内、外侧血管网之间吻合处外径在0.3~0.9 mm。结论：根据肘后血管网吻合特点,可为临床设计出不带桡侧副动脉背侧支的外侧筋膜骨膜瓣、不带尺侧返动脉背侧支的内侧筋膜骨膜瓣和骨间返动脉骨膜支的鹰嘴骨膜皮瓣等组织瓣。     

带蒂筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣肘关节成形术的应用解剖

目的：为肘关节成形术填充物的选用提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注颜料的上肢标本上,解剖观测了臂内、外侧筋膜,前臂后筋膜和尺、桡骨前部骨膜的血管来源、分支分布;血管蒂长度及筋膜瓣、骨膜瓣的切取面积等。结果：观测了以尺、桡侧返动脉为蒂的臂内、外侧筋膜瓣;以骨间后动脉为蒂的前臂后筋膜瓣;以骨间前动脉为蒂的尺、桡骨前部骨膜瓣。这些瓣膜的血管蒂长,血供丰富,可取面积大,质地坚韧致密。结论：上述带血管蒂的筋膜瓣和骨膜瓣可作为肘关节成形术的填充物,讨论了临床应用解剖学要点     

带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：寻找一种不牺牲小腿主于血管的带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，修复胚骨中、下段骨不连接，方法：在４０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测胫骨外侧中、下段骨膜血管来源、分支、分布及其吻合。结果：胚骨中、下段外侧，主要有来自胚前、胫后动脉穿支呈节段分布的骨膜主和肌骨膜支４～８支。每支间距４．６±１．６ｃｍ，蒂长０．９±０．５ｃｍ，动脉外径０．６±０．３ｍｍ，有２条伴行静脉。血管到达骨面多呈向上或水平走行。在胫骨外侧，骨膜支之间有分支形成吻合网。在胫骨前缘处分出升支、降支和皮支，并形成吻合链。结论：以节段血供的胫骨骨膜支为蒂作成胫骨外侧骨膜瓣，可用于治疗胫骨中、下段骨不连接。     

家兔下颌骨血管构筑的研究

对12只家兔下颌骨的血管进行造影、铸型、墨汁灌注及组织切片观察，发现下列结果：（1）下颌骨体的颊侧粘骨膜由面动脉分支供应，舌侧粘骨膜由颏下动脉和舌下动脉的分支共同供应。下颌支表面的粘骨膜由局部肌动脉供应，这些肌动脉分别来自面动脉、颞浅动脉、上颌动脉、下牙槽动脉的分支。（2）下颌骨的体接受来自其粘骨膜动脉的供血，但主要是接受下牙槽动脉供血；下颌支接受局部肌动脉和粘骨膜动脉的供血。（3）下颌骨皮质内和骨孔内的小动脉、小静脉和毛细血管，它们向内与骨内牙周膜和骨髓腔内的血管有丰富的交通；向外与骨外粘骨膜的血管有丰富的交通。这些血供特点为下颌骨截骨术后移动骨块能从粘骨膜蒂得到血运代偿提供了形态基础。     

带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术的临床应用

目的：为胫骨中、下段骨不连接、骨缺损等病人的治疗提供一种不牺牲肢体主要血省的带血供胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术手术方法。方法：设计以胫前或胚后血管节段性向胫骨发出的骨膜支、肌骨膜支为蒂，作成带血供腔骨外侧骨膜瓣覆盖骨折端。结果：治疗１０例胫骨中、下段骨折病人，其中骨不连接３例，２例伴骨缺损，陈旧性骨折３例，新鲜骨折４例。全部病例于１２～２１周骨愈合。结论：节段血供骨膜支为蒂的胫骨外侧骨膜瓣移位术可用来治疗胫骨中、下段骨不连接。     

指掌侧固有动脉蒂骨膜瓣转移修复指骨骨不连的应用解剖

目的:为设计指掌侧固有动脉蒂近节指骨骨膜瓣转移修复指骨骨不连提供解剖学依据.方法:7例手部标本逐层解剖观察指骨骨膜动脉的来源与分布,并测量相关数据.结果:指掌侧固有动脉在近、中节指骨每侧均发出两条较为恒定的骨膜支,骨膜血管向对侧走行与对侧骨膜支相互吻合成网状,并与肌腱筋膜血管形成交通支,血运丰富.近节指骨近端骨膜支(除拇指外)外径为:(0.54±0.07)mm,如旋转点定在中节指骨基底部,近端骨膜支到旋转点距离(31.83±4.24)mm,旋转点到指端距离(36.00±3.88)mm.结论:指掌侧同有动脉蒂近节指骨骨膜瓣逆行转移是修复手指中、远节指骨骨不连的理想方法.     

股骨前面血供分布特点与骨膜（骨）瓣设计

目的：为股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损设计骨膜（骨）瓣修复术式提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，对股骨前面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及其吻合进行观测，并在标本上进行摹拟术式设计。结果：股骨前面骨膜血供，来自股外侧肌支、股中间肌支、膝降动脉、膝上外动脉、股动脉和股深动脉肌间隔支呈节段性分布的肌骨膜支和骨膜支。肌骨膜支外径１．４～１．７ｍｍ，长度１．７～５．６ｃｍ；骨膜支外径０．４～０．６ｍｍ，长度１．２～１．５ｃｍ。骨膜血管多呈向下或水平走行，达骨膜后分出升支、降支及吻合支，相互吻合成网。结论：可以节段骨膜支为蒂设计股骨前面骨膜瓣，修复股骨干骨折骨不连、骨缺损     

旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的股骨中上段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :提供以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支骨膜瓣转位治疗股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血性坏死和股骨干中下段骨不连的解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,对旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支的起始走行、分支分布进行解剖学观测 ;2侧新鲜标本注入墨汁观察骨膜支的供血范围。结果 :88%的降支发自旋股外侧动脉 ,其骨膜支于降支起始 4.0± 1.1cm处发出 ,外径 1.2± 0 .5mm ,长 7.1± 1.8cm ,经股内侧肌与股中间肌之间或穿股中间肌 ,分布于股骨中上段前内侧骨膜。结论 :以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,可顺行修复股骨头颈骨折 ,逆行修复股骨中下段骨不连、股骨头缺血性坏死。     

四肢带血管蒂骨（膜）瓣移位术新供区的解剖学基础

目的:介绍上、下肢带血管蒂骨瓣、骨膜瓣移位术新供区的解剖学依据,指导术式设计和推广应用。方法:综合作者近年新发掘的四肢骨瓣、骨膜瓣新供区的解剖学资料,针对性地设计了常用的移位术式。结果:这一批供区以非主干知名血管或主干血管的小分支为血管蒂,设计的骨瓣、骨膜骨瓣.顺行或逆行移位修复四肢骨不连、骨缺损、骨缺血性坏死,临床应用获得了可靠的治疗效果。结论:四肢带血供的骨(膜)瓣移位术供区,术式设计合理,手术操作简便,对供区功能影响很小,适合在基层医疗单位推广。     

胫后血管肌间隙支为蒂胫骨内侧骨膜瓣移位术的临床应用

目的：为治疗胫骨中、下段骨折骨不连、骨缺损提供新的术式。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上，观测了胫骨内侧面骨膜血管来源、走行、分支分布及其吻合，并设计以胫后血管肌间隙支为蒂的胫骨内侧骨膜瓣转位术。结果：通过解剖学研究，应用该骨膜瓣移位治疗胫骨中、下段骨折骨不连、骨缺损１２例，胫骨骨皮缺损１例，均获得良好效果。结论：术式解剖容易，血供可靠，适用于修复胫骨中、下段骨不连，骨缺损。     

An autoradiographic study of chondrocyte transformation into chondroclasts and osteocytes during bone formation In vitro

Excised mouse pubic bone rudiments were exposed to H³-thymidine. Rudiments preserved immediately after exposure consisted of mesenchyme with a large number of cells showing intense radioactivity. Rudiments incubated on a filter membrane after exposure went through the developmental stages of complete chondrification of the pubic rami followed by periosteal and then endochondral bone formation. Only chondrocytes showed radioactivity in rami consisting of cartilage and periosteal bone that were preserved prior to endochondral ossification. Cell types showing radioactivity in rami preserved during endochondral ossification were chondrocytes, chondroclasts, and osteoblasts and osteocytes of endochondral bone. The results of the study demonstrated that hypertrophic chondrocytes of the calcified cartilage of a developing mammalian long bone not only survive dissolution of their matrix, but transform into chondroclasts and osteoprogenitor cells that give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes which form endochondral bone in the absence of blood vessels.     

以内踝前血管为蒂胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：为内踝前血管胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红乳胶成年下肢标本，观测内踝前动脉的来源、走行、分支分布、邻近吻合及胫骨远端内侧面的骨膜血管结果：内踝前动脉起于胫前动脉或足背动脉，紧邻胫骨前肌腱内侧行向前内，在楔骨内缘与足底内侧动脉浅支．或跗内侧动脉后行支形成吻合。动脉滞途发出3～6支外径为03～1．0mm的内踝骨膜支，分布内踝区骨膜，并与其它来源的胫骨远端内侧而骨膜动脉相吻合。结论：以内踝前血管为蒂的胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣，顺行移位可修复胫骨远端骨不连，顺行或逆行移位可用于修复距骨颈骨折和距骨体缺血性坏死。     

The microcirculation of the bone marrow

The microcirculation in the bone marrow has been studied in the femur, tibia, and humerus of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits. Used were whole mounts of bone with bone marrow in situ, perfused and not perfused with India ink, thick sections (0.5 to 1.0 mm) of the same material, and also serially cut histological sections. It is concluded that the major blood supply to the bone marrow is transosteal. Direct intramyeloid connections of the arborizations of the nutrient artery with the sinusoids are rare. The great majority of the terminal capillaries of the nutrient artery enter the bone, where they anastomose with the intraosteal vessels which in turn connect with the sinusoidal network at the osteomyeloid junction. In addition, numerous direct links exist between the periosteal vessels and the vessels in the osteal canals.     

No effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (OP-1) on the incorporation of impacted bone grafts in a realistic acetabular model

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) accelerate bone repair in experimental and clinical conditions. Impacted Morsellized Cancellous Bone grafts (MCB) are successfully used to reconstruct bone defects after failed hip implants. The main question in this study was if BMP-7 (OP-1) mixed with MCB could accelerate the incorporation of MCB and prevents the formation of a soft tissue interface after remodeling of the MCB. A large loaded defect in the acetabulum of goats was reconstructed with a wire mesh and with MCB or MCB mixed with OP-1. After 6 weeks, no differences were found in the revascularization process, in the number of osteoclasts resorbing the MCB, and in the thickness and appearance of the fibrous interface between MCB with or without OP-1. After 6 weeks, enchondral bone had formed in the bone graft layer and on the periosteal anterior and superior rim in the OP-1 group only. More periosteal bone and more bone in the holes of the mesh had been formed in most OP-1 goats. Most MCB was replaced by new lamellar bone after 15 weeks in both groups. We speculate that during or directly after impaction most of the OP-1 is released from the carrier inducing an early effect outside the reconstructive layer at the periosteal side of the acetabulum. Probably most OP-1 has left the reconstruction by the time new vessels and progenitors reached the bone graft. These results do not support the use of OP-1 in impaction bone grafting in patients.     

下颌骨血供系统的研究及其临床意义

目的：研究下颌骨的血供，为有关下颌骨的外科临床提供解剖学基础。方法：将6例墨汁灌注的新鲜下颌骨标本制作成透明标本，对其血供系统的分布、走行及吻合情况进行观测分析。结果：下牙槽动脉自上颌动脉发出后，由下颌孔进入下颌骨，走行于下颌管内，营养下颌骨体部和下颌孔以下的升支部分。每侧下牙槽动脉共发出6条分支来营养牙齿和牙周组织。下颌骨表面骨膜内有大量的血管网，以嚼肌及翼内肌附丽部分最为丰富。下颌孔以上升支部分，包括髁突和冠突则完全由来自于骨膜的血管网营养。结论：下颌骨血供主要由下牙槽动脉以及骨膜动脉网分布，两者之间存在丰富的吻合，为下颌骨炎症扩散以及口腔癌的下颌骨骨转移提供了血管途径；骨膜动脉网的存在亦是正颌外科中下颌骨游离骨段的营养保证。     

静脉蒂股骨外侧髁骨膜瓣修复膝关节软骨缺损的应用解剖

目的　为修复膝关节软骨缺损提供一个新的骨膜瓣供区。方法　在 5 0侧成人下肢标本上 ,解剖观察了膝上外侧血管的起始、行径、分支、分布及与周围血管的吻合 ;对另 3例进行了摹拟手术及静脉逆行灌注。结果　膝上外侧血管在股骨外侧髁上方 (2 5± 0 5 )cm处起自于血管 ,分出升支、横支、降支及浅支。横支、降支分布于股骨外侧髁。横支与膝降血管吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;浅支与髌周血管环吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;升支与旋股外侧血管降支吻合 ,吻合率为 92 %(4 6侧 )。上述血管束及分支均包含一条动脉、二条静脉。结论　在股骨外侧髁可以切取以膝上外侧血管横支、浅支或升支静脉为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,转移修复膝关节软骨缺损     

A rare case of periosteal osteoblastoma located in the frontal cranial bone

Periosteal osteoblastoma is an extremely rare bone-forming neoplasm located on the surface of cortical bone. Of the fewer than 30 cases of periosteal osteoblastomas found in the literature, 2 have been reported to be located in cranial bone, and these have not been documented in detail with clinical history, radiographic findings, macroscopic features, and microscopic findings. Although the differential diagnoses of periosteal lesions include parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal chondroma and chondrosarcoma, osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, periostitis ossificans, and myositis ossificans, an important differential diagnosis both radiologically and pathologically of such a lesion in the cranium is meningioma. We report an unusual case of periosteal osteoblastoma located in the frontal cranial bone that was radiologically consistent with a meningioma. The differential diagnosis of metaplastic meningioma with differentiation toward bone is discussed.