Imaging findings of chest wall lesions on breast sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this presentation is to illustrate the sonographic findings of chest wall lesions that were depicted on breast sonography. METHODS: Chest wall lesions detected during breast sonography were collected and reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The sonographic findings of normal chest walls and various pathologic chest wall lesions, including inflammatory lesions, benign neoplasms, and malignant neoplasms, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Familiarity with normal sonographic anatomy and chest wall lesions could be helpful in differentiating a chest wall lesion from a breast lesion and in showing whether the origin of any palpable breast lump is in the breast parenchyma or the chest wall on breast sonography.     

Sonographie von pleura und lunge

The value of ultrasound examination of the pleura and lungs remains highly underestimated to this day. While the ventilated lungs and the osseous skeleton of the thorax represent potent obstacles for ultrasound, a multitude of pathological processes of the chest wall, pleura, and lungs results in altered tissue composition, providing markedly increased access and visibility for sonographic examination. These conditions support the sonographic diagnosis of pleural and pulmonary disorders. However, the main value of pleura and lung ultrasonography is not the primary diagnosis of chest lesions but the follow up, differential diagnosis, detection of complications, such as abscesses and post embolic lung infarction, and guidance of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in patients with pathological pleural and pulmonary findings. Punctures and drainages of fluids, e. g., haematothorax, empyema, chylothorax as well as biopsies of solid lesions can safely be performed under ultrasound-guidance. It is of special importance that pleura and lung ultrasonography, as a non-invasive method, can be repeated without discomfort or radiation exposure for the patient and is therefore valuable in the follow-up of pathological findings. Adequate interpretation of sonographic pleura and lung findings has to consider the patient's history, physical examination, chest X-ray and other results obtained by complementary imaging technologies (e. g. thoracic computed tomography).     

Percutaneous thin needle biopsy of malignant and nonmalignant thoracic lesions

An analysis of 1,454 percutaneous thin needle biopsies (PTNB) performed in 1,061 patients in the years 1976-1987 disclosed the sensitivity for the detection of malignancy 93.7%, specificity 95.8%, and accuracy 93.9%. The most commonly encountered indication for PTNB was a solitary lung lesion (56% of 1,061 patients), with a rate of true positive cytologic findings 93.4% of patients with proved malignant tumours. Indications for PTNB included pulmonary opacities of or without recognizable segmental distribution, enlargement of mediastinum or hilus, lesions of the pleura or chest wall, and cavitary lesions, with results not significantly worse than in circumscribed peripheral lesions. Pneumothorax occurred in 18%, hemoptysis in 1.9%, other minor complications very rarely. PTNB appears to be a safe, reliable, and accurate technique for diagnosing chest lesions with various types of roentgenographic image.     

Sonographic diagnosis of intramural duodenal hematomas.

We present 2 cases of duodenal hematoma. Sonography demonstrated a heterogeneous mass within the duodenal wall in both patients, and neither patient had signs of bowel perforation. CT confirmed the sonographic findings. Sonography and computed tomography are useful in diagnosing duodenal hematoma, in excluding accompanying lesions, and in monitoring resolution with conservative treatment.     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的CT诊断

目的 探讨肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的CT表现为早期诊断、紧急处理提供依据.方法 收集天津肿瘤医院自2001年7月至2010年3月病理确诊肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征50例,回顾性分析肺癌解剖部位、大体类型与其导致SVCS方式的CT表现之间的关系;回顾性分析上腔静脉梗阻程度与侧枝循环的建立与开放、胸壁水肿之间的关系,并分别做四格表或R×C表x2检验.结果 肺癌引起SVCS的方式包括直接侵犯7例,淋巴结转移16例,两者并存27例.不同部位不同大体类型肺癌引起SVCS的方式差异具有统计学意义(x2=30.012,P＜0.05).肺癌引起SVCS后的继发改变包括侧枝循环建立开放14例,胸壁水肿12例,两者均有15例,两者均无9例.肺癌引起SVCS时上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,胸部侧枝循环和胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(x2=12.881,P＜0.05).结论 CT增强检查可以全面诊断肺癌合并SVCS,能为该病的急诊处理提供依据.     

高频超声对桥本甲状腺炎的诊断价值

目的探讨桥本甲状腺炎(HT)的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现。方法对60例HT患者进行常规二维高频超声及彩色多普勒超声检查,并经手术或穿刺活检证实。将超声检查结果与手术或多点穿刺活检结果对照。结果局灶性回声减低型7例(11.7%);弥漫性回声减低型40例(66.7%);多发结节型13例(21.6%)。10例(16.7%)甲状腺内可见强回声光斑。HT组甲状腺上动脉PSV及RI值较正常组高,两者比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。HT组有51例甲状腺内血流增加。结论高频超声对HT的正确诊断有重要价值。     

经支气管超声诊断肺结节性病变

目的 探讨经支气管超声(EBUS)诊断肺部结节性病变的价值。方法 对CT扫描提示肺部占位的52例肺部结节性病变患者行EBUS检查, 观察病灶内部回声、边界、后壁回声及后方回声等超声表现。结果 52例肺部结节性病变患者中, 良性病变18例, 恶性病变34例。边界清晰和后壁呈线状均匀增强是肺部恶性病变的重要声像图特征, 边界不清和后壁带状不均匀增厚是肺部良性病变的声像图特征;在肺部结节性病变中, "彗星尾征"提示肺鳞癌病变。声像图表现中内部回声、后方回声变对肺部结节性病变的诊断价值不大。EBUS检查未发生并发症。结论 EBUS是肺部结节性病变超声诊断的新方法, 且安全有效。     

Sonography of the chest wall

The aim of this paper is to show a suitable sonographic approach to the chest wall. Section planes and normal sonographic findings are described. Detection of rib fractures by ultrasound is a potential use of ultrasonography. The typical signs are described and a comparison with X-rays is made. Sonography is a valuable technique to picture traumatic lesions of the chest wall. Nevertheless an important restriction is the fact, that not the whole region of the chest wall can be examined. For a first and systematic search of primary tumours or metastases, sonography is not very suitable. Nevertheless, once localised, findings can be observed very well.     

新生儿肺透明膜病的超声诊断

目的评价新生儿肺透明膜病（ＨＭＤ）的声像图特征。方法对临床怀疑为ＨＭＤ２２例早产儿和４０例正常足月新生儿的肺部进行超声检查,并分别与临床资料和Ｘ线胸片做比较。结果２２例早产儿中,１７例超声检查显示在肝脾后有弥漫的高强回声。所有病例经Ｘ线胸片或尸检证实为严重的ＨＭＤ;３例在肝脾后呈放射状强回声,Ｘ线胸片提示为轻型的ＨＭＤ;２例缺少这种典型的强回声,Ｘ线诊断为正常肺。而４０例正常新生儿,有３４例在肝脾后未见任何回声,Ｘ线胸片提示心肺正常;６例显示在肝脾后可见稀疏的中等回声,Ｘ线胸片提示湿肺。结论超声检查可做为诊断ＨＭＤ的一种新方法,它具有实用、简便、无创伤并可重复检查的优点     

Role of transvaginal sonography in the detection of endometriomata

Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain and infertility in young women. Transvaginal sonography is major means for diagnosing ovarian masses. In our study, we scanned 60 patients with endometriomata who underwent laparotomy or laparoscopy. We compared preoperative ultrasonographic diagnosis with histological reports. The sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of endometriomata were (1) cystic structure with low, homogeneous echogenicity and (2) thick cystic wall with regular margins. In 50 patients, sonography suggested an endometrioma. In 47 cases, the diagnosis was correct. The false-positive cases were all caused by cystic teratomas with a homogeneous sonographic pattern. Ten false-negative cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography as functional ovarian cysts (5), teratomas (3), and benign ovarian cystoma (1). Only 1 case of a 5-mm endometrioma was demonstrated by laparoscopy but not by TVS. The sensitivity of TVS for diagnosing endometriomata was 82.4% and specificity 97.7%; the positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 92.8%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of TVS was 93%. In our experience, TVS is a very specific means for diagnosing endometriomata when the typical pattern is detected; however, the sensitivity of the technique needs to be improved. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Endoscopic sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with gallstones

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic sonography (EUS) in the detection of gallbladder wall lesions in patients with and without gallstones. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, sonograms, and sonographic reports of 62 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gallbladder wall lesions evaluated by EUS. We assessed the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing gallbladder wall lesions in the presence or absence of gallstones and on the basis of the size and number of stones and the size of the gallbladder wall lesions. We also evaluated the effect of acoustic shadowing. The EUS results were compared with the histopathologic results. RESULTS: EUS correctly diagnosed the gallbladder wall lesions in 17 (71%) of 24 patients with gallstones and in 34 (89%) of 38 patients without gallstones. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS was 86% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions smaller than 20 mm and 79% in patients with gallbladder wall lesions 20 mm or larger. The diagnostic accuracy was 75% in patients with gallstones smaller than 5 mm and 67% in patients with stones 5 mm or larger. The accuracy was 67% in patients with 1-5 stones and 83% in patients with 6 or more stones. None of these differences was statistically significant. Acoustic shadowing did not affect the diagnostic accuracy of EUS. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for gallbladder wall lesions is not affected by the presence of gallstones. However, better diagnostic criteria must be established based on larger studies, and technical refinements of the equipment are needed to increase the accuracy of EUS in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall lesions.     

腺性膀胱炎的超声漏、误诊原因分析

目的分析超声对腺性膀胱炎的误、漏诊原因,探讨减少其误、漏诊的方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月2010年2月经病理证实的135例腺性膀胱炎的声像图表现。结果 135例腺性膀胱炎患者中,超声误诊26例,误诊率19.3%,漏诊11例,漏诊率8.2%。误诊的主要原因：乳头结节型和团块型与膀胱肿瘤声像图极为相似、容易混淆,超声医师对膀胱壁各层次的观察不仔细,对病史重视不够;漏诊的主要原因：膀胱充盈不佳或不充盈,病变体积太小、位于前壁或顶部,或病变位于膀胱后壁及颈部被明显增生的前列腺、膀胱内血凝块及膀胱结石等掩盖。结论超声是诊断腺性膀胱炎常用方法,但存在一定的误、漏诊,改进检查方法,可减少其误、漏诊发生。     

Diagnosis of radio-occult pulmonary conditions by real-time chest ultrasonography in patients with pleuritic pain

The evaluation of pleuritic pain in the emergency department (ED) presents a considerable challenge for the attending physician. Chest radiography (CXR) is a basic test, but its sensitivity is low, and often more sophisticated imaging techniques are needed. Our aim is to assess the diagnostic value of bedside B-mode lung ultrasound (LUS) in the visualization of radio-occult pulmonary lesions. Forty-nine patients complaining of pleuritic pain with negative CXR were prospectively studied by LUS. Detection of at least one of the following sonographic signs in the painful thoracic area was considered diagnostic: (i) the absence of pleural sliding; (ii) the focal alveolar-interstitial syndrome (AIS), defined by multiple artifacts B-line; (iii) the peripheral alveolar consolidation (PAC), defined by hypoechoic subpleural images; and (iv) the pleural disruption with thickening and irregularity of the line, with or without localized effusion. The final diagnoses were confirmed by spiral CT scanning (n = 12) and follow-up (n = 37). Final diagnoses were chest wall pain (n = 30), pleuropneumonia (n = 14), pulmonary embolism (n = 4), lung metastasis (n = 1). In 18 patients of the group with pulmonary conditions, LUS showed signs of pleurisy. They were PAC (n = 12), AIS (n = 17), pleural disruption (n = 17). If any sign is considered, the sensitivity of LUS in the diagnosis of radio-occult lesions was 94.7%, specificity was 96.7%, positive and negative predictive values were 94.7% and 96.7%, respectively, and accuracy was 95.9%. In patients with pleuritic pain of unknown cause, real-time LUS enables the diagnosis of radio-occult lung and pleural lesions.     

彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结囊性转移的诊断价值

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结囊性转移的超声表现。方法对经病理证实为甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结囊性转移的18例患者,44枚囊性转移性淋巴结进行高频彩色多普勒超声检查,观察其二维声像图,结节、分隔内部的血流情况。结果囊性转移性淋巴结二维声像图表现为完全囊性变和部分囊性变两种类型,42枚为部分囊性变,2枚为完全囊性变。其中38枚囊性变区透声差,39枚囊壁较厚且毛糙,23枚有壁结节,18枚内部有粗细不均分隔,19枚内部见点状高回声,40枚囊性转移性淋巴结实性成分内见点状、条状血流信号。结论彩色多普勒超声是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结囊性转移的一项重要检查方法,颈部淋巴结囊性变对于甲状腺乳头状癌转移的诊断有较高的特异性。     

中央型肺癌的胸片、螺旋CT及多平面、三维重建的应用

目的：讨论中央型肺癌的胸片、CT影像及探讨螺旋CT多平面、三维重建的临床运用价值。方法：回顾性分析30例经纤维支气管镜病理证实为中央型肺癌的胸片、CT影像，并对其中14例在螺旋CT扫描后进行多平面（MPR），三维重建（3D－SSD）。结果：胸片、CT影像为肺门肿块，支气管壁增厚、狭窄，阻塞性肺炎、肺不张，纵隔淋巴结肿大。螺旋CT后处理可明确显示中央型肺癌肿块及狭窄、阻塞的支气管形态。组织学分类为鳞癌、小细胞未分化癌、腺癌。结论：胸片、CT是诊断中央型肺癌基础方法，螺旋CT多平面、三维重建可以帮助提高中央型肺癌的诊断。     

Sonography of Abdominal Wall Masses and Masslike Lesions

Sonography is usually regarded as a first‐line imaging modality for masses and masslike lesions in the abdominal wall. A dynamic study focusing on a painful area or palpable mass and the possibility of ultrasound‐guided aspiration or biopsy are the major advantages of sonography. On the other hand, cross‐sectional imaging clearly shows anatomy of the abdominal wall; thereby, it is valuable for diagnosing and evaluating the extent of diseases. Cross‐sectional imaging can help differentiate neoplastic lesions from non‐neoplastic lesions. This pictorial essay focuses on sonographic findings of abdominal wall lesions compared with computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings.     

Complete extirpation of benign breast lesions with an ultrasound-guided vacuum biopsy system.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether ultrasound-guided vacuum biopsy (VB) with curative intent is suitable for the complete extirpation of selected sonographically detectable benign lesions of the breast, and to establish the limitations of the method with regard to lesion size and complications, the extent of scar formation and the prognostic value. METHODS: One hundred and nine patients underwent hand-held, ultrasound-guided VB (8G or 11G needle) between June 2000 and September 2003. Of these, 45 (41%) women underwent ultrasound-guided extirpation of 46 lesions, and 42 women with 43 lesions were followed up clinically and sonographically for an average of 5.9 months. The complete extirpation rate, residual lesions, and patient satisfaction with the intervention were evaluated. RESULTS: Removal of all sonographic evidence of lesions (median diameter, 13 mm) was achieved in 86% of cases (8G needle, 80%; 11G needle, 89%). 19% of the patients had suspected scar formation at the biopsy site. A palpable lesion in the breast could be removed by VB in 90% of cases. None of the patients developed infections and there were no hemorrhages requiring intervention, or damage to the skin or chest wall. A total of 95% of the patients stated that they would prefer this approach to open excision for possible future intervention. CONCLUSIONS: VB is an ambulatory procedure associated with a low degree of pain. It has a high degree of patient acceptance and, as a minimally invasive biopsy technique for benign lesions, is a good alternative to open excision. The rate of complications is low and is similar to that observed with conventional microbiopsy.     

Color Doppler sonographic mapping of pulmonary lesions: evidence of dual arterial supply by spectral analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Within pulmonary lesions, flow signals of pulmonary arteries can be discriminated from flow signals of central bronchial and peripheral bronchial arteries on color Doppler sonography. Our aim was to evaluate the evidence and frequency of different arterial supplies of pleural-based pulmonary lesions using qualitative and quantitative color Doppler sonography. METHODS: Forty-one patients with roentgenologically confirmed pleural-based pulmonary lesions were investigated by color Doppler sonography. The following parameters were investigated: (1) qualitative color Doppler sonographic evidence of vascularization, (2) quantitative color Doppler sonographic evidence of arterial flow signals (resistive index and pulsatility index), and (3) number of different arterial flow signals in 1 lesion by color Doppler sonographic mapping. RESULTS: We found no vascularization in 5 patients, sparse vascularization in 21, and pronounced vascularization in 15. Quantitative color Doppler sonographic parameters were as follows: mean pulmonary artery resistive index, 1.2; mean central bronchial artery resistive index, 0.5; mean peripheral bronchial artery resistive index, 0.7; mean pulmonary artery pulsatility index, 7.8; mean central bronchial artery pulsatility index, 0.7; and mean peripheral bronchial artery pulsatility index, 1.6. There was a significant difference between all types of flow signals for resistive and pulsatility index values but not between pulmonary and peripheral bronchial arteries (P = .068). In 41 patients, 57 different arterial flow signals were determined; 19 (46%) of these patients had 2 or more different arterial flow signals in a lesion. There was no significant difference between benign and malignant lesions regarding the number of flow signals. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of at least a dual arterial supply can be found on quantitative color Doppler sonography in almost 50% of pulmonary lesions. A single spectral analysis is not suitable for characterization of the arterial supply of pulmonary lesions.     

肺原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的CT征象分析

目的：提高对肺原发恶性纤维组织细胞瘤（MFH）CT表现的认识。材料与方法：回顾性分析15例经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的肺原发MFH患者的临床资料及CT表现。结果：15例肺原发MFH患者中,周围型肿瘤12例,位于左叶7例,右叶5例;中心型3例。12例单发,3例多发,共20个病灶,肿瘤最大直径为3.5～15.4 cm,平均8.5 cm。12个病灶为类圆形,8个呈浅分叶状。14个病灶边界较清楚,6个边界不清。5个病灶CT平扫表现为等密度;15个密度不均,内可见坏死、囊变、出血及钙化。增强扫描12例17个病灶均有不同程度强化。病变侵犯胸膜及胸壁6例（其中3例侵蚀到肋骨）,侵犯肺动脉、肺静脉各1例,侵犯心包2例,肺门、纵隔淋巴结转移5例,远处转移4例。结论：肺原发MFH的CT表现具有一定的特征性,有助于对该病的诊断,最终确诊需依靠病理细胞学及免疫组织化学。     

肺周围型病变的灰阶超声表现

目的 评价灰阶超声对肺周围型病变的诊断价值。方法 对48例经病理证实的周围型肺病变，通过超声检查，显示病变的形态、内部回声、边界、局部胸膜的改变，及病变与胸壁的关系，并进行分析。结果 肺周围型病变的声像图显示，恶性病变的形态类圆形80．0％（24／30）、边界清83．3％（25／30）及局部胸膜隆起70．0％（21／30）；良性病变不规则形83．3％（15／18），边界不清66．6％（12／18），局部胸膜不隆起94．4％（17／18）。结论 超声对肺周围型病变的良恶性鉴别诊断有较高的临床价值，另外通过超声引导进行穿刺活检，以明确诊断。