双侧钢板治疗肱骨远端粉碎性骨折

肱骨远端解剖结构复杂,伤后骨折端多粉碎和移位明显,临床上复位、固定均较困难。2001年3月～2008年2月,我院采用双侧钢板治疗42例肱骨远端粉碎性骨折患者,效果满意。     

双侧钢板治疗成人肱骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨双侧钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床效果.方法 采用双侧钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端粉碎性骨折38例,有骨缺损的充分植骨.结果 随访6个月～3年.所有病例均达到骨性愈合,参照Flynn功能评定标准:优18例,良15例,中5例,无差病例.发生骨化性肌炎1例,切口感染、皮瓣坏死2例.结论 双侧钢板治疗肱骨远端粉碎骨折是简单有效的方法,应尽早进行手术.术后引流通畅,尽早进行患肢功能锻炼,可明显改善疗效,减少并发症.     

Tricortical bone graft for primary reconstruction of comminuted distal humerus fractures

A tricortical bone graft harvested from the ilium was used to reconstruct a severely comminuted open intra-articular distal humerus fracture in an adult patient. The patient demonstrated a satisfactory functional and radiologic outcome despite loss of the lateral trochlear lip. When the lateral portion of the fractured trochlea cannot be repaired, excision of the fragments and insertion of an autogenous corticocancellous bone graft from the iliac crest can restore satisfactory function, even in the setting of an open fracture provided there is limited contamination and tissue devitalization. Radiocapitellar contact may be essential to good elbow function in this situation, because the corticocancellous bone graft does not restore the important lateral lip of the trochlea.     

Internal fixation versus arthroplasty of comminuted fractures of the distal humerus

BACKGROUND: A comminuted distal humerus fracture in an older patient is a difficult clinical problem. Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) carries the risks of nonunion, loss of fixation, infection, and stiffness. Arthroplasty carries the risks of loosening, infection, and periprosthetic fracture. Both procedures are technically challenging, and complications following these procedures are frequent. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate best available evidence to assist in guiding clinical decision making for ORIF versus arthroplasty of intraarticular distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. HIGHEST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE: 1. Case series of internal fixation or arthroplasty of acute interarticular distal humerus fractures in the elderly (level IV). 2. Review of expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal or controlled research (level V). STUDY IDENTIFICATION: 1. Computerized data search 1969-2003, Cochrane Database, OVID Search Engine. 2. Reviews of bibliographies of selected articles.     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折

目的探讨肱骨髁间粉碎骨折经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定的疗效。方法采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨、骨折复位解剖型双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折15例。结果15例随访6—24个月,骨折均愈合。按改良Cassebaum评分系统评分：优6例,良6例,可2例,差1例。结论采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨、关节面解剖复位、双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎骨折临床疗效良好。     

解剖型双钢板法治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折用双侧解剖型钢板内固定的治疗方法。方法骨折按AO/ASIF分型法分型,均为C3型。经切开复位并应用解剖型双钢板及螺钉作内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折23例。结果23例随访5~12个月,骨折均愈合。功能评估根据改良Cassebanm评分系统评分:优5例,良13例,可3例,差2例。结论切开复位双侧解剖型钢板内固定方法适应证广,固定牢靠,患者能早期功能锻炼,可作为治疗肱骨远端髁间C3型骨折的首选方法。     

Comparison of outcomes after triceps split versus sparing surgery for extra-articular distal humerus fractures

Objectives

To compare elbow range of motion (ROM), triceps extension strength, and functional outcome of AO/OTA type A distal humerus fractures treated with a triceps-split or -sparing approach.

Design

Retrospective review.

Setting

Two level one trauma centres.

Patients

Sixty adult distal humerus fractures (AO/OTA 13A2, 13A3) presenting between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed. Exclusion criteria removed 18 total patients from analysis and three patients died before final follow-up.

Intervention

Patients were divided into two surgical approach groups chosen by the treating surgeon: triceps split (16 patients) or triceps sparing (23 patients).

Main outcome measurements

Elbow ROM and triceps extension strength testing were completed in patients after fractures had healed. All patients were also given the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire.

Results

Compared to the triceps-split cohort, the triceps-sparing cohort had greater elbow flexion (sparing 143 ± 7° compared to split 130 ± 12°, p = 0.03) and less extension contracture (sparing 6 ± 8° compared to split 23 ± 4°, p < 0.0001). Triceps strength compared to the uninjured arm also favoured the triceps-sparing cohort (sparing 88.9 ± 28.3% compared to split 49.4 ± 17.0%, p = 0.007). DASH scores were not statistically significant between the two cohorts (sparing 14.5 ± 12.2 compared to split 23.6 ± 22.3, p = 0.333).

Conclusions

A triceps-sparing approach for surgical treatment of extra-articular distal humerus fractures can result in better elbow ROM and triceps strength than a triceps-splitting approach. Both approaches, however, result in reliable union and similar functional outcome.

Level of evidence

Level III.     

Condylar orientation plating in comminuted intraarticular fractures of adult distal humerus

Background:

The condyles of the distal humerus have characteristic orientation in reference to the diaphysis. Anatomical reduction of the articular surface in intraarticular fractures of adult distal humerus does not always restore preinjury functional status. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of treating these fractures with technique of condylar orientation precontoured plating. The principle of the technique is to primarily restore the anatomical orientation of the reconstructed distal humeral condyle with the diaphysis of the humerus apart from anatomical reduction of fracture.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy one consecutive patients with comminuted intraarticular adult distal humerus fractures were treated with the condylar orientation plates, which were specifically designed between 1999 and 2009. 43 fractures were Association for osteosynthesis (AO) type C3, 24 were C2 and 4 were C1. Six were open cases and two were of nonunion distal end humerus. On medial and posterolateral side of the distal humerus, precontoured Sherman plates were applied. Patients were followed up for a mean of 3 years. They were assessed clinically (using mayo elbow performance score [MEPS]) and radio-graphically.

Results:

Sixty (84.5%) patients regained MEPS of 90 or more that is an excellent result (range of movement and functional status). One patient had nonunion with implant failure, and two patients developed heterotopic ossification. The mean MEPS was 95. Average extension and flexion was 15° and 133°. The result was graded as excellent in 60, good in 7, fair in 3 and poor in 1. At the time of most recent followup, 63 elbows were painless, and eight had mild pain.

Conclusion:

Excellent pain free range of motion with a high rate of union can be achieved in comminuted intraarticular distal humerus fractures in adults with the use of condylar orientation precontoured plating technique. Condylar orientation is very important with perfect articular congruity in elbow motion.     

双钢板治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

2005年7月～2008年10月,我科对7例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折患者进行切开复位＋双钢板内固定治疗,取得满意疗效。 1材料与方法 1．1病例资料本组7例,男5例,女2例,年龄31—65岁：根据Riseborough分型：Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型5例（图1A）。1例术前有尺神经损伤症状。     

Functional treatment of the distal third humeral shaft fractures

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of functional treatment for distal third humeral shaft fractures in young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A custom-made prefabricated brace was applied for the functional treatment of 21 isolated, closed, distal third humeral shaft fractures of 21 patients (17 male and 4 female). Their average age was 25 years (range 18-37 years). The mean follow-up period was 39 weeks. RESULTS: All of the fractures united. The average time to union was 12 weeks. The average varus angulation was 7.8 deg in 8 patients, and the average shortening of the fractured limb was 10 mm in 4 patients. Minimal motion restrictions mostly occurred in shoulder abduction and lateral rotation. No patient showed a lack of elbow motion. Angulatory deformities and shortening had no effect on the functional outcome. None of the patients suffered radial nerve palsy during the course of treatment or due to entrapment in the callus of the healed fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults who have isolated, closed, distal third humeral shaft fractures are good candidates for functional bracing.     

Functional bracing of fractures

Fracture bracing is a nonoperative treatment of fractures using braces. This treatment is thought to have originated in the medical school of ancient China, and has been reintroduced by Dehne, Sarmiento and Latta [4, 16]. The principle is that in the closed system of the brace the dislocating forces are transformed into compression forces activated by the muscles. Fracture bracing is very successful in fractures of the humerus, the ulna and the tibia. Some degree of shortening of the fragments must be accepted, especially in the humerus. Among 84 humerus fractures, bone healing took place within 6-8 weeks in 82 and there were 2 cases of nonunion. Functional and cosmetic results were excellent. In a series of 48 ulna fractures there were 47 in which bone healing took place within 6 weeks, and only 1 case of nonunion. Complete function was restored in all cases. In tibial fractures it is essential that bracing is applied only when strictly indicated; it depends on the type and localization of the fracture. Good results have been achieved only in stable fractures with early full weight-bearing. All nonstable fractures must be fixed with a long leg cast for the first 4-6 weeks, after which further treatment may be continued with a brace for the next 4-6 weeks. Bone healing takes about 12-14 weeks in all, with the same length of time in the brace as in the long leg cast. The main advantage of fracture bracing is the early movement of joint and muscles it allows, so that no rehabilitation treatment is necessary after removal of the brace. Fractures of the femur and forearm are not reported, because the authors have not yet treated any by this method.     

肱骨远端关节外锁定加压接骨板治疗肱骨干AO-B、C型骨折

目的探讨经上臂后外侧入路肱骨远端关节外锁定加压接骨板(LCP-EDHP)内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法自2011-12—2014-02经肱三头肌桡侧入路,向尺侧牵开肱三头肌,不损伤伸肘装置,并采用LCP-EDHP内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折13例。结果所有患者获得随访12~24个月,平均15.2个月。骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合时间为10~15周,平均12.3周。末次随访时肘关节伸直(5.6±5.5)°,屈曲(135.4±11.2)°,前臂旋前(85.6±7.4)°,旋后(86.6±5.9)°。根据Mayo肘关节评分标准:优12例,良1例。1例桡神经麻痹患者为桡神经被骨折端卡压,术后2个月后完全恢复。结论经后外侧入路LCP-EDHP内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折具有不损伤伸肘装置、固定牢固、骨折愈合率高、神经血管结构相对安全、关节功能恢复良好的优点。     

Plate selection for fixation of extra-articular distal humerus fractures: A biomechanical comparison of three different implants

Operative fixation of extra-articular distal humerus using a single posterolateral column plate has been described but the biomechanical properties or limits of this technique is undefined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of distal humerus fracture fixation using three standard fixation constructs.Two equal groups were created from forty sawbones humeri. Osteotomies were created at 80 mm or 50 mm from the tip of the trochlea. In the proximal osteotomy group, sawbones were fixed with an 8-hole 3.5 mm LCP or with a 6-hole posterolateral plate. In the distal group, sawbones were fixed with 9-hole medial and lateral 3.5 mm distal humerus plates and ten sawbones were fixed with a 6-hole posterolateral plate. Biomechanical testing was performed using a servohydraulic testing machine. Testing in extension as well as internal and external rotation was performed. Destructive testing was also performed with failure being defined as hardware pullout, sawbone failure or cortical contact at the osteotomy.In the proximal osteotomy group, the average bending stiffness and torsional stiffness was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate than with the 3.5 mm LCP. In the distal osteotomy group, the average bending stiffness and torsional stiffness was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate than the 3.5 mm LCP. In extension testing, the yield strength was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate in the proximal osteotomy specimens, and the dual plating construct in the distal osteotomy specimens. The yield strength of specimens in axial torsion was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate in the proximal osteotomy specimens, and the dual plating construct in the distal osteotomy specimens.Limited biomechanical data to support the use of a pre-contoured posterolateral distal humerus LCP for fixation of extra-articular distal humerus exists. We have found that this implant provided significantly greater bending stiffness, torsional stiffness, and yield strength than a single 3.5 mm LCP plate for osteotomies created 80 mm from the trochlea. At the more distal osteotomy, dual plating was biomechanically superior. Our results suggest that single posterolateral column fixation of extra-articular humerus fractures is appropriate for more proximal fractures but that dual plate fixation is superior for more distal fractures.     

Surgical treatment of comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus with double tension band osteosynthesis

Intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus are usually treated with cancellous screws for the condylar metaphysis itself and two Y-shaped plates for fixation of the metaphysis to the shaft. Twenty-four patients with comminuted intra-articular fractures (class C on AO/ASIF classification) were treated with crossed K-wires for the condylar metaphysis and double tension band osteosynthesis for fixation of the metaphysis block to the shaft. Excellent or good results were achieved in 83% of patients. This technique is easier to perform and more cost effective than most other fixation methods. Additionally, it offers good stability and allows for earlier functioning of the elbow. Complication rates are comparable to other methods of internal fixation.     

双侧板联锁固定股骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的　为股骨远端粉碎性骨折设计新的内固定方法 ,从生物力学角度提供其科学依据 ,以解决复位困难、固定不牢及内外翻等畸形和并发症。方法　选用 10例新鲜成人尸体股骨 ,在髁上 -髁间截骨造成粉碎性骨折模型 ,用钢板与聚乙烯板双板组合固定 (简称双板固定 ) ,对照组采用传统的单侧钢板固定 (简称单板固定 ) ,分别进行压缩、弯曲、扭转刚度试验和双板固定屈服试验。结果　双板固定组的抗弯曲、抗扭转能力较单板固定组显著增强 (P <0 0 1)。双板固定强度试验 ,其承受轴向载荷可达 115 4 0N ,前、后、内、外弯曲载荷分别可达 70 0、10 82、5 93、10 10N。结论　双板固定股骨远端粉碎性骨折可维持碎骨块解剖复位、增强骨折内固定的稳定性和牢固性 ,能满足早期功能锻炼的需要     

Functional evaluation of comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus (AO type C). Long term results in twenty-six patients

The authors present the results achieved in 26 patients who presented with intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus (8 AO type C1, 8 C2 and 10 C3) and who were operatively treated between 1999 and 2001; they were retrospectively evaluated after a mean follow-up period of 70.2 months. There were 12 males and 14 females with a mean age of 46.1 years. After a standard posterior approach with olecranon osteotomy, internal fixation was achieved with unilateral or bilateral plates and screws, or isolated screws and/or Kirschner wires. Anterior intramuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve was performed in 14 of the patients. The results were evaluated using the criteria of Morrey. The results were graded as excellent in 6 patients (23.1%), very good in 15 (57.6%) and fair in 5 (19.3%). Complications included postoperative ulnar nerve palsy (1), wire migration (4), heterotopic ossification (3), infection (2) and material failure (2). The overall re-operation rate was 38.4%. The authors conclude that careful preoperative planning, transolecranon approach for good visualisation, routine ulnar nerve exploration and stable internal fixation facilitating early active rehabilitation, remain the gold standard for the treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus.     

Ligamentotaxis for comminuted distal radial fractures modified by primary cancellous grafting and functional bracing: long-term results

Ligamentotaxis with the use of external fixator offers a sound method for treating comminuted distal radial fractures. In an effort to shorten the period of external fixation, primary cancellous bone grafting and functional bracing were used as an adjunct to ligamentotaxis. The external fixator was left in place for 3 weeks, followed by functional bracing for another 3 weeks. This paper presents the results of 54 patients with an average follow-up of 31.5 months. Results showed that 80% of the patients regained full range of motion in their hands, wrists, and forearms. More than 80% of the patients regained strong and pain-free wrist functions. Radiologically, there was no loss of reduction or shortening. Nine percent of patients suffered mild arthritic changes in the radiocarpal joints. Final assessment showed that 90% of patients had excellent or good results. Late complications were minimal, apart from the problems of the distal radio-ulnar joints.     

Prosthetic replacement for distal humerus fractures

Primary total elbow arthroplasty is a treatment option for elderly patients with osteopenic bone, increased comminution, and articular fragmentation. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in distal humerus hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of distal humerus fractures, including coronal shear fractures of the capitellum and trochlea. This article focuses on the evaluation and management of distal humerus fractures with prosthetic replacement.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的疗效及技术要点。方法2001年1月至2004年6月，对21例肱骨近端四部分骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换术，男12例，女9例；年龄45-72岁，平均64．6岁。患者均于受伤后2周行人工肱骨头置换术，使用单极人工肱骨头假体骨水泥固定。68个国人肱骨近端骨标本，男36个，女32个；年龄41-58岁，平均47．9岁；均无骨性疾病。分别测量肱骨头后倾角和肱骨头最高点至大结节最高点的垂直距离。结果术后随访1．5-5年，平均3．9年。X线片显示，肱骨头假体位置均满意，2例术后假体近端周围即出现透亮带，但临床无松动迹象。16例患者无疼痛，4例偶感肩部疼痛，1例时常伴肩部疼痛。所有患者上肢肌力均基本正常，日常活动无困难。按Neer评分标准，优7例，良11例，可3例，优良率86％。评价为可的3例中，2例患者上举受限，经理疗和功能锻炼后症状无明显改善；1例患者肩部上举疼痛，服用非甾体抗炎药结合理疗后疼痛好转，对日常生活和睡眠无明显影响。无肩部感染、肩关节不稳、神经损伤等并发症。国人肱骨近端骨标本的肱骨头后倾角，左侧26．59°±1．36°，右侧26．85°±1．61°；肱骨头最高点至大结节最高点的垂直距离：左侧（6．63＋1．13）mm，右侧（6．80＋1．02）mm。结论应用人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端四部分骨折疗效满意。术中大结节和肩袖的重建是术后关节功能好坏的重要因素。将假体安放于恰当的位置（人工肱骨头的最高点至肱骨大结节最高点的垂直距离应为6-8mm，人工肱骨头的后倾角应在30°-35°）及适当的早期功能锻炼是手术成功的关键。