A Replicated Prospective Investigation of Life Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis

Life stress and coping responses jointly contribute to psychological adjustment in many chronic illness populations, but their significance in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been extensively investigated. Physical disability, cognitive status, negative life stress, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms were prospectively assessed in 27 adults with definite or probable MS. Of the original subjects, 22 provided two additional assessments at 6-month intervals. After accounting for cognitive status and physical disability, life stress was positively correlated with current as well as future depressive symptoms; the prospective relationship was replicated within the second pair of prospective data waves. Escape avoidance was the only coping strategy that added to the prediction of future mood symptoms, but this was not replicated. Results suggest that MS-related depressive symptoms are a function of prior disease-related impairment, life stress, and possibly escape avoidance coping.     

Depression and Social Support Among Men and Women Living With HIV

This research studies the relation between social support and depression levels within a group of HIV-positive adults from a low-middle social-economic level in Lima, Peru: 14 women and 41 men between 18 and 58 years of age. Beck's Depression Inventory was used to study the levels of depression. The Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule was used to study the levels of perceived and effective social support, as well as the necessity for such. The results were also correlated with the variables gender and sexual orientation, participation or no participation in a mutual assistance group (MAG), and the presence of symptoms. The results indicated that depression and social support vary depending on sex, sexual orientation, or whether the person belongs to a MAG.     

Independent and Mediated Contributions of Personality, Coping, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms to Physical Functioning Outcome Among Patients in Cardiac Rehabilitation

This study examined the direct and mediated contributions of psychosocial variables to posttreatment physical functioning among 142 patients receiving cardiac rehabilitation. Two models were proposed and tested. In the first model, psychosocial factors were correlated and made to predict baseline and 6-week physical functioning. The results showed that after controlling for age, illness severity, baseline physical functioning, and other psychosocial correlates, optimism and social support still significantly predicted better posttreatment physical functioning. In the second model, we explored both the direct and mediational relationships between psychosocial factors and physical health outcomes. Optimism and social support were found to contribute to health outcomes not only directly but also indirectly through the mediation of less engagement in detrimental coping and lower depressive symptoms, whereas hostility and negative coping only predicted outcomes indirectly through mediators. These findings highlighted the importance of addressing psychosocial issues and their interrelationships in cardiac rehabilitation.     

医务人员压力反应与社会支持、生活事件、应对方式的相关研究

目的：研究生活事件、应对方式、社会支持等应激有关因素对医务人员应激反应的影响。探讨在应激系统中各应激有关因素的作用途径。方法：使用领悟社会支持量表、生活事件量表、特质应对方式问卷和自编压力反应问卷对556名医务人员进行调查。结果：单因素相关分析显示：压力反应与生活事件、应对方式、社会支持之间相关均有显著性意义。多因素回归分析和路径分析表明生活事件、应对方式、社会支持对压力反应均有预测性。其中消极应对方式是影响医务人员压力反应的最主要因素；积极应对方式通过影响消极应对方式间接影响压力反应；生活事件可以直接导致压力反应，也可通过应对方式间接影响压力反应；社会支持对压力反应没有直接影响，而是通过生活事件和应对方式来影响压力反应。结论：心理压力是多因素相互作用的系统。     

Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Black American Men: Moderated-Mediation Effects of Ethnicity and Self-Esteem

Discrimination is related to depression and poor self-esteem among Black men. Poorer self-esteem is also associated with depression. However, there is limited research identifying how self-esteem may mediate the associations between discrimination and depressive symptoms for disparate ethnic groups of Black men. The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic groups as a moderator of the mediating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms among a nationally representative sample of African American (n = 1201) and Afro-Caribbean American men (n = 545) in the National Survey of American Life. Due to cultural socialization differences, we hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the associations between discrimination and depressive symptoms only for African American men, but not Afro-Caribbean American men. Moderated-mediation regression analyses indicated that the conditional indirect effects of discrimination on depressive symptoms through self-esteem were significant for African American men, but not for Afro-Caribbean men. Our results highlight important ethnic differences among Black men.     

社会支持调节青少年应激与抑郁症状的追踪研究

目的:了解社会支持对青少年应激与抑郁症状的调节作用。方法:618名在校高中生在完成了包含负性生活事件、社会支持和抑郁症状在内的首次测评后,每隔三个月完成一次包含负性生活事件和抑郁症状在内的追踪测评,在为期一年的时间内共完成4次追踪测评,采用多层线性模型对数据进行分析。结果:父母支持对青少年抑郁症状预测的主效应显著,父母支持与应激水平共同预测青少年抑郁症状的交互作用则不显著;同伴支持对青少年抑郁症状预测的主效应不显著,同伴支持与应激水平共同预测青少年抑郁症状的交互作用显著。结论:父母支持影响青少年抑郁的发生,同伴支持能有效缓冲应激事件给青少年抑郁症状带来的不良影响。     

Stress,Social Support,and Behavior Symptoms in Middle Childhood

This research concerns the distinction between stress associated with major life events and that associated with "daily hassles" as well as the possible moderating influences of social support. We analyzed data from 159 school-age children, 6 and 9 years old, and their mothers to examine the relationship between stress and behavior symptoms. We considered a subsample of 35 of these families to be a high stress group because of marital separation or divorce within the 4-year period prior to the study. The findings documented the expected relationships between behavior symptoms and stress, whether operationalized as life events or hassles. Undesirable life events showed the strongest relationship to behavior symptoms. Multiple-regression models with R2 = .32 (p < .0001) included significant main effects for stress, social support, and some interactions between them. Evidence was provided for a moderating or buffering influence of social support on the relationship between stress and illness. However, the model including interaction effects did not account for appreciably more variance, suggesting that the simpler, more parsimonious main effects conceptualization was at least as useful, if not more so.     

Religiousness and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents

Examined the relations between depressive symptoms and (a) 3 standard indicators of religiousness and (b) a potentially more age-specific indicator in a sample of 744 adolescents (M age = 13.06 years, SD = 0.45). Adolescents completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality. Results indicate that several dimensions of religiousness are associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (i.e., attendance, self-ranking, and positive interpersonal religious experience), whereas negative interpersonal religious experience was associated with higher levels. These relations were not moderated by sex or ethnicity. Interpersonal religious experience had a stronger relation with depressive symptoms than did the standard dimensions of religiousness. The importance of social support during adolescence and future directions for this relatively new area of research are discussed.     

初中生应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式与心理症状关系的结构模型

目的:构建初中生应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式与心理症状的关系模型.方法:对1009名初中生分别采用应激生活事件问卷、应对方式问卷、社会支持问卷和症状自评量表进行测量,进而用结构方程模型的方法构建了潜变量之间的关系模型.结果:应激生活事件、社会支持、积极应对、消极应对对症状总分有直接影响(权重分别是0.565、-0.064、-0.172、0.377),应激生活事件、社会支持、消极应对对症状总分有间接影响(权重分别是0.161、-0.042、-0.115).结构方程分析表明,女生的社会支持、消极应对对症状总分的影响比男生组更大(女生权重为-0.142和0.292,男生权重为-0.097和0.198).结论:应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式对心理症状的作用得到结构方程模型的有力支持.     

初产孕妇早期的心身症状特点及相关因素

孕妇早期的心身健康日益受到了人们的关注,但目前相关的研究较少,且不够系统.本文对初产孕妇早期的心身症状特点及其相关的心理社会影响因素进行了调查,以期为心理干预提供科学依据,为整个妊娠过程打下良好基础.     

已婚成人社会支持、应对方式与婚姻满意度的关系

目的探讨社会支持、应对方式与已婚成人婚姻满意度的关系。方法抽取天津市241名已婚人士,其中男性118人,女性123人。每位受试者接受婚姻满意度量表、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷的测查。结果①婚姻满意度与客观支持呈显著正相关,婚姻满意度的社会层面与支持的利用度呈显著正相关;②婚姻满意度与积极应对呈显著的正相关。与消极应对呈显著的负相关;③客观支持、积极应对方式及消极应对方式可以预测婚姻满意度。结论应对方式是影响婚姻满意度的重要因素。     

职业技术学校教师的职业压力、应对方式与社会支持调查

目的：探讨职业技术学校教师的职业压力、应对方式与社会支持之间的关系。方法：被试为197名职业技术学校教师，采用教师职业压力问卷、应对方式问卷和社会支持评定量表进行调查。结果：①职业技术学校教师的学校压力显著高于社会压力和个人压力，社会压力显著高于个人压力。②职业技术学校教师采用的积极应对方式显著多于消极应对方式。③教师的职业压力与消极应对呈显著正相关，与主观支持呈显著负相关。④消极应付方式和主观支持对职业压力有显著的预测作用。结论：职业技术学校教师的心理健康状况良好，但仍然有较高的来自学校方面的压力，应寻求更多的客观支持和主观支持，采更多的积极应对方式来缓解压力。     

A Longitudinal Examination of Social Support,Agreeableness and Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Kidney Disease

Research examining the role of social support in patient adjustment to chronic illness has been inconsistent suggesting that patient individual differences play a moderating role. This study examined the hypothesis that the relationship between social support and depressive symptoms would differ as a function of individual differences in trait Agreeableness. Fifty-nine patients with chronic kidney disease were assessed using the Social Provisions Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and NEO-Five-Factor Inventory and were followed-up a year and a half later. After controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and clinical characteristics, regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between social support and Agreeableness predicting change in depressive symptoms. Greater social support among individuals high in Agreeableness was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms over time, while support had little effect on depression change for individuals low in Agreeableness. These findings underscore the importance of individual difference variables in understanding adjustment to chronic illness.     

Ethnic Identity and Perceived Stress in HIV+ Minority Women: The Role of Coping Self-Efficacy and Social Support

Background  

Ethnic minority women living with HIV (WLWH) face multiple stigmas that can contribute to overwhelming levels of stress, which could hamper their ability to manage their chronic disease. Little is known about whether having a greater sense of ethnic identity might insulate WLWH from stress. It is also possible that certain cognitive and interpersonal factors (i.e., coping self-efficacy and perceived social support) may act as mediators of this relationship. We hypothesized that WLWH with a greater sense of ethnic identity would report less stress because they access these cognitive and interpersonal resources to better manage stressors.     

Links Among Attachment-Related Cognitions and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

We assessed the role of self-evaluative and support-seeking processes as mediators of the relation between maternal representations and depressive symptoms in a sample of 168 young adolescents. Representations of mother as unavailable, unresponsive, and unsupportive were associated with depressive symptoms measured by semistructured interview and self-report. Moderation tests revealed that the association between maternal representations and depressive symptoms varied as a function of stress level for self-reported symptoms only. Subsequent mediation analyses for higher and lower stress groups showed that support seeking functioned as a mediator in the higher, but not lower, stress group. When depressive symptoms were assessed via interview, results with the full sample indicated that self-worth contingencies mediated the association between maternal representations and symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of the identification of proximal targets for intervention.     

应对策略和社会支持对癌症病人创伤后应激障碍症状的影响

本研究调查癌症病人创伤后应激障碍的状况及其与应对策略和社会支持的关系. 1 对象与方法 1.1 对象 2005年9月至2006年1月调查了北京市某医院肿瘤科确诊为癌症,年龄在18岁以上,可以读写,意识清楚,没有可以混淆测查的精神问题并愿意参与调查的228名住院病人,共取得205份有效数据.其中男性102人,女性103人;平均年龄62±13岁.     

Workplace Stress and Working from Home Influence Depressive Symptoms Among Employed Women with Young Children

Background

Poor balance between work and family can be a major stressor for women with young children and have a negative impact on emotional well-being. Family-friendly workplace attributes may reduce stress and depressive symptoms among this population. However, few studies have analyzed the role of specific workplace attributes on mental health outcomes among women with young children because available data are limited.

Purpose

This study examines the impact of workplace attributes on changes in depressive symptoms among working women with young children between 6 and 24 months of age.

Method

This study uses data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) collected between 1991 and 1993 to examine the effects of work intensity, work schedule (night/day/variable), schedule flexibility, working from home, and work stress on changes in depressive symptoms among a national US sample of 570 women who returned to work within 6 months after childbirth. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the CES-D score. Treatment effects were estimated using fixed effects regression models.

Results

Working from home and work stress predicted within-individual changes in depressive symptoms between 6 and 24 months postchildbirth. Women who worked from home reported a statistically significant decrease in depression scores over time (β?=??1.36, SE?=?0.51, p?=?0.002). Women who reported a one-unit increase in job concerns experienced, on average, a 2-point increase in depression scores over time (β?=?1.73, SE?=?0.37, p?<?0.01). Work intensity, work schedule, and schedule flexibility were not associated with changes in depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

This study is one of the few to use longitudinal data and causal-inference techniques to examine whether specific workplace attributes influence depressive symptoms among women with young children. Reducing stress in the workplace and allowing women to work from home may improve mental health among women who transition back to work soon after childbirth.

     

离异家庭高中生生活事件、应对方式和社会支持的调查研究

目的探讨离异家庭高中生的生活事件、应对方式和社会支持状况。方法采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)对42例离异家庭高中生(以下称离异组)及42例完整家庭高中生(以下称完整组)进行对照研究。结果①离异组ASLEC因子评分均明显高于完整组,其中受惩罚和健康适应差异显著(t=2.93,2.78;P<0.01),差异均具有统计学意义;②离异组TCSQ的积极应对评分低于完整组(t=2.68,P<0.01),消极应对评分高于完整组(t=-2.32,P<0.05),消极应对表现突出,差异均具有统计学意义;③离异组与完整组PSSS的因子评分比较均具有显著性差异(t=2.39,2.27,2.05;P<0.05)。结论离异家庭高中生所遭遇的生活事件较多,而且强度较大,社会支持不足,面对压力情景时倾向于消极应对。     

高职院校学生生活事件、应对方式和社会支持及孤独感的相关性

目的:考察高职院校学生生活事件、应对方式和社会支持与孤独感的关系,为高职院校学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法:对山东几所高职院校随机整群抽取284名学生,采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、特质应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表和UCLA孤独量表进行调查。结果:男生(t=-12.722,P0.01)、来自农村(t=2.869,P0.05)、独生子女(t=2.081,P0.05)有较高孤独感;生活事件(r=0.140~0.367,P0.05)、消极应对方式(r=0.157,P0.01)和社会支持(r=-0.251,0.296,-0.275;P0.01)都与孤独感有显著相关性;生活事件、消极应对方式和社会支持能有效预测孤独感,其中社会支持是生活事件和孤独感之间关系的中介因素。结论:提高高职院校学生对社会支持的主观感知能力,能有效降低其孤独感。     

Social Support,Dysfunctional Coping,and Community Reintegration as Predictors of PTSD Among Human Trafficking Survivors

Human trafficking exerts psychological effects on survivors that persist after intervention, and even after community reintegration. Effects include anxiety, depression, alienation, disorientation, aggression, suicidal ideation, attention deficit, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Community supports and coping mechanisms may mitigate these effects. The report presented here is part of a long-term program of research to develop and test evidence-informed mental health and human capacity-building intervention programs for women and girls who are victims of trafficking. Structural equation modeling was used to assess a conditional process model (moderated mediation) of the effect of social support, coping, and community reintegration on PTSD among n = 144 girls and women. Participants received psychosocial intervention at a residential care facility for trafficking survivors. Results indicate model fit was excellent. Results indicate community reintegration indirectly influenced PTSD through its effect on perceived social support. Survivors who reported more difficulty reintegrating back into the community perceived less social support than those that reported easier community reintegration, and trafficking survivors who perceived less social support indicated more PTSD. Survivors with more PTSD symptoms tended to report using more dysfunctional coping mechanisms.