HPLC法同时测定强力脑清素片中紫丁香苷与异嗪皮啶含量

目的应用高效液相色谱法同时测定强力脑清素片中紫丁香苷、异嗪皮啶的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,Agilent SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);检测波长265 nm;柱温:40℃;流动相A为1%冰醋酸水溶液,B为乙腈,执行梯度洗脱程序。结果系统适应性试验精密度、重复性、稳定性、回收率均符合规定,紫丁香苷与异嗪皮啶平均回收率分别为101.65%、99.37%,RSD分别为1.27%、0.94%。结论该方法简便、快速、准确、可靠,可用于强力脑清素片的质量控制。     

刺五加饮片的质量比较研究

目的采用薄层色谱（TLC）法和高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对市售刺五加根、根茎、及茎中主要活性成分进行定性定量研究,比较刺五加根、根茎、及茎的质量。方法采用TLC对异嗪皮啶和绿原酸进行鉴别,HPLC法测定紫丁香苷的含量对饮片质量进行考察。结果市售刺五加根、根茎、及茎都能检出异嗪吡啶及绿原酸,但紫丁香苷含量差异较大。结论市售刺五加饮片质量以根、根茎为佳。     

HPLC法比较野生刺五加中的异嗪皮啶

目的 建立刺五加中异嗪皮啶的定量方法,并对主产区采集的刺五加野生药材的不同部位、不同生长年限及不同生长环境的异嗪皮啶的量进行测定,为分析刺五加野生药材的质量提供参考。方法 刺五加异嗪皮啶的提取采用超声提取法,HPLC法测定,色谱柱为Diamonsil C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 mm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸（20：80）,检测波长344 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min。结果 异嗪皮啶进样量在16.8～252.0 ng呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.4%,RSD值为1.0%（n=6）。刺五加不同部位中,皮的异嗪皮啶含量最高,茎次之,根及根茎含量较低。不同生长年限中,5年生刺五加异嗪皮啶含量最高,3年生含量次之,2年以下含量最低。阳坡生长的异嗪皮啶含量高于阴坡生长的药材。总体分析异嗪皮啶的含量黑龙江高于吉林。结论 本方法可操作性强,简便快速,重复性好,回收率高,稳定可靠,可作为刺五加药材的质控方法。鉴于野生药材生长年限不一,分布不集中,与栽培的药材相比含量波动大,因此,在药品生产过程中,根据对中间体或成品中异嗪皮啶含量的要求,有必要建立刺五加药材异嗪皮啶的含量标准,以保证生产药品的质量。     

大孔树脂分离纯化刺五加中紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异嗪皮啶的工艺研究

目的研究大孔树脂分离纯化刺五加中紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异嗪皮啶的工艺。方法比较了4种不同类型的大孔树脂对刺五加中紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异嗪皮啶的吸附解吸性能,确定适宜的树脂类型和最佳纯化工艺条件。结果AB-8型大孔树脂对紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异嗪皮啶的吸附性能及解吸效果较好。最佳工艺条件为上样浓度：0．5g·mL^-1,吸附流速：2BV·h^-1,上样量：5BV,洗脱剂：30％的乙醇,用量：11BV,洗脱流速：1BV·h^-1。纯化后的终产品中紫丁香苷、剌五加苷E和异嗪皮啶的含量分别为3．13％,1．82％和0．42％。结论AB-8型大孔树脂用于同时富集紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E和异嗪皮啶效果最佳,是一种理想的分离纯化介质。     

甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定研究

目的 建立甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定方法。方法 采用HPLC建立甘草浸膏的指纹图谱,并通过中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统对13家企业的35批次样品进行相似度评价;以甘草苷、芹糖异甘草苷、异甘草苷、新异甘草苷、甘草查尔酮B和甘草酸6种成分为指标,采用Boston Green ODS色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,建立了甘草浸膏的多指标HPLC含量测定方法。结果 建立了甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱,标定了22个共有峰,并指认了其中10个共有峰,35批样品相似度均>0.96,说明各批次甘草浸膏有较好的一致性;建立了6种指标成分含量测定方法,方法学考察符合规定。结论 本实验所建立的方法准确、简便、重复性好,可用于全面评价甘草浸膏的质量。     

HPLC法测定强力脑清素片中紫丁香苷含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定强力脑清素片中紫丁香苷含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填允剂,Agilent zorbasil 4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm,甲醇-水(20:80)为流动相,检测波长为265 nm,流速1.0 ml/min.结果 紫丁香苷在0.080～0.800μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为97.7%,相对标准偏差值(RSD)=1.25%.结论 本方法测定结果准确、操作方法简便、分离度好,可用于强力脑清素片质量控制提供参考.     

强力脑清素片质量标准研究

目的建立强力脑清素片的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中的五味子、鹿茸进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对刺五加中的紫丁香苷进行含量测定。色谱条件为VP-ODS(4.5mm×150mm)C18柱,甲醇-水(20∶80)为流动相,流速:1.0mL.min-1;检测波长为265nm。采用紫外-可见分光光度法对制剂中的甘油磷酸钠进行了含量测定。结果在TCL图谱中可检测出五味子、鹿茸的特征斑点。紫丁香苷的线性范围为20μg.mL-1~222μg.mL-1,回收率为99.45%,RSD=1.4%;甘油磷酸钠线性范围为3.1μg.mL-1~7.7μg.mL-1,回收率为98.3%,RSD=0.6%。结论方法简便、准确,可用于强力脑清素片的质量控制。     

强力脑清素片薄层色谱鉴别的探讨

目的：建立强力脑清素片的薄层色谱鉴别方法,为制定其质量控制标准提供实验依据。方法：采用薄层色谱鉴别法鉴别处方中的主要成分五味子流浸膏（五味子乙素、五味子甲素）,以甲苯：乙酸乙酯（9：1）为展开剂。结果：处方中的五味子流浸膏（五味子乙素、五味子甲素）的薄层色谱具有鉴别特征。结论：薄层色谱鉴别本品方法简单可靠。专属性、重现性好。可作为强力脑清素片的质量控制指标。     

HPLC法测定刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷和异嗪皮啶的含量

目的:建立刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷和异嗪皮啶的含量测定方法.方法:采用HPLC法.色谱柱为Diamomsil C18 (4.6mm× 200 mm,5μm),甲醇-水(20∶80)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长(双波长)265 nm,344nm.结果:紫丁香苷在0.01308～1.308 μg,异嗪皮啶在0.014659～0.122 16 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.7％和102.2％,RSD分别为1.0％和0.8％.结论:所用方法简便、准确,能有效控制该制剂的质量.     

复方感冒灵流浸膏的HPLC指纹图谱及化学成分鉴定

目的 建立复方感冒灵流浸膏HPLC指纹图谱并对其化学成分进行分析,为复方感冒灵流浸膏质量评价与药效物质基础研究提供依据。方法 采用Kromasil C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长290 nm,柱温为30℃,测定10批复方感冒灵流浸膏。利用中药色谱相似度评价系统建立复方感冒灵流浸膏HPLC指纹图谱,并通过对照品对共有峰进行指认,应用HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对复方感冒灵流浸膏中的化学成分进行鉴定。结果 建立了复方感冒灵流浸膏成分指纹图谱共有模式,显示12个共有峰,各峰分离度良好,各批次间共有峰相对保留时间RSD均<3.0%,样品间相似度均>0.9。鉴定出复方感冒灵流浸膏中12个化学成分,分别为奎尼酸、原儿茶酸、新绿原酸、swertiajaposide F、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、二咖啡酰奎宁酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C、蒙花苷。结论 该指纹图谱具有良好的精密度、重复性、稳定性,各共有峰间分离度好,可用于复方感冒灵流浸膏的质量评价;该研究为复方感冒灵流浸膏物质基础的研究提供基础。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.