Symptomatic angina secondary to coronary-subclavian steal syndrome treated successfully by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian artery.

Subclavian artery stenosis causing severely symptomatic angina in a patient with a previous left internal mammary artery bypass to the left anterior descending artery was treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Baseline arteriography clearly revealed subclavian and coronary steal by evidence of competitive flow of nonopacified blood from the left vertebral artery. Although there was a difference of only 15 mm Hg between the right and left brachial arteries, there was a palpable difference in the upstroke of these pulses. The stenosis in the subclavian artery was successfully dilated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Angiographic evidence of subclavian steal resolved following balloon dilatation, and the patient's angina was completely resolved.     

Restenosis following subclavian artery angioplasty for treatment of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome: Definitive treatment with Palmaz-stent placement

We report a case of progressive angina pectoris 4 years post coronary bypass surgery, in which the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was grafted to the native left anterior descending coronary artery. The coronary-subclavian steal phenomenon was proven angiographically with retrograde reflux through the LIMA graft into the distal subclavian vessel, downstream from a critical stenosis at the origin of the subclavian artery. After initially successful angioplasty of the ostial subclavian lesion, restenosis and return of angina prompted repeat dilatation and placement of a Palmaz 154-M stent. Follow-up catheterization has demonstrated persistent patency at the stented site and absence of coronary steal. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of internal mammary arteries in patients with rest angina

Angioplasty of the internal mammary artery (IMA) bypass graft has been shown to be a safe and effective revascularization procedure. However, angiographic and long term clinical outcomes in the high-risk group of patients presenting with rest angina has not been well documented. We report the results of IMA angioplasty in 20 patients with rest angina out of 614 (3.2%) who received a left IMA graft at our institution between April 1987 and September 1994. All patients were admitted with rest angina, 12 patients demonstrated persistent ischemia despite medical therapy, two patients were in heart failure, and one patient was in cardiogenic shock. Balloon angioplasty was successful in 15 of 20 patients (75%). Failed angioplasty was associated with either severe IMA tortuousity (three patients) or inability to cross the anastomotic stenosis with the guide wire (two patients). Each of these five patients required angioplasty of either the native left anterior descending artery or other saphenous vein grafts for clinical stabilization. No patient suffered a major complication (myocardial infarction, emergent coronary bypass surgery, death). Clinical follow-up was obtained in all 20 patients (6 months, 7 years, mean 27 months). Twelve patients (60%) were asymptomatic or had stable angina at follow-up, and 8 returned with anginal symptoms. Four patients required repeat angioplasty for disease in other vessels, two were treated medically for angina, one underwent repeat CABG, and cardiac transplantation was performed in one patient for refractory heart failure. Angiographic follow up was obtained in 10/15 (66%) successful angioplasty patients, and only one patient demonstrated restenosis at the treated site (10%). During follow up one patient developed an IMA stenosis at a previous dissection site in the body of the graft that was treated with angioplasty. These results suggest that IMA angioplasty in patients with rest angina is associated with excellent long term patency and clinical efficacy, as well as low procedural risk. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of ostial lesions of internal mammary artery grafts.

The internal mammary artery (IMA) is currently the best graft for coronary bypass surgery and is therefore preferentially anastomosed to major arteries, usually the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. This graft may develop a stenosis, most often at the distal anastomosis. Ostial stenoses are rare and their pathophysiology uncertain. While angioplasty of distal anastomotic lesions provides adequate results, the very small number of published cases of angioplasty of ostial lesions explains the lack of knowledge on results of this type of procedure. The authors report six procedures of this type on five patients, including two with stenting. The primary success rate was 100%, with only one hospital complication in the form of pulmonary edema. Mean follow-up for 35 months revealed one sudden death due to probable restenosis, another death 3 years after angioplasty from rapid fatal shock without complementary investigation, and one case of unstable angina secondary to intrastent restenosis. These results suggest that this type of angioplasty is technically feasible with low risk, and that the restenosis rate seems relatively high, potentially presenting as sudden death, in the same way as unprotected dilatation of the native left main artery. A very close clinical follow-up of these patients is therefore necessary, with angiographic control in case of suspected ischemia.     

Manifestation of coronary subclavian steal phenomenon using reactive hyperemia in the ipsilateral forearm

Coronary subclavian steal syndrome (CSSS) is a coronary steal phenomenon secondary to subclavian artery stenosis in patients who have undergone coronary bypass surgery with the internal thoracic artery. Most commonly, CSSS is diagnosed angiographically. Our case emphasizes that stress ultrasound assessment using reactive hyperemia in the ipsilateral arm elicits a functional diagnosis of CSSS.     

Left internal mammary artery side branch intervention in the management of coronary steal syndrome following coronary artery bypass grafting

Social media allows interventional cardiologists to disseminate and discuss research and clinical cases in real-time, to demonstrate and learn innovative techniques, to build professional networks, and to reach out to patients and the general public. Social media provides a democratic platform for all participants to influence the conversation and demonstrate their expertise. This review addresses the use of social media for these purposes in interventional cardiology, as well as respect for patient privacy, how to get started on social media, the creation of high-impact social media content, and the role of traditional journals in the age of social media. In the future, we hope that interventional cardiology fellowship programs will incorporate social media training into their curricula. In addition, professional societies may adapt to the rapid dissemination of data on social media by developing processes to update guidelines more rapidly and more frequently.     

Angina pectoris caused by subclavian coronary steal

A 79-year-old white woman underwent coronary bypass graft surgery using a left internal mammary artery graft. The patient represented with chest pains 4 months later. A total occlusion of the left subclavian artery was documented with a coronary subclavian steal. The patient was treated with an axillo-axillary Gore-Tex graft. Pathophysiology and therapeutic options of the coronary subclavian steal are discussed.© 1993 Wlley-Liss, Inc     

超声判断锁骨下动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术应用的价值

目的:探讨冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术前常规超声检查锁骨下动脉的价值。方法:超声检查拟CABG术患者1546例共3092条锁骨下动脉,分析锁骨下动脉狭窄及同侧椎动脉、乳内动脉的血流频谱情况,发现锁骨下动脉中度以上狭窄时以血管造影为金标准,评价椎动脉及乳内动脉逆流诊断锁骨下动脉狭窄的价值。结果:103例患者(124条锁骨下动脉)存在锁骨下动脉起始段中度以上狭窄,狭窄发生率为6.7%。锁骨下动脉狭窄侧椎动脉逆流51条,无逆流73条,余锁骨下动脉无狭窄侧椎动脉均无逆流;锁骨下动脉狭窄侧乳内动脉逆流11条,无逆流113条,余锁骨下动脉无狭窄侧乳内动脉均无逆流。以椎动脉逆流诊断同侧锁骨下动脉狭窄的敏感性为41.1%,特异性为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.706;以乳内动脉逆流诊断同侧锁骨下动脉狭窄的敏感性为8.87%,特异性为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.544。结论:根据椎动脉及乳内动脉逆流诊断同侧锁骨下动脉狭窄的价值均较低,常规超声检查锁骨下动脉对指导CABG术桥血管选择避免出现冠状动脉锁骨下动脉窃血综合征是非常重要的。     

Percutaneous transluminal laser guide wire recanalization of chronic subclavian artery occlusion in symptomatic coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.

Treatment of subclavian artery stenosis by percutaneous balloon angioplasty and adjunctive stent placement was shown to be safe and efficacious, but it may be limited in tight stenoses and long occlusions. We describe the case of a patient who experienced progressive angina pectoris associated with signs of cerebrovertebral insufficiency 9 yr after bypass surgery, including left internal mammary artery (LIMA) grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Angiography showed reversed flow through the LIMA graft into the subclavian artery and a 4-cm occlusion beginning at the origin of the left subclavian artery, representing a rare coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. After a conventional approach failed, recanalization was performed successfully using laser guide wire angioplasty with adjunctive stent placement in a combined radial and femoral approach.     

Internal mammary artery graft angioplasty: Acute and long-term outcome

Secondary to the low attrition rate of internal mammary artery grafts, limited data are available on the clinical and angiographic outcome of patients who have undergone balloon angioplasty of an internal mammary artery stenosis. This study examined a consecutive series of 68 patients who underwent balloon angioplasty of an internal mammary artery graft over a 9-year period. Procedural success was achieved in 60 of 68 (88%) patients. The primary reason for procedural failure was extreme vessel tortuosity. There were no major in-hospital complications. Angiographic follow-up was obtained in 78% of the patients with an angiographic restenosis rate of 19%. The overall event-free survival in patients with an initially successful procedure was 92%. In conclusion, internal mammary artery balloon angioplasty has both an excellent initial success rate as well as a low incidence of restenosis and repeat target lesion revascularization. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:153–156, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

乳内动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

为了探索国人应用乳内动脉做冠状动脉旁路移植术的近期临床效果,从94年10月至98年3月共60例冠心病人采用乳内动脉、桡动脉及大隐静脉做冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG).大多数为三支病变及左主干病变.中低温及常温体外循环,经主动脉根部间断灌注冷血或温血停跳液心肌保护.强调在取乳内动脉时要格外小心,不要用器械钳夹乳内动脉,牵拉应轻柔.采用8-0 Prolene线做乳内动脉与前降支等做远端吻合.吻合完成后应将乳内蒂固定于心脏表面,减少吻合口张力.最后切开左上心包让乳内动脉走行平坦,无张力.平均搭桥支数为3.5根.术后死亡1例,死亡率1.7%.使用乳内动脉做CABC是安全有效的.59例病人心绞痛完全缓解,活动能力及生活质量明显提高.     

Coronary-subclavian steal: An unusual cause of angina pectoris after successful internal mammary-coronary artery bypass grafting

Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome is a rare cause of angina pectoris after bypass grafting using the internal mammary artery. We report the 11th case in the literature and review the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder. We also review appropriate screening for this possibly increasing, yet preventable disorder.     

Anterolateral myocardial infarction induced by coronary-subclavian-vertebral steal syndrome successfully treated with stenting of the subclavian artery

A female patient with graft-dependent coronary circulation presented with vertebrobasilar insufficiency and NSTEMI (Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) related to a 100 percent stenosis of the left subclavian artery. Our review of the medical literature indicates that this is the first reported case in which a patient presented with an anterolateral NSTEMI and dizziness with subsequent angiographic evidence of both coronary subclavian and vertebral subclavian steal syndromes successfully treated with angioplasty and stenting of the left subclavian artery without any intervention in the coronary arterial tree.     

Comparison of costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery for patients with angina pectoris

To determine the costs of a procedure, the total costs of the department that provides the service must be considered and, in addition, the direct cost of the specific procedure. Applying this principle to the cost accounting of angioplasty and bypass surgery results in a direct, i.e. procedural, cost, including the initial hospital stay, of respectively 8694 Dfl and 20,987 Dfl. A review of the follow-up data for the first year after the original intervention revealed a 2% reintervention rate for bypass surgery, while this percentage was 29% for angioplasty. Adding the first year costs involved with reinterventions to the procedural costs results in a 1-year cost of angioplasty and bypass operation of 13,625 Dfl and 21,363 Dfl, respectively. It is concluded that because of reinterventions in the first year, a mark up of 57% on the procedural cost of angioplasty must be added to cover 1-year costs, while for bypass surgery this is only 1%. Nevertheless, the 1-year cost for angioplasty is still 36% less than for bypass surgery. As reinterventions after PTCA may stay considerably higher than for CABG for several years, the mark-up percentages will be substantially higher for longer time spans. This may tend to equalize the total costs of PTCA and CABG over time spans of perhaps 5-8 years. Sufficient data are not available to verify this statement. Clinicians must realize that choosing the most appropriate procedure is not only a matter of medical assessment but also a matter of cost effectiveness. CABG can be seen as an 'investment decision' while PTCA tends to become a decision with characteristics of 'maintenance planning'!     

Endovascular repair of symptomatic coronary-subclavian steal syndrome due to stenosis of the proximal left subclavian artery

We report a patient with left subclavian artery stenosis in whom the internal thoracic artery (ITA) had been used as a coronary bypass. She presented with symptomatic myocardial and brain ischemia resulting from coronary-subclavian steal syndrome and was successfully treated with angioplasty and stenting.     

Internal mammary vein to coronary artery anastomotic fistula

Two patients are presented where internal mammary artery grafting was performed for the relief of symptomatic coronary artery disease. At follow-up the internal mammary artery was occluded and a communication between the internal mammary vein and the native coronary artery was demonstrated. These patients were characterised by the early recurrence of angina or the appearance of a continuous murmur. Both patients were treated by re-operation with ligation of the arterio-venous fistula and saphenous vein grafting. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Abdominal angina: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the superior mesenteric artery

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was performed in a 65-year-old man with clinical and radiographic evidence of abdominal angina. The patient was relieved of abdominal pain immediately after the dilatation. At the angiographic follow-up (7 months later) the SMA was of normal caliber. At the last follow-up visit (14 months after intervention), the patient was still free of pain. PTA of SMA stenoses is an alternative to surgical revascularization, and can be repeated if symptoms recur.     

Anomalous origin of left internal mammary artery from the lateral junction of the left subclavian artery and aorta

We describe the first reported case of an internal mammary artery originating from the junction of the left subclavian artery and aorta. Noting this, along with other reported anomalies and various pathologic conditions, it appears warranted to perform routine preoperative internal mammary artery angiography before coronary artery bypass surgery. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Retrograde internal mammary artery flow and resistant angina pectoris: clues to the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome

A 68-year-old woman with persistent angina immediately following coronary bypass surgery using a left internal mammary artery graft was diagnosed as having "coronary-subclavian steal syndrome" 13 years after operation. We outline clinical and angiographic clues that will aid in the identification and diagnosis of this syndrome, which may become more common with the increased use of the mammary artery as a coronary bypass conduit.     

Budd-Chiari syndrome treated successfully by percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty: two cases followed-up for 6 years.

We report 2 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome that are due to complete membranous obstruction between the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. Both cases were treated successfully by King's bioptome breakthrough followed by balloon dilatation of the membrane. The patients showed remarkable symptomatic improvement and promising hemodynamic and angiographic results immediately after the procedure and 6 years later. We conclude that balloon angioplasty is a safe and effective method for treating this rare disease in selected cases.