肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

笔者回顾性分析83例肝胆管结石并狭窄患者的临床资料。 全组肝胆管结石并狭窄占同期肝胆管结石病例的31.8%。均手术治疗,常规高位胆管切开取石,同时行肝部分切除13例;附加胆肠内引流72例,T管或U型管外引流11例。术后死亡2例（2.4%）。70例随访1～18年,疗效优者51例（72.8%）,良好6例（8.5%）;术后残留结石8例（11.4%）,结石复发5例（7.1%）。笔者体会肝胆管结石常合并胆管狭窄,应采取高位胆管切开取石、整形,结合肝部分切除,胆肠内引流等手术治疗,可获得满意效果。     

肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

目的 总结肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄诊治的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析l12例临床病例的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况。结果 术前检查行B超l12例(准确率73．8％)，CT 74例(准确率86．5％)，PTC 31例(准确率93．5％)，ERCP 41例(准确率92．6％)，MRCP 28例(准确率96．4％)。全组均采取肝方叶切除，肝胆管切开取石、整形，高位胆肠吻合术进行治疗。术后并发症发生率10．75％，残石率18．7％，结石复发率为5．4％，优良率90．1％。结论 (1)，MRCP是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝方叶切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝门部狭窄胆管的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

2 肝切除治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨肝切除在肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析82例肝胆管结石患者的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况等临床资料。结果术前检查:B超诊断准确率为75.6%,CT准确率87.0%,PTC准确率90.9%,ERCP准确率93.5%,MRCP准确率94.4%。全组均采取结石所在部位肝叶、段切除,肝胆管切开取石、整形,高位胆肠吻合术等治疗。术后并发症发生率17.1%,残石率15.9%。73例随访1~16年,平均10.6年。随访期间结石复发率为6.8%,优良率90.4%。结论(1)MRCP等影像学检查是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝叶、段切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝胆管狭窄的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

肝方叶切除治疗高位胆管狭窄

报告了１１例高位胆管狭窄合并肝内胆管结石患者施行了肝方叶切除术。术前采用ＰＴＣ穿刺造影，使诊断准确率达１００％，通过ＰＴＣ及放置ＰＴＣＤ肝外引流增加肝方叶切除手术的准确性，可靠性和安全性。本组手术通过对肝方叶的处理，切开狭窄部位，达到肝内胆管多级分枝的充分显露，同时采用胆管整形，胆肠吻合，形成肝内宽盆式内引流，保证了肝内Ⅱ、Ⅲ级以下胆道通畅，通过５－７年随访，无再梗阻及手术者。     

胆囊胆管吻合外置胆囊治疗肝内胆管结石18例

<正> 我院于1998年采用“皮T胆囊胆管吻合术治疗肝胆管结石”术式。治疗肝胆管结石18例,疗效满意,现报告如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:本组18例,男7例,女11例。年龄21～69岁,平均41岁。肝内胆管结石18例,其中肝左胆管结石6例,肝右胆管结石4例,肝左右胆管结石5例,肝内胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄3例均采用皮下胆囊胆管吻合术。 1.2 手术方法:切开胆总管,尽可能取尽结石,冲洗肝内胆管,检查奥狄氏括约肌通畅后,切开胆囊壶腹与胆总管吻合(遇到肝胆管狭窄时,切开狭窄并整形后再吻合)。吻合使用1     

肝门腹侧肝脏切除治疗复杂肝胆管结石并肝门狭窄16例疗效分析

目的 探讨肝门腹侧肝脏切除手术处理复杂肝胆管结石并肝门狭窄的可行性和疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年8月湖南省人民医院肝胆外科采用肝门腹侧肝脏切除手术治疗的16例复杂肝内胆管结石并肝门狭窄病例的临床资料,随访观察结石清除及术后并发症情况。结果 16例病人中4b段部分切除7例,5段部分切除3例,4b段+5段部分切除4例,部分4b段+5段切除2例。手术均顺利完成,无住院死亡,无严重并发症。术后随访时间6~57个月。所有病人疗效评估均为优。术后胆道造影检查均未见1、2级胆管狭窄,7例有3级胆管狭窄,发现少量结石残留,术后经胆道镜取净结石,5例未能取尽,密切随访观察,无明显临床症状。结论 肝门腹侧肝脏切除手术可充分显露肝门胆管,更有效地处理复杂肝内外胆管结石并肝门狭窄,手术安全可行且能建立通畅的胆肠引流途径。     

高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗

目的探讨高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和防治。方法回顾性总结分析高位胆管良性狭窄460例的病因和治疗方法。结果病因依次为肝胆管结石(383例)、高位胆管损伤(54例)、胆囊结石Mirizzi综合征(21例)、单纯良性狭窄(2例)。分别行肝叶或肝段切除；经肝剖开狭窄胆管，肝胆管或肝门胆管空肠吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后与空肠大口吻合；吻合口狭窄切开扩大吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后T管支撑等手术。效果满意，优良率为90．1％。结论高位胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石(83．3％)和高位胆管损伤(11．7％)。肝叶或肝段切除，或联合肝内胆管或肝门胆管空肠大口吻合是治疗肝胆管结石并肝胆管狭窄的有效方法。高位胆管损伤初期修复后较易发生胆管或吻合口狭窄，再次修复以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合术效果最好。强调重在预防，在行胆道手术时避免胆管损伤。     

肝内胆管结石外科手术方法探讨

目的: 探讨肝内胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法: 总结8年间住院的165例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的外科手术治疗情况。其中A组85例行肝叶(或肝段)切除的各种术式，同时行胆管空肠吻合40例，肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合10例，T管和U管引流分别为21例和14例；B组80例行非肝叶(或肝段)切除术的各种术式，其中胆总管切开取石+T管引流23例，胆总管切开取石+U形管引流15例，胆肠吻合+胆总管取石42例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形46例。结果: A组无手术死亡；随访2～7年，术后残留结石4例，残石率4.71%；症状复发3例，复发率3.53%，无再手术者。B组无手术死亡；B组随访2～7年，术后残留结石12例，残石率15.00%。10例术后常有上腹隐痛或发热，症状复发率12.5%。术后经胆道镜取石5例，其余6例中有3例再次行肝叶切除治愈。结论: 肝段(叶)切除联合其他手术是治疗肝内胆管结石较为理想而有效的手术方式。     

肝胆管结石并高位胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

对１２７例肝胆管结石并高位胆管狭窄．用Ｂ超（术前及术中）、ＰＴＣ、术中胆道镜、结合手术探查确诊。采用联合手术，包括肝叶切除，经肝门（包括肝方叶切除）途径切开肝总管．左、右Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肝管．取石、狭窄胆管整形，高位胆肠吻合术治疗。经１～９ａ随访：总优良率８５．３１％，其中肝叶切除病例的优良率８９．５８％。     

转移胆管瓣修补肝门胆管狭窄在肝胆管结石治疗中的应用

背景与目的:肝胆管结石病病情复杂,术后复发率高,需反复多次手术。在病程晚期可继发胆汁性肝硬化、甚至肝内胆管癌等,严重影响患者生活质量。本研究主要探讨转移胆管瓣修补肝门胆管狭窄在肝胆管结石治疗中的安全性和效果。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月1日—2018年12月31日湖南省人民医院收治的36例肝门部胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。观察患者手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症、吻合口再狭窄情况。结果:8例患者为首次手术,另28例患者曾行胆囊切除、胆总管探查等手术1～4次,所有患者均采用转移胆管瓣修补肝门部胆管狭窄,行胆管盆式Roux-en-Y内引流术。其中合并右后叶切除3例、左肝外叶切除6例,肝方叶切除11例。无围术期死亡病例。手术历时(256.4±98.2)min,术中失血量(218.5±68.1)mL,术后住院(10.3±3.2)d;3例(8.3%)术后发现残余少量结石;术后出现轻微胆汁漏1例,不完全性肠梗阻1例,腹腔积液2例,胸腔积液2例,均保守治疗治愈,未出现Clavien-Dindo IIIa级以上并发症。所有患者出院后采用门诊、电话随访,中位随访时间23.6(12～46)个月。2例出现反流性胆管炎,均自行缓解,未发现有吻合口再狭窄的患者;3例(8.3%)发现结石复发。结论:转移胆管瓣修补肝门胆管狭窄治疗肝胆管结石安全有效,可供临床借鉴。     

Extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hepatic hilar bile duct diseases

BACKGROUND: Extensive hilar bile duct resection beyond the second- or third-order intrahepatic biliary radicals is usually required for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma as well as those with benign inflammatory stricture. Most hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resected with combined major hepatectomy to obtain free surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to show the surgical procedure and the usefulness of extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hilar bile duct diseases. METHODS: Five patients with hepatic hilar bile duct disease and who were unfit for major hepatectomy for several reasons underwent extensive hilar bile duct resection by way of a transhepatic approach. Four of the patients had hilar bile duct cancer, including 1 with mucous-producing bile duct cancer of low-grade malignancy and 1 with a postsurgical benign bile duct stricture. RESULTS: After extensive hilar bile duct resection, bile duct stumps ranged in number from 3 to 7 mm (mean 4.4). Surgical margins at bile duct stump were free of cancer in all 4 cancer patients. The long-term outcomes were as follows: 3 patients are alive at the time of publication, and 2 patients have died. CONCLUSIONS: A transhepatic approach may be useful when performing extensive hilar bile duct resection bile duct stricture of biliary disease at the hepatic hilus, especially in high-risk patients who are unfit for major hepatectomy as well as in those having benign bile duct stricture and low-grade malignancy.     

III|IV 型肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗

目的:探讨Ⅲ,Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗方式和效果.方法:回顾性分析2010年4月-2013年2月期间采取手术治疗的16例Ⅲ,Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料.结果:16例中行手术切除13例,切除率为81.3％ (13/16).其中行根治性切除术(R0切除)7例,非根治性切除术6例;行左半肝+尾叶切除+右肝管成形、肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例,行右半肝切除+尾叶切除+左肝管成形、肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例,行肝方叶切除及围肝门切除+胆管开口肝门区-空肠盆式吻合术7例;其中2例因总胆红素＞400 μmm.l/L而先行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)后再手术.3例患者无法完成手术切除,其中2例肿瘤侵犯门静脉左右支,1例术中发现肝脏多发转移瘤,3例均行肝内扩张胆管的术中置管引流术.所有患者的术后血清总胆红素水平均明显降低或恢复至正常,术后引流有效率为100％.1例围手术期死亡.结论:对于Ⅲ,Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌,应力争切除肿瘤,解除胆管梗阻.对肝门区胆管解剖的熟知、娴熟的手术技巧和胆大心细的操作,有望提高手术切除率.     

良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术临床分析

目的 探讨良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术的原因和再手术的方法.方法 回顾性分析良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后28例再次手术患者的临床资料.文中数据统计分析计量资料采用t检验,多因素分析采用Stepwise logistic回归分析.结果 再次手术原因为残余结石合并胆管狭窄10例,单纯吻合口狭窄11例,胆管狭窄6例,吻合口漏和十二指肠漏1例.再手术方式为:肝叶或肝段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术18例,肝正中裂劈开+胆肠Roux-en.Y吻合术5例,右半肝切除术1例,吻合口狭窄段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,腹腔引流+十二指肠造瘘+空肠造瘘术1例,胆管切开取石+T管引流术2例,术后发生并发症13例.结论 胆道再手术病情复杂,手术难度高,详细了解病情和正确的手术方式是良性胆管狭窄再手术成功的关键.     

One hundred and eleven liver resections for hilar bile duct cancer

A positive correlation between absence of residual tumor at resection margins and long-term survival in the treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma has encouraged some surgeons to use a more radical approach, including liver/portal vein resection and combined pancreatoduodenectomy. However, if liver resection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, it may not produce any overall benefit. This review was undertaken in an attempt to determine whether liver resection is a safe procedure and whether if has any beneficial effect over that of local bile duct excision alone, in terms of achieving curative resection and long-term survival. The records of 151 patients with hilar bile duct carcinoma surgically treated between June 1989 and December 1997 at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, were retrospectively analyzed. Surgical resection was possible in 128 patients. The remaining 23 patients had surgical palliative drainage. Local bile duct excision alone was performed in 17 patients. Liver resection for tumor extending to secondary bile ducts or hepatic parenchyma was performed in 111 patients; portal vein resection was necessary in 29 of these 111 patients (26.1%) and pancreatoduodenectomy was combined in 18 patients (16.2%). Seven patients died during hospitalization after liver resection, an operative mortality of 6.3%. Margins of bile duct resection were free of tumor on histologic examination in 4 of the 17 local bile duct excisions, but in 86 of the 111 liver resections. The cumulative survival rate after local bile duct excision was 85.7% at 1 year, 42.9% at 2 years, 21.4% at 3 years, and 0% at 4 years. However, the survival rate after liver resection (excluding operative mortality) was 97.1% at 1 year, 72.8% at 2 years, 55.3% at 3 years, and 24.0% at 5 years. Survival and the percentage of patients with tumor-free resection margins after liver resection were superior to those after local bile duct excision. Resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma offers long-term survival only when surgery is aggressive and includes liver resection. Received for publication on July 2, 1998; accepted on July 5, 1998     

Hepatolithiasis in the hepatic hilum mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Report of a case

We report a rare case of hepatolithiasis, which was diagnosed as hilar cholangiocarcinoma and treated with hepatectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection. A 59-year-old woman presented to a local hospital with liver dysfunction. Diagnostic imaging revealed a biliary stricture at the hepatic hilum and middle bile duct. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed, and she was referred to our hospital for definitive surgical treatment. She underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy, total caudate lobectomy, and extrahepatic bile duct resection. Gross examination of the resected specimen revealed intrahepatic stones firmly adherent to the bile duct wall. Pathological examination revealed no malignant lesions. The epithelium of the bile duct was absent underneath the stone, and the boundary between the stone and bile duct wall was ill defined. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of hepatolithiasis with a biliary stricture caused by peculiar stone formation, mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

Anatomy of the hepatic hilar area: the plate system

To surgically manage hilar bile duct carcinoma successfully, it is important to be familiar with the principal anatomical variations of the biliary and vascular components of the plate system in the hepatic hilar area, because all the variations in the bile ducts and vessels occur in the plate system. The plate system consists of bile ducts and blood vessels surrounded by a sheath. There are three plates in the hilar area: the hilar plate, the cystic plate, and the umbilical plate. The bile duct and blood vessel branches penetrate the plate system and form Glisson's capsule in all segments of the liver, except for the medial segment. The right hepatic duct is usually (in 53%–72% of individuals) formed by the union of the anterior segmental duct and the posterior segmental duct in the hilar area. However, three other variations have been found in which these segmental ducts do not form the right hepatic duct. Few anatomical variations have been identified in the left hepatic duct, but confusion arises because of the variations in the medial segment ducts (B4) which join the left hepatic duct at different sites. In 35.5% of individuals they join the hepatic duct in the vicinity of the hilar confluence (type I B4 anatomy), and in 64.5% of individuals they join the left hepatic duct some distance away from the confluence (type II B4 anatomy). Because B4 is very close to the hilar confluence in type I, hilar bile duct carcinoma can easily invade B4 and, for that reason, for curative resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma, resection of S4a (the inferior part of the medial segment) should be considered along with the resection of extrahepatic bile duct and caudate lobe. Variations in the portal vein and hepatic artery are found in 16%–26% and 31%–33% of individuals, respectively. Because a considerable number of anatomical variations in the bile ducts and vessels persist in the hilar area, and the reported proportions of the different variations vary, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the plate system and the variations in the bile ducts and blood vessels in the hilar area to perform safe and curative surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Received: June 3, 2000 / Accepted: July 20, 2000     

Hepatic hilar bile duct cancer treated by multidisciplinary approach

The effects of a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of hepatic hilar bile duct cancer were evaluated in 24 of 31 resected patients operated from 1985 through 1992. Our multidisciplinary treatment included preoperative biliary drainage, hepatic hilar resection with hepatic portajejunostomy, intraoperative targeting chemotherapy, and postoperative intracavitary irradiation, using a remote after loading system. Before surgical resection, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed in patients with hyperbilirubinemia to reduce their serum bilirubin level and to improve hepatic function. Six patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy, due to cancer invasion, in addition to hepatic hilar resection. Postoperative intracavitary irradiation with⁶⁰Co was performed via bile duct and inferior vena cava. There were no serious postoperative complications or postoperative deaths among patients treated by our multidisciplinary approach. The overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 71%, 58%, and 24%, respectively. In curatively resected patients, the 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 100%, 80% and 53%, respectively. These results demonstrate that our multidisciplinary therapeutic modality gives better survival rates than those reported previously. Offprint requests to: J. Tanaka This paper was presented in a Panel Discussion of the 93rd Annual Congress of the Japan Surgical Society in Sendai, Japan, April, 1993.