颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的经颅多普勒超声表现

短暂性脑缺血发作（tramsient ischemic atlack，TIA）被认为是发生脑梗死的独立危险因素，颈内动脉系统TIA是其中最常见类型。我们对2001年1月-2003年8月在我院神经内科住院的80例颈内动脉系统TIA患行经颅多普勒（transeranial doppler,TCD）超声检查，结果报告如下。     

经颅多普勒超声对偏头痛的诊断价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）在偏并没有痛诊断中的价值。方法应用TCD对240例偏头痛患者（其中典型偏头痛116例，普通型偏头痛124例）和50例健康者进行检查，对照分析颅内动脉的血流动力学变化。结果典型偏头痛发作期大脑动脉平均血流速度高于对照组及普通型偏头痛组，且头痛侧与无痛侧例比较有显著性差异；普通型偏头痛发作期与对照组脑动脉平均血流速度对比无差异。结论TCD检查可为典型偏头痛提供临床诊断依据。     

32例短暂性脑缺血发作的临床分析

目的分析32例短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）的临床特点,探讨病因与治疗的关系。方法对32例TIA进行回顾性分析。结果磁共振血管造影（MRA）和经颅多普勒超声（TCD）显示大部分TIA为血流动力学型。其发生与脑动脉狭窄和血压下降密切相关。结论MRA和TCD对血流动力学型TIA的诊断有重要价值,血流动力学型TIA慎用降压治疗。     

短暂性脑缺血发作的经颅多普勒研究

对６８例短暂性脑缺血发作患者进行了经颅多普勒检查，其中４１例异常率为６０．３％，高血流速度型异常病例３０例（４４．１％），其中２５例（３６．８％）表现为大脑中动脉血流速度增快，提示ＴＩＡ患者中颅底大动脉的动脉粥样硬化性病变比较多且重。     

磁共振血管成像、经颅多普勒及颈动脉超声对颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振血管成像（MRA）、经颅多普勒（TCD）和颈动脉超声对颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）的诊断价值。方法 对42例颈动脉系统TIA患者进行MRA、TCD和颈动脉超声检测,观察其异常情况。结果 颈动脉MRA异常12例（28．6％）,脑MRA异常32例（76．2％）,其中8例二者均异常,大多为颈动脉轻～重度狭窄;TCD异常30例（71．4％）（此30例脑MRA均异常）;颈动脉超声异常16例（38．1％）（其中颈动脉MRA异常12例）。结论 MRA、TCD和颈动脉超声3种方法联合应用,可对颈动脉系统TIA的病因及诊断作出客观的评价。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者颈动脉和椎动脉彩色多普勒超声检查分析

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）患者的颈动脉和椎动脉的形态、结构和血液动力学改变。方法用彩色多普勒超声观察了５８例ＴＩＡ患者颈动脉和椎动脉形态、结构和血流动力学改变。结果ＴＩＡ组颈动脉和椎动脉内中膜增厚,内膜面粗糙,见斑块３７处,平均血流速度减慢,搏动指数和阻力指数增高,颈动脉内径增大,椎动脉内径狭窄,血流量下降,提示ＴＩＡ患者存在明显的颈动脉和椎动脉硬化,平均血流速度降低,血管外周阻力增高。结论彩色多普勒超声检查可作为ＴＩＡ病因诊断的一项无创伤性手段     

经颅多普勒对椎动脉盗血的分类诊断价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对椎动脉盗血频谱的分类诊断的价值。方法 收集和分析TCD显示一侧椎动脉呈盗血血流频谱同时行颈部CT血管成像（CTA）或磁共振血管成像（MRA）检查的22例病例的临床和影像学检查资料。TCD对椎动脉盗血严重程度分级,CTA和MRA评价血管的狭窄程度。病例分为单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄、单纯椎动脉盗血3组,并分析3组间临床指标和椎动脉TCD参数。结果 22例病例中,单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄者10例,锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄者7例,单纯椎动脉盗血5例。单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄组、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄组、单纯椎动脉盗血组女性发病率分别为10%、40%、60%,右侧发生率分别为10%、57%、40%,隐匿型盗血的发生率分别为0、43%、60%,平均年龄分别为68岁、68岁、78岁。单纯椎动脉盗血组患侧椎动脉反向峰值流速（48±34）cm/s,单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄组、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄组患侧椎动脉反向峰值流速（9±14）cm/s,2组比较有统计学差异（Z=-2.219,P=0.026）。利用测量患侧椎动...     

CT灌注成像与经颅多普勒超声对后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT灌注成像、经颅多普勒超声对后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值.方法 对42例后循环短暂性脑缺血发作的患者进行后循环CT灌注成像、经颅多普勒超声检查.结果 CT灌注成像显示低灌注者33例;经颅多普勒超声显示36例患者,共49条血管异常,其中血管狭窄VA 12条,BA 4条,动脉硬化VA 30条,BA 3条;TCD检查提示血管异常的36例患者中,CTPI检查提示低灌注32例.结论 CT灌注成像和经颅多普勒超声是筛选及早期发现血管病变部位的有效手段,利于TIA的诊断和治疗方案的选择.     

经颅多普勒超声检查对烟雾病的诊断价值

烟雾病又称Moyamoya病,是一组以颈内动脉虹吸部及大脑前、中动脉起始部狭窄或闭塞,脑底部出现异常血管网为特征的脑血管疾病。该病以亚洲多发,我国在亚洲国家中居第二位。本病多见于儿童及青壮年。临床表现为突发不同程度的偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、失语等。偏瘫可左右交替或     

TCD对短暂性脑缺血发作的监测与分析

短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack，TIA）系指颈内动脉或椎一基底动脉系统一过性脑血管缺血所引起的局限性脑功能障碍。是脑卒中重要危险因素和完全性脑梗塞的前兆。发病率约30／10万人，占各类脑血管病的6％左右。本文应用TCD对40例颈内动脉系统TIA患者发作期和缓解期的脑血流速度进行了检测与分析，报告如下：     

MRA和TCD对椎基底动脉短暂缺血性发作的研究

探讨椎基底动脉短暂缺血性发作（ＶＢＴＩＡ）的发病机理。方法患者组６５例，对照组２６例，作磁共振血管成像（ＭＲＡ）和经颅多普勒（ＴＣＤ）检查。测量ＶＢＴＩＡ的脑血流量（ＣＢＦ）。结果对照组双侧椎动脉（ＶＡ）ＣＢＦ为１１２．３～２７８．９ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（均值１９５．６），较患者组４８．０～２６２．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（均值１４．９０）高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１５例患者ＣＢＦ降低，双侧ＶＡ广泛迂曲者下降明显，均值为１０７．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＶＡ重、中、轻度狭窄或发育不良者均值分别为１２０．０、１４１．３、１５４．２（ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ）。三者健侧ＣＢＦ占双侧ＣＢＦ的百分比分别为９１．５％、８２．０％、６５．８％。结论通过ＭＲＡ和ＴＣＤ可以测量ＣＢＦ，它是诊断ＶＢＴＩＡ的量化指标，对诊断ＶＢＴＩＡ和认识其发病机理具有重要意义。     

Symptomatic carotid stenosis and stroke risk in patients with transient ischemic attack according to the tissue-based definition

Background and Purpose: Symptomatic carotid stenosis (sCS), a common cause of transient ischemic attack (TIA), is correlated with higher stroke risk. We investigated the frequency and associated factors of sCS in patients with TIA and the association between sCS and stroke risk following TIA. Methods: Over a three-year period (2011–2013), 861 consecutive patients with TIA, who were admitted to the Department of Neurology at the University of Lübeck, Germany, were included in a monocenter study and prospectively evaluated. Diagnosis of TIA was in accordance with the tissue-based definition (transient neurological symptoms without evidence of infarction by brain imaging). Results: Of 827 patients (mean age, 70 ± 13.2 years; 49.7% women), 64 patients (7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9%–9.7%) exhibited sCS and 3 patients (0.3%) showed an occlusion of the corresponding internal carotid artery. Logistic regression revealed that sCS was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–3.6; p = 0.012), amaurosis fugax (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 3.4–19–4; p < 0.001), unilateral weakness (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.9–6.1; p < 0.001), symptom duration less than 1 h (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.4; p = 0.019) and previous stroke (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5–4.7; p = 0.001). During hospitalization (mean, 6.6 days), five patients (0.6%; 95% CI, 0.1%–1.2%) suffered from stroke. The stroke risk was higher in patients with sCS than in those without sCS (6.3% vs. 0.1%; p < 0.001), whereas the recurrent TIA risk (2.6%) did not differ between the groups (4.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.29). Conclusion: SCS appears to be associated with a higher risk of stroke in patients with TIA defined according to the tissue-based definition.     

短暂性脑缺血发作病人脑循环中微栓子信号与脑卒中的危险性研究

目的 对短暂性脑缺血发作（TIAs)病人观察脑循环微栓子信号（MES）发生率及其发生脑卒中的危险率。方法 用经颅多普勒（TCD）监测TIAs病人双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）微栓子信号（MES）,并跟踪观察12个月。结果 25例短暂脑缺血发作病人有5例记录到MES（阳性率20％）,跟踪观察12个月,5例MES阳性病例中的3例（60％）发生脑梗死;而20例未记录到MES的病人中,仅有2例（10％）发展为脑梗死。结论 可检测到MES的TIAs病人发生梗死的危险性比无MES病人高。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者的认知功能及脑血流改变

目的　探讨短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA)患者的认知功能与脑血流改变及两者之间的关系。方法应用事件相关电位 (ERP)、老年认知功能量表 (SECF)、磁共振血管成像 (MRA) ,对 35例TIA患者进行检测评估 ,并将ERP及SECF检测结果与性别、年龄、利手和文化程度方面严格匹配的 33名健康对照者进行对比。结果　与对照组相比 ,TIA患者的P3 潜伏期明显延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ;有明显的记忆障碍 ,注意力、注意集中能力、信息提取能力均下降 ;TIA组 94 2 8%有脑动脉狭窄和闭塞。结论　TIA患者有多项认知功能障碍 ,尤以记忆损害突出 ;有持久的脑血流低灌注 ,认知功能损害与此密切相关     

TIA患者脑动脉微栓子的监测及其与颈动脉斑块的相关性

目的 监测短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者脑动脉微栓子(MES)的出现率,探讨其与颈动脉斑块的相关性.方法 112例TIA患者均进行MES的监测和颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测,分别观察MES阳性与有颈动脉斑块的病例数.结果 (1)MES阳性者31例,阳性率27.68%.有颈动脉斑块者67例,斑块出现率59.82%,其中不稳定斑块28例,占有斑块病例的41.79%.(2)67例有斑块者MES阳性率35.82%,较45例无斑块者15.56%高(P<0.05);28例不稳定斑块者MES阳性率57.14%,较39例稳定斑块者20.51%高(P<0.01).(3)MES与斑块的大小、部位和个数无相关性.结论 颈动脉不稳定斑块的脱落是TIA患者脑动脉MES的主要来源之一,稳定颈动脉斑块的处理是减少TIA复发及其后出现脑梗死的重要举措.

Abstract：

Objective To study the prevalence of cerebral microembolism(MES)in patients with TIA and its relation to carotid plaque.Methods Total 112 patients with TIA were studied.The cerebral artery MES were monitored by TCD.and carotid plaques were detected by color transcranial Doppler.The cases with cerebral artery MES and with carotid plaques were respectively recorded.Results There were 31 patients with MES and the prevalence WaS 27.68%.There were 67 patients with carotid plaques and the presence was 59.82%;among them,28 patients with unstable carotid plaques constituted 41.79%.The prevalence of MES in 67 patients with carotid plaques(35.82%)Was significantly hisher than 45 patients without carotid plaques(15.56%)(P<0.05),while the prevalence of MES in 28 patients with unstable carotid plaques(57.14%)was greatly higher than 39 patients with stable carotid plaques(20.51%)(P<0.01).The prevalence of MES had nothing to do with the size,position and quantity of the carotid plaque.Conclusions The desquamation of unstable carotid plaque is one of the main sources of cerebral artery MES.The stabilization of carotid plaque is an important measure to reduce relapse of TIA and prevent the patient from cerebral infarction after TIA.     

89例TIA患者颅内—外血管狭窄情况

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内—外血管狭窄的关系.方法 对89例TIA患者行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,按照患者TIA发作临床表现分为:颈动脉系组和椎基底动脉系组;按照发作次数分为非频发组(发作次数＜3次)和频发组(发作次数≥3次),比较各组患者颅内—外动脉狭窄的分布情况,比较不同发作频率间和各年龄段间患者颅内—外血管严重狭窄及闭塞的发生情况.结果 (1)本研究共63例患者存在颅内—外动脉狭窄,占70.78％.以颈内动脉颅外段最多,颅内动脉狭窄以大脑中动脉最多.颅内、颅外狭窄动脉比约为1.55∶1.(2)频发组颅内—外血管重度狭窄及闭塞的发生率高于非频发组(P＜0.05).(3)89例TIA患者以50～70岁居多,且重度狭窄及闭塞发生率随年龄增长而呈升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 颅内—外动脉狭窄是发生TIA的重要因素.DSA可以确定短暂性脑缺血发作患者是否存在血管狭窄及狭窄程度,对短暂性脑缺血发作治疗方案的选择起重要作用.     

The prognostic impact of the stroke unit concept after transient ischemic attack

Background and purpose

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is associated with high short-term risk of stroke, especially in the early phase following the event. Data about the impact of the early hospitalization in a stroke unit on patients with TIA are sparse. This study compares the prognostic impact of the stroke unit concept with conventional care on patients with TIA.

Methods

During a 30-month period (beginning April 2005), 878 patients (mean age, 70 ± 12 years; 44.3% female) with TIA admitted within 24 h of symptom onset were prospectively evaluated. The adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratio for the stroke risk during hospitalization and the 90-day mortality.

Results

Of 878 patients, 591 (67.3%) were treated in the stroke unit, and 287 (32.7%) underwent conventional care. Patients receiving stroke-unit care had significantly higher rates of cranial computed tomography (96.3% vs. 88.1%; P < .001) and brain-supplying artery ultrasound (97.1% vs. 91.3%; P < .001) investigations. The stroke risk during hospitalization was 1.7% in patients treated in stroke unit and 2.4% in patients received a conventional care. A relevant difference between the groups was not found (1.7% vs. 2.4%; P = .45). The 90-day mortality rate was 1.7% in the stroke unit group compared to 2.2% in the conventional care group (1.7% vs. 2.2%; P = .66). The adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed no difference in stroke rates (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–1.9) and in the 90-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–1.96) between the stroke unit concept and conventional care.

Conclusion

The prognostic impact of the stroke unit care for patients with transient ischemic attack appears to be similar to that of the conventional care. Further randomized studies are needed to investigate the impact of stroke-unit care on patients with transient ischemic attack.