经阴道彩色多普勒超声对宫外孕的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查（TVS）对宫外孕的诊断价值。方法对临床疑诊为宫外孕的58例患者分别进行经腹超声检查（TAS）及TVS,分别记录两种检查方法的检查结果,并对比分析。结果TAS对宫外孕的诊断准确率为69．0％（40／58）,而TVS诊断准确率为96．6％（56／58）。结论TVS为诊断宫外孕的首选方法,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经阴道超声对未破裂型宫外孕的诊断应用

目的 探讨经阴道超声(TVS)及时准确诊断未破裂型宫外孕的检查方法.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年1月-2005年1月确诊的64例未破裂型宫外孕患者的超声检查资料.具体方法是先行常规超声检查显示子宫及卵巢后注意追踪显示输卵管;后行TVS扫查子宫以上部位,并与肠管回声鉴别;用探头反复轻推,根据可疑病灶与卵巢是否同步运动以辨别其与卵巢的关系. 结果 64例均显示附件区妊娠囊样环状回声.根据声像图显示中妊娠囊样环状回声与输卵管及卵巢的关系分为3型:Ⅰ型:输卵管可显示型(29例):较清楚显示输卵管,管内可见妊娠囊样环状回声;其中5例于初检漏诊后注意追踪显示输卵管而提示宫外孕诊断;Ⅱ型:与卵巢分界清型(27例):6例于初检漏诊后注意扫查子宫底以上部位、并与肠管回声鉴别而提示宫外孕诊断;Ⅲ型:与卵巢分界不清型(8例):7例在反复轻推探头后辨别与卵巢是否同步运动而提示宫外孕诊断.结论 TVS在检查方法上的完善有助于更及时、准确地诊断未破裂型宫外孕.     

Sonographic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with endovaginal probes: what really has changed?

To evaluate the impact of endovaginal (EV) sonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, a 2 year retrospective study was performed identifying 123 at-risk patients. Of these 123 women, 19 (15.4%) had a surgically proved ectopic pregnancy, only three (15.8%) of which were visualized directly at sonography. A confident diagnosis of an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) was made at the initial scan in 74%, which contrasts with 58% diagnosed at the first transabdominal (TA) scan in an earlier study from this laboratory, thus confirming an improvement in diagnostic ability with EV transducers. This study has failed to confirm some findings of other workers, particularly that adnexal ring-like structures are visualized frequently in the presence of an ectopic pregnancy. No adnexal rings were observed in our 19 cases. The combination of an adnexal mass and free pelvic fluid was found to correlate best with the presence of an ectopic pregnancy. This study further emphasizes that a significant proportion (26.3%) of ectopic pregnancies have a normal EV sonogram at presentation. The group failing to demonstrate an IUP and showing no evidence of an adnexal mass or pelvic fluid (i.e., a normal pelvic sonogram) carried a 1:3 risk for the presence of an ectopic pregnancy, a result that is very similar to our data published before the introduction of EV technology. We conclude that, although it provides a significant improvement and refinement in the recognition of intrauterine pregnancies, EV scanning does not permit a confident diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in many cases.     

经腹与经阴道超声对输卵管妊娠诊断价值的比较研究

目的　研究经腹超声 (TAS)与经阴道超声 (TVS)对输卵管妊娠的诊断价值。方法　 44例输卵管妊娠患者行TAS与TVS ,并与手术结果进行对比分析。结果　输卵管妊娠直接声像图表现为环状回声与附件区非特异性包块 ;TAS对附件包块的诊断敏感性与包块大小相关 ;TAS与TVS对破裂型输卵管妊娠诊断的敏感性无差异 ;TVS对早期未破裂型输卵管妊娠的诊断明显优于TAS。结论　TVS对输卵管妊娠的早期诊断具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound and serum hCG in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Transvaginal ultrasound was performed upon admission of 127 patients with a clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy in association with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) determination. Failure to visualize with sonography an intrauterine gestational sac with an hCG level superior to 1000 mIU/ml identified 25/42 tubal pregnancies with a positive predictive value of 86% and a specificity of 93%. Abnormal adnexal findings occurred in 95% of the ectopic pregnancies. Extrauterine gestational sacs with or without embryos could be confidently detected in 19 ectopic pregnancies (45%). A complex adnexal mass was seen in 19 cases and yielded a positive predictive value of 90% (19/21). Adnexal gestational sacs and complex masses were seen more frequently in those ectopic pregnancies with an hCG level above 1000 mIU/ml but the difference was not significant (100% versus 78%). Simple adnexal cysts were found more frequently in intrauterine pregnancies, and fluid in the cul-de-sac was also not indicative of ectopic pregnancy (positive predictive value, 29%). Transvaginal ultrasound has a primary role in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The combined use of uterine and adnexal sonography associated with elevated hCG levels allows a definitive diagnosis in the vast majority of cases at a very early stage, when the chances for a successful conservative treatment are greater.     

经腹彩超和经阴道超声诊断异位妊娠的临床应用价值及有效性

目的比较经腹彩超(TAS)与经阴道超声(TVS)诊断异位妊娠的临床应用价值及有效性。方法选取我院2018年1月至2018年12月收治的120例异位妊娠患者作为研究对象,均行TAS扫查与TVS扫查。以病理诊断结果为检验金标准,比较两种超声扫查方法的诊断准确率。结果TAS扫查诊断准确率为74.17%,显著低于TVS扫查的90.83%(P<0.05)。TVS扫查对宫外混合性团块、宫外孕囊影、孕囊影中胚芽检出率高于TAS扫查,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两种超声扫查方法对胎心检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相较于TAS扫查,TVS扫查可更有效地诊断早期异位妊娠,同时,TAS扫查仍是异位妊娠诊断中的一个重要的辅助检查方法。     

腹部超声联合阴道超声应用于异位妊娠的早期诊断价值

【目的】探讨腹部超声联合阴道超声应用在异位妊娠早期诊断中的临床价值。【方法】对450例尿妊娠试验阳性、血HCG超标、临床及最后手术病理结果确诊为异位妊娠的患者随机分成腹部超声（TAS）联合阴道超声（TVS）检查组232例（试验组,A组）和单一应用TAS或TVS检查组218例（对照组,B组）,统计两组附件区包块、卵黄囊、胎芽、原始心管搏动、宫内假孕囊的检出率。【结果】A组阳性229例,漏诊3例,临床诊断符合率为98．7％;B组阳性191例,漏诊27例,临床诊断符合率为87．6％。经χ^2检验,两组间临床符合率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】TAS联合TVS的应用能及时、准确诊断异位妊娠,提高诊断率,为指导临床及时治疗及选择治疗方法具有重要意义。     

Comparison of tubal ring and corpus luteum echogenicities: a useful differentiating characteristic.

The purpose of this report is to compare the echogenicity of the tubal ring of an ectopic pregnancy and the corpus luteum with that of the ovary for improved detection of early ectopic pregnancy. In patients with ectopic pregnancy diagnosed at sonography on the basis of the presence of an adnexal tubal ring, echogenicity of the ring was compared with the echogenicity of the ovarian parenchyma. Twenty-six patients with tubal rings containing either a yolk sac or cardiac activity were included. Twenty-three (88%) of the 26 tubal rings had echogenicity equal to or greater than that of ovarian parenchyma. In 13 patients with ectopic pregnancy diagnosed on the basis of an empty tubal ring, 10 rings (77%) were more echogenic than the ovary. In 45 control patients with intrauterine pregnancy, the corpus luteum was more echogenic than the ovary in only 3 (7%). The tubal ring of an ectopic pregnancy is usually more echogenic than ovarian parenchyma, and the corpus luteum is usually equal to or less echogenic than the ovary. Echogenicity of an adnexal mass may help distinguish the tubal ring of an ectopic pregnancy from a corpus luteum.     

Ectopic pregnancy: a 15-year review of 160 cases

Our review of the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in metropolitan Oklahoma City hospitals from 1960 through 1975 revealed an overall statistically significant increase. Review of the incidence of gonorrhea during the same period for the State of Oklahoma also showed a statistically significant increase. There was a significant correlation between the incidence of ectopic pregnancy and the incidence of gonorrhea. The 160 cases of ectopic pregnancy from University Hospital reviewed in detail included all ectopic pregnancies admitted from 1960 to 1975. Findings revealed 56% were white women with an average age of 26.8 years and average parity of 2.49. Pain (97.5%), amenorrhea (83%), and abnormal uterine bleeding (68%) were the most common presenting complaints, while abdominal tenderness (85%) and pelvic mass (54%) were the common physical findings. Culdocentesis was positive in 78% of the patients. Thirty-nine percent had a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and 8% a previous ectopic pregnancy. Admission diagnosis was correct in 67%. Unilateral adnexal procedure was the treatment in 81%. Fifty-seven percent of the ectopic pregnancies were right-sided, and hemoperitoneum averaged 950 ml. Postoperative complication rate was 55%. Follow-up pregnancy rate was 50%, and future ectopic pregnancies occurred in 6% of these.     

Sonographic findings of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound in ectopic pregnancy

Purpose The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess whether the sonographic findings from transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound (TV-CDU) are helpful in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Methods Thirty-four patients who received surgery for ectopic tubal pregnancies were preoperatively evaluated using TV-CDU. The presence or absence of color vascularity within the ectopic masses was examined. The relationship between the presence or absence of blood flow in the tubal mass and the corpus luteum cyst, or the serum β-hCG values, was evaluated. Results Color vascularity within the adnexal mass was detected in 27 of 34 (79.4%) patients with ectopic pregnancies by TV-CDU. Color vascularity within the mass was observed in 18 of 24 (75.0%) patients with a questionable adnexal mass that had no obvious gestational sac in B-mode images. Moreover, color vascularity was seen in all four patients with a serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) value of less than 500 mIU/ml. However, it was difficult to identify the blood flow of the adnexal mass in six of the nine (66.7%) patients with a corpus luteum cyst in the ipsilateral ovary. No relationship was observed between the serum β-hCG concentrations and the resistance indices, or the peak systolic velocity. Conclusions The detection of color vascularity by TV-CDU in patients with an ectopic pregnancy is helpful for diagnosis, especially for patients with either a questionable adnexal mass in B-mode images or lower serum β-hCG concentrations.     

经阴道超声与经腹部超声诊断异位妊娠的比较

目的比较经阴道超声(TVS)与经腹超声(TAS)在异位妊娠诊断中的价值。方法对109例异位妊娠患者以双盲法分别进行经腹部和经阴道超声检查。结果子宫清晰显示率、子宫内膜测定率、盆腔肿块显示率、盆腔肿块清晰显示率、肿块内检出孕囊样结构及原始心管搏动率,以及肿块内彩色血流信号检出率,TVS均明显高于TAS。结论TVS比TAS诊断异位妊娠更准确。临床诊断疑为异位妊娠的患者,应首选进行TAS或TVS检查,有条件的医院应常规进行TVS检查。     

经阴道与经腹部超声扫描诊断异位妊娠的对比研究

本文通过对142例临床怀疑异位妊娠的患者同时实施经阴道与经腹部超声扫描,并将其结果与经手术病理证实的83例异位妊娠进行对照,通过对比研究发现,由于经阴道超声扫描能清楚显示异位妊娠的直接征象与间接征象,从而显著提高异位妊娠诊断的特异性、准确性及阳性预测率,值得临床推广使用。     

经阴道超声诊断胚胎移植术后宫内外复合妊娠:60例分析

目的 评估经阴道超声诊断胚胎移植后宫内外复合妊娠的价值。方法 回顾性分析60例经手术证实的宫内外复合妊娠患者的经阴道超声资料,观察声像图特点,分析延迟诊断的原因,对比宫内胚芽及宫外胚芽长度。结果 经阴道超声诊断宫内外复合妊娠准确率为100%（60/60）。延迟诊断4例（4/60,6.67%）,其中3例存在卵巢过度刺激综合征,1例为漏诊。宫外异位妊娠表现为混合回声包块25例（25/60,41.67%）,不均质稍高回声包块17例（17/60,28.33%）,不均质中等回声包块1例（1/60,1.67%）,孕囊样回声17例（17/60,28.33%）。宫内妊娠表现为类孕囊1例（1/60,1.67%）,孕囊仅见卵黄囊10例（10/60,16.67%）,孕囊见卵黄囊及胚芽49例（49/60,81.67%）。宫内胚芽长（0.42±0.39）cm,宫外胚芽长（0.31±0.26）cm,差异有统计学意义（t=2.35,P=0.03）。结论 经阴道超声在诊断胚胎移植术后宫内外复合妊娠中具有重要意义。     

Intravascular contrast agent in the ultrasonography of ectopic pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of an intravascular ultrasound contrast agent in the adnexal circulation and to evaluate the applicability of the contrast agent in imaging ectopic trophoblastic blood flow. DESIGN: Thirty-three color Doppler and 13 power Doppler examinations were performed among 30 patients with ectopic pregnancy, first without and then with galactose-based contrast agent enhancement. The effect of the contrast agent was evaluated both visually (color Doppler) and with computerized power Doppler signal intensity measurements. RESULTS: The Doppler signal intensity from the adnexal blood circulation increased within 30 s after antebrachial injection, yielding an effect that was recognizable up to 2-4 min later. There was a clear enhancement of trophoblastic flow after addition of the contrast agent in all except one of the ectopic pregnancies. In 12% of the cases, trophoblastic flow could be imaged only by using the contrast agent. The contrast agent increased the amount of recognizable vascular areas around the trophoblastic mass in 91% of the examinations, resulting in a more complete peritrophoblastic ring. The increase in the mean intensity of the power Doppler signal was 7.8% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The intravascular ultrasound contrast agent has a recognizable effect on Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the adnexal circulation. It appears to be of help when examining ectopic pregnancies where the finding in color flow imaging is ambiguous. The use of a contrast agent may also facilitate localization of trophoblastic tissue in a hemorrhagic adnexal mass.     

Conventional and color Doppler transvaginal sonography of pelvic masses: a comparison of relative histologic specificities

The relative specificity of CDS versus conventional TVS was assessed in 96 women with surgically excised and pathologically examined pelvic masses. In general, CDS was more specific than TVS in 43% of cases, both were equally specific in 41%, neither was more specific in 10%, and TVS was more specific than CDS in 6%. In particular, CDS seemed to be most specific in detecting ovarian malignancies, ovarian torsion, and ectopic pregnancy. The positive and negative predictive values of CDS were higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. The use of CDS as an adjunct to TVS is supported by the data from this study.     

异位妊娠保守治疗声像图分析及其临床价值（附64例报告）

目的　分析 64例异位妊娠氨甲喋呤成功保守治疗前经腹、经阴道超声声像图特征及其临床价值。方法常规经腹检查 ,排尿后经阴道检查 (TVS)。结果　经腹部探查包块检出率 69% (4 4 64 ) ,TVS检出率 88% (5 6 64 )。异位妊娠包块 <5 .0cm占 93 % (5 2 5 6) ,>5 .0cm占 7% (4 5 6)。异位娠妊包块低回声 (未破裂型 )占 5 2 % (2 9 5 6) ,强回声和混合回声 (流产型 )占 48% (2 7 5 6)。结论　TVS明显优于常规经腹探查 ,可更早期确诊异位妊娠。异位妊娠包块 <5cm保守治疗疗效好     

Ectopic embryo detection using real-time sonography

An analysis of the sonograms of 60 patients with a surgically confirmed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was performed. In 36 examinations, both real-time and static images were compared, and real-time was judged superior in 22 based on a correlation between the original report and surgical pathology. The appearance of the endometrial canal and the adnexa was characterized in a total of 65 scans. The endometrial canal appearance was variable, with the most common finding being a linear echo (39%). The adnexal changes were less diverse, with an adnexal ring suggestive of an extrauterine gestational sac identified in 60%. In 10 cases, the adnexal ring contained a distinct fetus with a measurable crown-rump length, and cardiac activity was evident in six. Our results indicate that real-time ultrasound coupled with serum beta-hCG RIA should be the procedure of choice when ectopic pregnancy is suspected.     

Diagnosis of early intramural ectopic pregnancy

Intramural ectopic pregnancy is a very rare diagnosis. Establishing a diagnosis is difficult and is often made intraoperatively. Demonstration of a live extrauterine gestation is the only specific sign of such a pregnancy. A small number of ectopic pregnancies are interstitial or cornual pregnancies. Rupture of an intramural ectopic pregnancy is a serious clinical complication. Diagnosis of this ectopic pregnancy can sometimes be made using 2-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), but it may also require 3-dimensional TVS. We present the case of a 25-year-old gravida 0, para 0 woman with amenorrhea lasting 6(+5) weeks. Previous surgery included a right adnexectomy for torsion of a right dermoid cyst. The patient's serum hCG was elevated. TVS provided a detailed view of the endometrial cavity. The results of 2-dimensional TVS suggested the presence of an ectopic pregnancy. The sonogram showed a gestational sac with an embryonic pole and a yolk sac, which was separated from the endometrium. Use of 3-dimensional TVS demonstrated a live embryo in a gestational sac surrounded by myometrium below the right cornu lying outside the endometrium. This finding was confirmed by laparotomy and the conceptus was excised. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 7 days after surgery. In our case, the previous adnexectomy was an identifiable risk factor. Nonetheless, making a diagnosis of an intramural pregnancy was challenging. Suspicion may arise when sonography has revealed an intramural gestational sac.     

Transvaginal sonography for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: positivity criteria and performance characteristics.

Despite the widespread use of TVS for diagnosing EP and extensive literature on the subject, there is no consensus regarding the best positivity criterion for adnexal findings or the performance characteristics of TVS. We conducted a literature search to identify original studies presenting suitable data on the use of TVS for the diagnosis of EP. The data were combined to determine the sensitivity and specificity of four sonographic criteria for EP, listed in order from most to least stringent: Criterion A, living extrauterine pregnancy; criterion B, extrauterine gestational sac containing yolk sac or embryo; criterion C, empty "tubal ring" or extrauterine gestational sac containing yolk sac or embryo; and criterion D, any adnexal mass other than a simple cyst. Positive and negative predictive values were computed using Bayes' theorem. Ten studies involving a total of 2216 patients, 565 with EP and 1651 without EP, were included in our analysis. Based on the combined data from these studies, criteria A, B, and C all have high specificities (99.5-100%) and positive predictive values (97.8-100%) but low sensitivities (20.1-64.6%) and mediocre negative predictive values (78.5-89.1%). Criterion D, the most lax criterion, has the most uniformly excellent characteristics, with only slightly lower specificity (98.9%) and positive predictive value (96.3%) but considerably higher sensitivity (84.4%) and negative predictive value (94.8%). The performance characteristics of TVS criteria for EP, computed by pooling data from published studies, indicate that the appropriate TVS criterion to diagnose EP is any noncystic adnexal mass. These performance characteristics can be used as a basis for comparing TVS with other proposed diagnostic modalities for EP.     

经阴道超声对异位妊娠单剂量氨甲喋呤治疗结果的预测价值

目的研究经阴道超声对异位妊娠氨甲蝶呤（MTX）治疗结果的预测价值。方法回顾性总结106例经MTX治疗的异位妊娠患者的经阴道超声声像图表现。结果异位妊娠囊内探及胎心及卵黄囊者均治疗失败。异位妊娠包块小于1．5cm的病例均治疗成功。治疗成功组和治疗失败组在1．5cm以上包块大小、包块表现形式、盆腔积液、低阻动脉血流的存在等方面的差异均无显著性意义。结论经阴道超声二维声像图表现对预测异位妊娠MTX治疗结果有一定价值，彩色多普勒血流成像的预测价值尚需进一步研究。