New approach to management of intraaortic balloon pumps in patients with peripheral vascular disease: case reports of four patients requiring urgent IABP insertion.

Four selected cases of emergent IABP insertion in PV patients are presented. After angiographic documentation of critical iliac stenosis, conservative peripheral angioplasty was performed prior to IABP insertion. No patient experienced a peripheral ischemic event associated with IABP use.     

Transbrachial insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump for complex coronary angioplasty.

Transfemoral insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) for hemodynamic support is a useful adjunct in patients undergoing complex percutaneous revascularization procedures. However, this approach is not always possible, particularly in patients with severe occlusive peripheral vascular disease. We describe the first reported case of insertion of IABP through the brachial artery.     

Intraaortic balloon pump insertion after percutaneous revascularization in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease

Severe aortoiliac peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is considered a contraindication for the placement of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) because of a high risk of limb ischemia. Recent advances in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stenting have altered the treatment of iliac stenoses such that the results of PTA with stenting compare favorably with surgery. We reviewed our experience with placement of IABP between July 1994 and February 1996. Of 64 patients receiving IABP, 17 had known or suspected peripheral vascular disease. Severe iliac or distal aortic stenoses were present in 9. These 9 patients underwent PTA with or without stenting prior to 10 IABP insertions. Limb ischemia occurred in 10% of PVD patients treated with percutaneous revascularization, compared to 11% in patients without PVD. No patient had a serious vascular complication or required vascular surgery. We conclude that percutaneous revascularization in patients with severe aortoiliac PVD, for whom this IABP insertion had previously been considered contraindicated, results in a low rate of limb ischemia. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:1–6, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Impact of intra-aortic balloon pump support initiated before versus after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with cardiogenic shock from acute myocardial infarction

Background

Little evidence is available on the optimal sequence of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support initiation and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients who present with cardiogenic shock from ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the order of IABP insertion and primary PCI and its association with infarct size and mortality.

Methods

A series of 173 consecutive patients admitted with cardiogenic shock from STEMI and treated with primary PCI and IABP between 2000 and 2009 were included. The order of IABP insertion and primary PCI was left at the discretion of the interventional cardiologist.

Results

All baseline characteristics were similar in patients who first received IABP (n = 87) and patients who received IABP directly after PCI (n = 86). In these two groups, cumulative 30-day mortality was 44% and 37% respectively (p = 0.39). Median peak serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations were 5692 U/l and 4034 U/l respectively (p = 0.048). In multivariable analysis, IABP insertion before PCI was independently associated with higher CK levels (p = 0.046). In patients who survived 30 days, IABP insertion before PCI was not associated with late mortality evaluated at five years of follow-up (HR1.5, 95% CI 0.7–3.3; p = 0.34).

Conclusions

Early IABP insertion before primary PCI might be associated with higher peak CK levels, indicating a larger infarct size. A possible explanation may be the increased reperfusion delay. Our study suggests that early reperfusion could have priority over routine early IABP insertion in STEMI patients with cardiogenic shock. Randomized studies are needed to determine the optimal timing of IABP insertion relative to primary PCI.     

Intra‐aortic balloon pump insertion through the right subclavian artery in a patient of anterior wall myocardial infarction with ventricular septal rupture and severe peripheral artery obstruction disease

Intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) is used in cardiogenic shock of different etiologies. Routinely, it is inserted through the transfemoral access, but in the patients with severe peripheral artery obstruction disease (PAOD), use of alternative approach is needed. In this case report, IABP insertion through the right subclavian artery with the help of cardiothoracic surgeon in a patient of anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI) with severe PAOD has been described. A 60‐years‐old male patient, with the history of chronic smoking, presented with progressing chest pain for last 3 days. On the basis of clinical examination and radiological findings, he was diagnosed with AWMI along with the ventricular septal rupture and PAOD. The patient was advised to undergo coronary artery bypass graft with VSR repair, but to stabilize the patient, it was necessary to put him on IABP. Because of the severe PAOD, femoral access was not suitable to insert the IABP, and hence, the right subclavian route was accessed. Then, the patient was operated and no other complications were encountered. Subclavian arterial IABP insertion under local anesthesia is easier and safer to perform and allows increased patient mobility. Other routes, such as, ascending aorta and axillary artery have also been discussed in other literatures, but subclavian arterial IABP insertion was found to be the best in the patients with severe PAOD. Trans‐subclavian route is an effective approach in extended IABP utilization even in patients with severe PAOD. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Prophylactic use of the intra-aortic balloon pump in high-risk cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a decision analytic view.

OBJECTIVE: As the indications for the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) continue to evolve, a potential new use may be the prophylactic preoperative insertion of the IABP in the high-risk cardiac patient undergoing noncardiac surgery. Our objective is to present a general approach to the high-risk cardiac patient who may benefit from the prophylactic insertion of the IABP. DESIGN: Case reports and a decision analysis. METHODS: A decision model was constructed that weighs the risk of life-threatening postoperative complications against the risk of vascular complications, including surgery and possible amputation, from IABP insertion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A review of the literature identified 10 patients who underwent IABP placement prior to noncardiac surgery. These patients, along with our three cases, define a population of patients for whom the prophylactic IABP may be useful. This population includes patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) for whom bypass grafting is not an option due to: (1) inoperable CAD; (2) a severe coexisting disease process (such as a malignancy); or (3) the emergent nature of the noncardiac procedure. The decision analysis suggests that patients whose preoperative assessment places them at very high risk for postoperative complications (Goldman class IV or Detsky class III undergoing major surgery) may benefit the most from prophylactic placement of an IABP prior to noncardiac surgery.     

1516例男性患者非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中应用主动脉内球囊反搏危险因素Logistic分析

目的:非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)是治疗冠心病主要手段之一。本文拟通过回顾性Logistic分析1 516例施行OPCABG男性患者,术中应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)的独立危险因素,为此类患者提供手术依据和前瞻性判断。方法:采用麻醉科2007年11月至2009年2月OP-CABG围术期数据库,回顾性分析了1 516例记录齐全的男性患者OPCABG围术期资料。以术中应用IABP为因变量,将有统计学意义的单因素进行Logistic回归分析并评价各影响因素的作用大小。结果:术前射血分数(EF)<40%(OR=4.946,P=0.001)、搭桥数>3支(OR=2.340,P=0.007)、左主干病变(OR=2.857,P=0.001)、急诊(OR=4.816,P=0.001)和术中发生心房颤动(P=0.001,OR=12.188)为围术期应用IABP的独立危险因素。结论:术前EF<40%、旁路移植血管数>3支、左主干病变、急诊和术中发生心房颤动为术中应用IABP的独立危险因素,提示在遇到这类患者时,及早在术前应用IABP,对于OPCABG患者是有益的。     

Vascular complications associated with the use of intraaortic balloon pumping

Our 11-year experience with intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) was analyzed to determine the incidence and evaluate the management of vascular complications. Between 1973 and 1984, 637 patients were candidates for IABP. In 41 cases, IABP was precluded because peripheral vascular disease inhibited balloon catheter insertion. Of the 596 patients who underwent IABP, 304 (51.0%) survived the hospital period, and late follow-up information was available for 283 (93%) of these. The late results were analyzed with respect to the duration of survival and the presence of lower-extremity claudication. Sixty-six (11.1%) of the 596 patients experienced vascular complications (mainly in the form of limb ischemia). Balloon removal, followed by thromboembolectomy, restored limb viability in the majority of cases. When continued IABP was required, creation of a femoral-femoral bypass to the portion of the limb distal to the balloon allowed viability to be maintained.     

The current practice of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation: results from the Benchmark Registry.

OBJECTIVES: This study presents clinical data from the first large registry of aortic counterpulsation, a computerized database that incorporates prospectively gathered data on indications for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) use, patient demographics, concomitant medication and in-hospital outcomes and complications. BACKGROUND: The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is widely used to provide circulatory support for patients experiencing hemodynamic instability due to myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, or in very high risk patients undergoing angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Between June 1996 and August 2000, 203 hospitals worldwide (90% U.S., 10% non-U.S.) collected 16,909 patient case records (68.8% men, 31.2% women; mean age 65.9 +/- 11.7 years). RESULTS: The most frequent indications for use of IABP were as follows: to provide hemodynamic support during or after cardiac catheterization (20.6%), cardiogenic shock (18.8%), weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (16.1%), preoperative use in high risk patients (13.0%) and refractory unstable angina (12.3%). Major IABP complications (major limb ischemia, severe bleeding, balloon leak, death directly due to IABP insertion or failure) occurred in 2.6% of cases; in-hospital mortality was 21.2% (11.6% with the balloon in place). Female gender, high age and peripheral vascular disease were independent predictors of a serious complication. CONCLUSIONS: This registry provides a useful tool for monitoring the evolving practice of IABP. In the modern-day practice of IABP, complication rates are generally low, although in-hospital mortality remains high. There is an increased risk of major complications in women, older patients and patients with peripheral vascular disease.     

Thrombocytopenia in patients of acute coronary syndrome with intra-aortic balloon pumping placement

Background Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of IABP. Until now,there is no unified conclusions about the incidence,characteristics,risk factors and the prognosis of IABP related thrombocytopenia.Methods In this study,the data of patients with ACS undergoing PCI and IABP were retrospectively analyzed.All enrolled patients were divided into thrombocytopenia group and non-thrombocytopenia group according to the occurrence of thrombocytopenia after insertion of IABP. The baseline data of the two groups were compared,and the possible risk factors of thrombocytopenia and their impact on prognosis were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results Sixty-two patients were enrolled in this study. The rate ofIABP associated thrombocytopenia was 25.8%(16/62)of all patients. Older agewas an independent risk factor of IABP associated thrombocytopenia(OR:3.625;95% confidence interval:1.016-12.935;P=0.047). The incidence of TIMI bleeding events was higher in thrombocytopenia group[75.0%(12/16)vs. 43.5%(20/46),P=0.042]. The rate of in-hospital death was similar between the two groups[18.8%(3/16)vs. 17.4%(8/46),P=1.0]. Conclusion IABP associated thrombocytopenia occurs in 25.8% of patients with ACS undergoing PCI and correlates with increased TIMI bleeding events. Older age may predict IABP associated thrombocytopenia.     

The role of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Between June, 1979, and July, 1982, 14 patients required an IABP in conjunction with PTCA. The clinical indications for balloon counterpulsation, in the performance of PTCA were (1) clinically unstable situations where PTCA might otherwise be contraindicated, e.g., left main stem disease, multivessel coronary artery disease, unstable anginal syndromes, and cardiogenic shock; (2) preoperative insertion of an IABP for added safety following unsuccessful angioplasty; (3) abrupt vessel closure during a PTCA procedure in which the patient becomes hemodynamically unstable; and (4) late vessel closure following an initially successful angioplasty resulting in hemodynamic compromise. Of the 14 cases requiring balloon counterpulsation, 13 survived hospitalization and were alive at the time this report was submitted. We conclude that IABP is a useful adjunct to PTCA in a variety of clinical circumstances.     

Use of Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Patients Presenting With Cardiogenic Shock: Observations From the GUSTO-I Study

Objectives. We sought to examine the use, complications and outcomes with early intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) in patients presenting with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction and treated with thrombolytic therapy.Background. The use of IABP in patients with cardiogenic shock is widely accepted; however, there is a paucity of information on the use of this technique in patients with cardiogenic shock who are treated with thrombolytic therapy.Methods. Patients who presented within 6 h of chest pain onset were randomized to one of four thrombolytic regimens. Cardiogenic shock was not an exclusion criterion, and data for these patients were prospectively collected. Patients presenting with shock were classified into early IABP (insertion within one calendar day of enrollment) or no IABP (insertion on or after day 2 or never).Results. There were 68 (22%) IABP placements in 310 patients presenting with shock. Early IABP use occurred in 62 patients (20%) and none in 248 (80%). Most IABP use occurred in the United States (59 of 68 IABP placements) involving 32% of U.S. patients presenting with shock. Despite more adverse events in the early IABP group and more episodes of moderate bleeding, this cohort showed a trend toward lower 30-day and 1-year mortality rates.Conclusions. IABP appears to be underutilized in patients presenting with cardiogenic shock, both within and outside the United States. Early IABP institution is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and adverse events but a trend toward lower 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality.     

Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation: an eleven-year review and analysis of determinants of survival

During an 11-year period ending January 1, 1985, 352 patients had insertions of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) as an adjunct to medical or surgical therapy. Group I, 175 patients, could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and required intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). Thirty-nine patients (22%) died in the operating room. Twenty-five patients (14%) died in the acute care unit. The remaining 111 patients (63.4%) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Group II, 104 patients, had the IABP inserted preoperatively. Indications were: postinfarction cardiogenic shock (34 patients), unstable angina (35), postinfarction angina (27), poor ventricular function (six), and prophylaxis (two). Of the 62 patients with unstable angina and postinfarction angina, 57 (92%) were successfully weaned. Of the 34 patients with postinfarction cardiogenic shock, 26 were weaned, but only 16 (47%) survived to leave the hospital. Group III, 34 patients, had the IABP inserted for postoperative hemodynamic deterioration in the acute care unit at variable times: 14 (41%) patients survived. Group IV, 39 patients, had IABP support for medical therapy. Of 24 patients with postinfarction cardiogenic shock, 12 survived. Twelve of 13 patients with unstable angina lived. Of the 352 patients, 228 (65%) were discharged from the hospital. The overall incidence of complications was 12.5%. Complications related to IABP were higher with percutaneous insertion than by femoral arteriotomy (15% vs 12%). Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation effectively unloads the failing left ventricle in weaning patients from cardiopulmonary bypass (Group I). Preoperative insertion (Group II) resulted in 92% survival in patients with both pre- and postinfarction angina. Delayed insertion (Group III) in postoperative patients gave the poorest survival (41%). In patients with postinfarction cardiogenic shock, IABP without corrective cardiac surgery was associated with a 50% survival: with corrective cardiac surgery, 16 patients (47%) survived. Left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarction, and timely insertion of IABP are the primary determinants of survival. Approximately one-third of patients who required IABP will die. More involved techniques for mechanical support of the failing circulation, such as ventricular assist device or total artificial heart, may increase survival.     

严重左主干病变急救处理及急诊搭桥术对病人预后的影响

目的 探讨严重左主干病变病人不同处理方案以及外科搭桥手术者对临床预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析了左主干冠状动脉狭窄＞70%病人的临床预后.结果 共发现严重左主干病变24例.冠状动脉造影后无症状者17例(71%),在72 h内接受冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG),手术成功率为100%,住院期间无死亡病例.7例病人在冠状动脉造影后出现心肌缺血症状,其中6例在导管室内、1例在监护室出现室性心动过速,4例在导管室内抢救后,立即植入主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)并行急诊CABG术,成功率为100%.3例因未能及时植入IABP和行急诊CABG,病人均在冠状动脉造影后12 h内死亡.结论 严重左主干病变病人预后凶险,特别是冠状动脉造影后有明显缺血症状的病人,及时置入IABP和行急诊搭桥术,多能改善病人的预后.     

Indications, results of therapy and factors which influence survival in patients treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation

BACKGROUND AND AIM: During nearly 40 years of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) application in advanced medical therapy more and more indications for this treatment have been proposed. Despite increasing experience with IABP, the clinical effects of IABP use are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine results of IABP use and factors which influence survival in cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by different clinical disorders when treated with IABP. METHODS: 73 patients (mean age 58.3+/-12.6 years, 54 males) undergoing IABP were included in the study. Data were collected retrospectively. After analysis of the whole population a subgroup of patients admitted due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated. The in-hospital and overall mortality rates were assessed. RESULTS: In-hospital death occurred in 31 (42.5%) patients. Over half of these patients (n=17; 54.8%) died during first 7 days from admission. The main reason for IABP introduction was CS due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at admission in 62 (84.9%) patients. The in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI complicated by CS was 40.7%. The features which significantly influenced survival in patients with AMI were age--patients who died were older (64+/-8.9 vs. 58.6+/-9,1; p=0.0285), and ST segment changes--there was lower mortality rate in a subgroup with ST elevation AMI (18 vs. 6 patients, p=0.003). We also observed slightly higher incidence of anterior wall AMI in survivors than in non-survivors (p=0.06). CONCLUSION: Our study presents several disorders which may be treated with IABP. Acute MI still remains the most frequent indication for IABP insertion. In the present study, AMI survivors and non-survivors, differed mainly in age, ST segment changes and infarction site. Non ST segment elevation AMI was associated with worse prognosis.     

Prophylaktische intraaortale Ballongegenpulsation bei herzchirurgischen Hochrisikopatienten

Background

We examined the impact of prophylactic IABP insertion in EuroSCORE-stratified high-risk cardiac surgery patients with a score ??8.

Material and methods

A randomized trial with 104?patients either without prophylactic IABP insertion (group?A, n=52) or with IABP (group?B, n=52) was conducted. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality.

Results

The median age of the patients was 74?years and 43% of participants were females. The 30-day mortality did not differ between group?A (17.3%) and group?B (13.4%; p=0.78). The median hospital stay was 14?days in both groups. Intra- and postoperative IABP support was required by 13 patients (21%) in group?A. The median ventilation time (14?hours versus 13?hours), median catecholamine dose, frequency of dialysis-dependent acute renal failure (28% versus 18%), cardiac indices, and frequency of a low cardiac output syndrome (26% versus 25%) did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusion

Prophylactic preoperative IABP insertion in EuroSCORE-stratified high-risk patients is not associated with decreased 30-day mortality.     

Use of intraaortic balloon counter pulsation in a patient with tortuous aorta

The intraaortic balloon pulsation (IABP) catheter is commonly used to treat left ventricular failure. The abnormality of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta is considered as a relative contraindication for its insertion. We present here a patient with acute myocardial infarction with a post-infarct ventricular septal defect who presented with left ventricular failure. During coronary angiography, tortuous abdominal aorta was noted and IABP catheter was inserted under fluoroscopic guidance to support the cardiovascular system. This case is reported to encourage discussion on the use of IABP catheters in patients with tortuous aorta and avoidance of events described.     

Transbrachial intra-aortic balloon pumping for a patient with fulminant myocarditis

A 57-year-old man with acute myocarditis was transferred to our hospital from a local clinic. The patient experienced unexpected sudden cardiac arrest 16 h after admission. Mechanical cardiopulmonary support was started using percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), continuous hemodialysis filtration, and temporary cardiac pacing with percutaneous cannulation of the femoral vessels. Hematoma developed at the IABP insertion site on the 5th day after admission. The IABP was removed, and another IABP system was inserted via the left brachial artery. The patient’s condition improved, and the IABP was removed on the 9th day after admission. The remainder of the patient’s in-hospital treatment was uneventful, and he showed near-normal left ventricular systolic function 1 year after discharge.     

Coronary angioplasty in high risk patients: comparison of elective intraaortic balloon pump and percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass support--a randomized study

Forty patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 30% were randomized between prophylactic intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support (N = 20) and percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass (PCPB) support (N = 20). The indications for both groups were left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and a large area of myocardium (> 50%) being perfused by the target vessel. The IABP and PCPB supported groups were comparable in LVEF (20% +/- 6.4% vs 22.8% +/- 8.1%), mean pulmonary artery pressure (46.5 +/- 10.5 mmHg vs 42.6 +/- 12.6 mmHg), average number of vessels dilated (1.4 vs 1.3), mean inflation time (2.8 +/- 0.3 min vs 3.1 +/- 0.5 min), and hospital stay after PTCA (5.6 +/- 1.2 days vs 5.2 +/- 1.4 days). The primary success rate (95% vs 95%) and hospital mortality (5% vs 5%) were also similar in the two groups. Two patients required surgical exploration of the femoral artery and eight patients required blood transfusion in the PCPB group. IABP patients had no vascular complications and did not require blood transfusion. High risk PTCA is equally effective whether using prophylactic IABP or PCPB support. PCPB support, however, has a higher rate of vascular complications and need for blood transfusions. IABP has the additional advantage of ease of insertion and the support can be used for a longer period after PTCA, if required.     

Correlates for mortality in patients presented with acute myocardial infarct complicated by cardiogenic shock

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the correlates for mortality in patients treated with both primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and intra-aortic balloon pump counter-pulsation (IABP).BackgroundAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality rates.MethodsFrom a cohort of patients with AMI, treated with both primary PCI and IABP and who met strict definitions for CS to identify correlates associated with mortality, the study compared patients who died in-hospital to those who survived to discharge.ResultsA cohort of 93 patients met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of them, 66.7% were male, and the average age was 64.96 ± 13.06 years. The overall in-hospital mortality rate for this cohort was 33%. The baseline characteristics were balanced save for older average age and left ventricular ejection fraction in those who died (p = 0.049 and p = 0.014, respectively). Insertion of IABP pre-PCI and cardiac arrest at the catheterization lab were more frequent in those who died (p = 0.027 and p = 0.008, respectively). The insertion of IABP pre-PCI, cardiac arrest at the cath lab, and lower ejection fraction were correlated with in-hospital mortality (ORs 2.68, 5.93, and 0.02, respectively).ConclusionsIn the era of primary PCI and IABP as standard of care in AMI complicated by CS, patients with low EF, those who necessitate IABP insertion pre-PCI, and those who necessitate cardiopulmonary resuscitation during PCI are at higher risk for in-hospital mortality and should be considered for more robust hemodynamic support devices with an attempt to improve their prognosis.