嗓音训练在单侧声带息肉术后嗓音恢复中的应用

目的 探讨单侧大、小声带息肉术后发声功能恢复规律和嗓音训练最佳时机.方法 选取68例武汉市第三医院耳鼻咽喉科行单侧声带息肉手术患者,根据与声带平行的息肉最大直径占同侧声带膜部1/3以下称为小声带息肉,1/3及以上为大声带息肉,分成大声带息肉组30例,小声带息肉组38例,每组随机分成嗓音训练组和禁声组;分别于术前1d,术...     

Use of YAG laser combined with mucosal suturing for the treatment of polypoid vocal cord]

To improve low-pitched voices in cases with polypoid vocal cords, YAG laser irradiation combined with a mucosal suturing technique was attempted in 9 female cases with severe polypoid changes in their vocal cords. A YAG laser beam (5 to 10 W) was used to irradiate the upper surface of the polypoid vocal cord. The polypoid content of the cord was gradually coagulated, and the free edge of the cord appeared to slide up toward the burned area. The polypoid content was then removed and squeezed through an open wound made in the burned area using a conventional method. Bleeding was successfully controlled using the laser. After the excessive mucosal margin was trimmed and the contour of the vocal cord was adjusted, the wound was closed by 7-0 monofilament absorbable suture. Suturing was relatively easy because the mucosal edge was also coagulated. Postoperative evaluations of voice quality revealed an improvement in the GRBAS scale of voice quality as well as an elevation in voice pitch and an upwards shift in the voice range in all cases.     

Laryngeal pacing in unilateral vocal cord paralysis. An experimental study

In an attempt to remobilize a unilaterally paralyzed vocal cord, experiments were made in five adult dogs. Adduction of the paralyzed vocal cord for phonation in synchrony with the intact cord was achieved by electrical stimulation of the adductor muscles that was triggered by the signals from the cricothyroid muscle. The difference in the level of action potentials of the cricothyroid muscle between during phonation and during respiration was used for setting the threshold so as to differentiate phonation from respiration. Nearly synchronous movement of the two vocal cords thereby attained during phonation greatly improved the voice quality that was hoarse without the paced stimulation.     

Vocal cord sulcus

Vocal cord sulcus is a congenital condition consisting of a furrow on the medial edge of the vocal cord. It is most often bilateral but may be unilateral. The symptoms are a hoarse and breathy voice due to incomplete closure of the vocal cords. The present series comprises 15 patients found among 1,400 patients with voice and speech disorders. The condition is often overlooked and regarded as part of a primary functional hyperkinetic voice disorder. By close inspection the furrow can often be seen by indirect laryngoscopy. In many cases, however, microlaryngoscopy under general anaesthesia should be performed, but the furrow is only detected if a search is made for it. The condition is often found in younger patients, probably due to the fact that the sulcus is difficult to detect in older patients who have developed severe organic changes in a effort to overcome the incomplete closure of the glottis.     

Spasmodic dysphonia combined with insufficient glottic closure by phonation

The authors describe the case history of a patient who suffered from symptoms deriving from two different origins. The patient's voice was spasmodic dysphonia-like interrupted and pressed. At the same time, his voice was powerless, too. The reason for this was that besides the spasmodic dysphonia caused by hyperkinesis, an incomplete closure of the vocal cords during phonation in the middle third was present. It was caused by the atrophy of the vocal cords. In order to eliminate the symptoms, initially we injected 25 IU Botox into the left vocal cord transcutaneously under the direction of EMG control. It resulted in a fluent, though breathy voice. In order to manage the closing insufficiency during phonation, we performed lipoaugmentation on the left vocal cord under high-frequency jet anaesthesia. The result of the two-step procedure was a fluent and clear voice. The speech without interruption lasted for 5 months, until the drug was eliminated. Of course, to prolong the result, the Botox injection should be repeated.     

Eine vereinfachte Methode der endolaryngealen Glottiserweiterung

Summary In contrary to the Thornell procedure in surgical treatment of bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords, we do not remove the arytenoid cartilage, but only the processus vocalis. After preparing a subglottic pedicled mucosaflap, a partial resection of vocal cord and the vocal muscles as Kleinsasser has described, is following. An endolaryngeal foam-rubber finger-stall allows an optimal adaption of mucosaflap. In 12 cases the tracheal tube was removed 3–12 days later. 2 years follow-up studies are showing that all 14 patients have a satisfying respiration, the voice was partially hoarse, or nearly as good as before operation.

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Hern Prof. Kittel danke ich seine zusätzlichen Bemerkungen.     

声带良性增生性疾病的元音语图分析

目的研究正常人及声带良性增生性疾病患者元音语图声学特征,探讨该测试方法在声带良性增生疾病的诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法采用“电子计算机声学测试系统”对５０例正常成人及５０例声带良性增生性疾病患者发持续元音／ａ／时的声音信号进行检测,分析元音语图谐波、共振峰及噪声成分特征及变化规律。结果声带良性增生性病变者语图表现谐波及共振峰不规则、断裂甚至缺失,噪声成分增加。病理语图分为三种类型,可反映心理听觉评价的嗓音嘶哑程度。喉显微手术后语图可表现谐波及共振峰规律及连续性逐渐恢复,噪声成分逐步减少。结论计算机元音语图测试方法简单、有效,可为声带良性增生及其它嗓音疾病者声音嘶哑程度的判断及疗效评价提供客观依据。     

声带息肉诊断与治疗

声带息肉是引起声音嘶哑的常见疾病之一,主要由于错误发声和用声不当等原因导致,目前我国主要以手术治疗为主,保守治疗为辅。手术治疗主要为声带内侧微瓣膜切除术,保守治疗包括基础行为干预、心理干预、声休和嗓音训练等方面。本文就目前声带息肉的诊断与治疗进展进行综述。     

Pathological and clinical assessment of polypoid hypertrophy of the vocal cords

Polypoid hypertrophy of mucosa of the vocal cord is the most common non-neoplastic disease of the larynx. This hypertrophy has a form of simple polyp of vocal cord or polypoid hypertrophy of the whole length of one or both vocal cords. In most cases a course of the disease is typical. In a few cases we can observe changes in polyp epithelium, i.e. hyperplasia or even dysplasia. Clinical and histological analysis of 809 patients treated because of laryngeal polyps (by Kleinsasser microsurgical procedure) within the period of 1981-1995 at ENT Clinic in Gdańsk was made. Sex and age of the patients, macroscopic picture of the disease as well as treatment and results were assessed. Special attention was paid to the problem of polyp epithelium rebuilding. In a few cases, polyp of the vocal cord should be assessed as praecancerous state.     

肌紧张性发声障碍的临床特征及嗓音声学评估

目的观察肌紧张性发声障碍(muscular tension dysphonia,MTD)患者的临床特点,探讨喉镜检查及计算机嗓音声学检测技术在此类发声障碍诊断中的应用价值。方法观察46例MTD患者发声特点及颈部体征,采用电子喉镜和计算机嗓音声学测试系统对46例MTD患者和40例正常成人进行检查,分析评估MTD患者临床表现、喉镜图像及嗓音声学特征。结果MTD患者发声呈过强、挤压、粗糙、嘶哑等特点;发声时呼吸表浅、颈部肌肉紧张、颈静脉怒张、喉结上移。喉镜显示喉腔缩小、声门前后径缩短、声门暴露差等,声带外观正常,张力增加,闭合过紧,假声带代偿性内收。嗓音声学检测显示患者嗓音具有正常和病理声学特征交替出现的特点。其特征为频率微扰(jitter)、振幅微扰(shi mmer)数值较正常升高(P<0.05),标准化噪声能量(NNE)变化不明显(P>0.05),声谱图高频区谐波及第2、3共振峰不规则、不连续、波纹抖动或消失。结论MTD患者发声过强及颈部肌肉紧张。喉镜检查声门过度闭合、声带正常。能检测到正常jitter、shi mmer、NNE及声谱图。     

Ventricular cord hyperplasias of the larynx-pathogenesis and treatment (author's transl)]

Primary hyperplasia of the ventricular cords can produce voice disturbance or can be a secondary change caused by a primary voice disorder. Primary hyperplasia, besides inflammation or tumour, arises in aging people by a metaplastic process of the glandular epithelium of the ventricular cords. These lesions are called "grandular-cystic ventricular cord hyperplasias". Secondary hyperplasias are mainly of a fibrous nature. These "fibrous-vicarious hyperplasias" arise in hyperkinetic functional voice disorders, in pareses or in some cases of extensive chronic hyperplastic or oedematous laryngitis if the vocal cords can no more be used for normal phonation. Endolaryngeal microsurgical excision from the ventricular cords followed by voice exercises enables us to treat the "ventricular cord voice" successfully within a short time.     

自体脂肪声带内注射术治疗单侧声带麻痹的远期疗效观察

目的　探讨自体脂肪声带内注射术治疗单侧声带麻痹的远期疗效。方法　 2 0例单侧声带麻痹患者将取自体腹部的脂肪颗粒注射到麻痹侧声带 ,使声带隆起 ,声门闭合 ,恢复嗓音功能 ;所有病例均随访 12个月以上 ,并按术前及术后即刻、近期 (3～ 6个月 )、远期 (>12个月 )通过电子喉镜以计算机软件测得患侧与健侧声带上表面面积比为参数代表患侧声带大小变化指标 ,并用嗓音疾病评估仪进行嗓音声学测试分析。按术前嗓音声学测试结果分为轻度、中度、重度 3组 ,采用自身对照统计分析结果。结果　注射后麻痹侧声带相应体积较术前明显增大 ,但随时间推移 ,麻痹侧声带内的脂肪部分吸收 ,麻痹侧声带体积逐渐减小 ,而术后近期各组及远期中重度声嘶组测得的麻痹侧声带相应体积与术前差异有显著性 ,轻度声嘶组远期测得的麻痹侧声带相应体积与术前差异无显著性。声学测试客观分析 ,注射后较注射前嘶哑程度明显好转 ,随时间延长嘶哑程度有所下降 ,但术后近期及远期嘶哑程度接近。直接反映声门闭合程度的噪声能量在注射脂肪后较注射前明显下降 ,达到正常或接近正常 ;随时间延长噪声能量稍升高 ,但与术前差异有显著性 ,且术后近期及远期的差异无显著性。结论　自体脂肪声带内注射治疗单侧声带麻痹是可选择的有效方法 ,其远期     

Vocal cord paralysis

The information presented in this article demonstrates that unilateral or bilateral vocal cord paresis or paralysis in infants and children is difficult to diagnose and difficult to manage. In an attempt to provide the otolaryngologist with a concise set of relevant guidelines, the following rules for management are presented here. 1. Suspect bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis (BAVP) when a neonate or infant presents with high-pitched inspiratory stridor and evidence of airway compromise. Factors that should increase the suspicion of BAVP include associated Arnold-Chiari malformation; congenital anatomic abnormality involving the mediastinum (for example, tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular ring, other vascular anomalies); dysmorphic syndromes, especially those involving brainstem dysfunction; and manifest findings indicative of neuromuscular disorder. The neonate or infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation and inspiratory stridor has bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis until proven otherwise. 2. Suspect unilateral vocal cord paresis or paralysis in an infant or child with hoarse voice, low-pitched cry, or breathy cry or voice. The infant who develops mild stridor and hoarse cry following surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus or tracheoesophageal fistula has a unilateral vocal cord paralysis until proven otherwise. 3. Direct laryngoscopy with the flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscope and photodocumentation using a videocassette recorder offers the best method for diagnosis of vocal cord paresis or paralysis. Additional diagnostic studies that may be helpful include radiographic studies, CT scan, MRI scan, electromyography of the larynx, and, in older children, stroboscopy. 4. In using a flexible direct laryngoscope be careful not to interpret all motions of the vocal cords or arytenoids as evidence to preclude the diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis or paresis and be careful not to mistake the anterior intraluminal portion of a normal cricoid for an "anterior glottic web." 5. Tracheotomy is often required in order to assure adequate airway during infancy for children with BAVP. However, with the advent of sophisticated cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment and methods for monitoring blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, tracheotomy can be delayed until attempts have been made to improve the adequacy of the airway with neurosurgical intervention or other procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

自体脂肪声带内注射术治疗单侧声带麻痹的远期疗效观察

OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term results of autogenous fat injection for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. METHODS: Twenty cases with unilateral vocal cord paralysis were treated by autogenous fat injection into the thyroarytenoid muscle to achieve medialization. The patients were divided into 3 groups by hoarse degree before operation, all of them were followed more than 12 months with serial video laryngoscope and voice evaluation. The ratio between paralyzed vocal cord upper surface and that of the normal vocal cord were adopted as the measurement for the vocal cord volume changes before and after operation. RESULTS: 1. The volume of paralyzed vocal cord was increased. The degree of hoarse and normalized noise energy (NNE) were evaluated by objective methods after operation. 2. The hoarse symptom was less severe after operation than that before operation. The cure cases 3 to 6 months and over 12 months after operation were nearly the same. 3. NNE of over 12 months and 3 to 6 months after operation were not significantly different, but the postoperative NNE were different with that before operation. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous fat injection was an effective method for treating unilateral vocal cord paralysis, and the long term effects were reliable.     

Voice following radiotherapy

This study was undertaken to provide information on the voice of patients following radiotherapy for glottic cancer. Part I presents findings from questionnaires returned by 227 of 235 patients successfully irradiated for glottic cancer from 1960 through 1971. Part II presents preliminary findings on the speaking fundamental frequencies of 22 irradiated patients. Normal to near-normal voice was reported by 83 percent of the 227 patients; however, 80 percent did indicate persisting vocal difficulties such as fatiguing of voice with much usage, inability to sing, reduced loudness, hoarse voice quality and inability to shout. Amount of talking during treatments appeared to affect length of time for voice to recover following treatments in those cases where it took from nine to 26 weeks; also, with increasing years since treatment, patients rated their voices more favorably. Smoking habits following treatments improved significantly with only 27 percent smoking heavily as compared with 65 percent prior to radiation therapy. No correlation was found between smoking (during or after treatments) and vocal ratings or between smoking and length of time for voice to recover. There was no relationship found between reported vocal ratings and stage of the disease. Data on mean speaking fundamental frequency seem to indicate a trend toward lower frequencies in irradiated patients as compared with normals. A trend was also noted in both irradiated and control groups for lower speaking fundamental frequencies in heavy smokers compared with non-smokers or previous smokers. These trends would indicate some vocal cord thickening or edema in irradiated patients and in heavy smokers. It is suggested that the study of irradiated patients' voices before, during and following treatments by means of audio, aerodynamic and acoustic instrumentation would yield additional information of diagnostic value on recovery of laryngeal function. It is also suggested that the voice pathologist could assist in evaluating and guiding patients in vocal usages during and following treatments.     

Carbon dioxide laser enucleation of polypoid vocal cords

Polypoid vocal cords have routinely been treated by endoscopic vocal cord stripping, often-times resulting in prolonged hoarseness postoperatively. Submucosal CO₂ laser enucleation of the polypoid tissue, with preservation of a mucosal flap on the medial edge of the cord, has proved to be a valuable improvement. The surgical procedure is described and results are presented which suggest that voice quality is better earlier than is the case after vocal cord stripping.     

Acoustic correlates of vocal quality

We have investigated the relationship between various voice qualities and several acoustic measures made from the vowel /i/ phonated by subjects with normal voices and patients with vocal disorders. Among the patients (pathological voices), five qualities were investigated: overall severity, hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, and vocal fry. Six acoustic measures were examined. With one exception, all measures were extracted from the residue signal obtained by inverse filtering the speech signal using the linear predictive coding (LPC) technique. A formal listening test was implemented to rate each pathological voice for each vocal quality. A formal listening test also rated overall excellence of the normal voices. A scale of 1-7 was used. Multiple linear regression analysis between the results of the listening test and the various acoustic measures was used with the prediction sums of squares (PRESS) as the selection criteria. Useful prediction equations of order two or less were obtained relating certain acoustic measures and the ratings of pathological voices for each of the five qualities. The two most useful parameters for predicting vocal quality were the Pitch Amplitude (PA) and the Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR). No acoustic measure could rank the normal voices.     

Vocal cord abnormalities in children with velopharyngeal valving problems

Twenty-seven subjects with borderline velopharyngeal valving mechanisms diagnosed as having hoarseness with or without vocal cord pathology participated in a follow-up study. The mean age of the subjects was 13 years, two months, and they were recalled an average of 4.7 years following initial study. The reassessment protocol included an evaluation of speech, velopharyngeal valving, behavioral and health histories, and laryngoscopy. Upon follow-up, 70 percent of the subjects retained vocal cord abnormalities. The eight subjects who had normal cords continued to demonstrate hoarse voice quality. Only 53 percent of the subjects who retained some atypical condition of the cords showed the same condition upon re-evaluation. In each case, the condition retained was vocal cord nodules. The subjects who no longer showed vocal cord pathology had an average age of 15 years, eight months, as opposed to an average of 12 years, one month for those children who retained abnormalities. This difference was significant, indicating that age was an important factor in remission. Surgical removal of vocal cord nodules without attention to improving the velopharyngeal valving mechanism proved to be an ineffective approach to management; however, improvement in valving mechanism was usually associated with improvement in the vocal cord condition although it did not always eliminate it. None of the subjects in this study demonstrated an unequivocally adequate velopharyngeal valving mechanism. This was true even in the group of subjects who retained hoarseness but lost vocal cord pathology. The study suggests that careful differential diagnosis is essential in the management of these laryngeal problems which are perhaps the result of laryngeal modification compensatory to poor velopharyngeal valving mechanisms. Investigations of laryngeal anatomy and physiology and study of functional correlates to both hoarseness and vocal cord pathology in these patients, is essential.     

声带息肉临床形态和病理特征观察

目的观察声带息肉的临床形态和病理特征。方法选择在海军总医院进行手术储存图像清晰的156例声带息肉患者的喉内镜图像及其临床资料进行分析。其中男性88例，女性68例；年龄14～76岁，中位数43．0岁；病程1～132个月，中位数6．5个月。右侧声带息肉57例，左侧61例，双侧38例。患者有单个声带息肉的118例，2个声带息肉的36例，3个声带息肉的2例。无蒂型声带息肉129例（声带息肉的基底长度大于或等于与声带息肉基底平行的声带息肉的最大径），有蒂型声带息肉27例（声带息肉的基底长度小于与声带息肉基底平行的声带息肉的最大径）。所有标本经福尔马林溶液固定，常规石蜡包埋、切片，HE染色观察。结果根据喉镜照片，对比病理观察结果把声带息肉分为五型：水肿型、血管扩张型、出血型和出血血栓型、纤维型、淀粉样变性型。156例声带息肉患者中水肿型70例（44．9％），无蒂者66例，有蒂者4例；血管扩张型49例（31．4％），无蒂者47例，有蒂者2例；纤维型15例（9．6％），无蒂者5例，有蒂者10例；出血型或出血血栓型13例（8．3％），无蒂者10例，有蒂者3例；淀粉样变性型9例（5．8％），无蒂者1例，有蒂者8例。不同类型声带息肉患者的病程进行统计分析，各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论根据临床形态将声带息肉划为不同的类型对指导临床工作有一定意义，对一部分水肿型、血管扩张型和出血型声带息肉，病变比较小、病程较短的患者可考虑保守治疗。纤维型声带息肉和淀粉样变性型声带息肉一般需要手术切除，淀粉样变性型声带息肉应注意与喉癌相鉴别。     

Histopathogenese der Stimmlippenpolypen

Summary Morphological investigations of vocal cord polyps show a partially condensated edema being organized by endothelial buds. These endothelial cells form new vessels and irregular lacunas. A lesion of the walls of the subepithelial capillaries of the vocal cords caused by the extensive mechanical irritation among the muscle and the air pressure within the glottis obviously is the first step in the formation of a polyp.