黏着斑激酶表达下调对肝癌细胞黏附迁移侵袭行为的影响

目的研究下调黏着斑激酶（FAK）表达对人肝癌细胞HCC-LM3黏附迁移侵袭行为的影响及可能涉及的机制。 方法根据处理方法不同,将人肝癌细胞HCC-LM3分为未处理组（肿瘤细胞未经处理）、对照组（肿瘤细胞转染空载体,FAK表达未改变）和FAK-shRNA组（肿瘤细胞稳定低表达FAK）。分别采用细胞黏附实验、划痕实验、Transwell实验检测3组肝癌细胞的黏附、迁移、侵袭能力,Western blotting检测细胞黏附侵袭相关蛋白paxillin、p130Cas以及基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2与MMP-9蛋白的表达及活化情况。 结果FAK表达下调后,细胞黏附能力显著受到抑制,细胞迁移能力和侵袭能力均明显下降;细胞黏附分子p130Cas、paxillin的蛋白总量表达无明显改变,而磷酸化水平明显降低,其活化形式p-paxillin和p-p130Cas表达则明显受到抑制;MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达水平则在下调FAK表达后明显降低（P<0.01）。 结论在人肝癌细胞HCC-LM3中,下调FAK表达可以影响肝癌细胞黏附迁移侵袭能力,其机制可能是通过调节相关细胞黏附分子的表达或活化来实现。     

隐丹参酮对胰腺癌细胞生物学行为的影响及作用机制

背景与目的:胰腺癌是一种高度恶性的消化系统肿瘤,尽管目前针对胰腺癌的治疗方式在不断发展,患者预后仍然很差。隐丹参酮(CPT)是从植物丹参中提取的具有多种活性的单体,已被证实对宫颈癌、前列腺癌等有抗癌作用,但其对胰腺癌的作用尚不清楚,本研究通过体外实验探讨CPT对胰腺癌细胞生长和迁移的影响及相关机制,为相关的临床治疗药物研发提供理论和实验依据。方法:采用人胰腺癌BxPC-3细胞和SW1990细胞为研究对象,用3个浓度(10、20、40 μmol/L)的CPT处理该两种胰腺癌细胞不同时间(0、1、2、3 d)后,用CCK-8法检测CPT对细胞活力影响的浓度与时间效应;用以上3个浓度的CPT处理两种胰腺癌细胞24 h后,分别用克隆形成实验、划痕实验、Transwell实验检测对细胞克隆形成能力、迁移能力、侵袭能力的变化;用20 μmol/L CPT处理BxPC-3和SW1990细胞1、2、3 d后,用Western blot检测Akt、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)以及上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白vimentin、E-cadherin与细胞周期相关蛋白CDK4、cyclin D1的表达。对照组细胞均只采用溶剂(DMSO)处理。结果:与各自对照组比较,CPT处理后的两种胰腺癌细胞的生长被明显抑制,且呈时间与浓度依赖性(均P0.05);划痕愈合程度、相对克隆形成率、侵袭细胞数均明显降低,且呈浓度依赖性(均P0.05);Akt、p-Akt、vimentin、E-cadherin、CDK4、cyclin D1蛋白的表达均明显下调,且呈时间依赖性(均P0.05)。结论:CPT能有效抑制胰腺癌细胞的生长和迁移,其作用机制可能与其下调Akt的表达,并进一步导致胰腺癌细胞生长周期阻滞及抑制EMT过程有关。     

党参炔苷调节Shh/Gli1信号通路对胃癌细胞增殖、凋亡和上皮间质转化的影响

目的 ：探讨党参炔苷（LOB）调节音猬因子（Shh）/胶质细胞瘤转录因子1(Gli1)信号通路对胃癌细胞增殖、凋亡和上皮间质转化（EMT）的影响。方法：体外培养MKN-45细胞,分为对照组、LOB组（10μmol/L LOB）、SHH特异性激活剂组（PM组,1μmol/L PM）、LOB+PM组（10μmol/L LOB+1μmol/L PM）;CCK-8实验检测MKN-45细胞增殖;划痕试验检测MKN-45细胞迁移;Trans w e ll检测MKN-45细胞侵袭;流式细胞术检测MKN-45细胞凋亡;We s te rn blot检测EMT相关蛋白和Shh、Gli1蛋白表达水平。结果 ：相较于对照组,LOB组吸光度（A450）值、划痕愈合率、细胞侵袭数目及Vim e ntin、Gli1、Shh、N-cadhe rin蛋白表达下降（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率和E-cadhe rin蛋白表达显著升高（P<0.05）;PM组A450值、划痕愈合率、细胞侵袭数目及Vimentin、Gli1、Shh、N-cadherin蛋白表达增高（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率和E-cadhe...     

丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白通过活化stat3通路促进肝癌细胞上皮间质转化的研究

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白（HCVc）对肝癌细胞信号转导子和转录激活子3（stat3）通路及上皮间质转化（EMT）的影响。 方法将含HCVc基因序列的重组质粒pEGFP-N3-HCVc转染人肝癌细胞HepG2,Real-Time PCR和Western blotting检测HCVc、总stat3、磷酸化stat3（p-stat3）及EMT指标蛋白E-cadherin、Vimentin、Snail的表达,划痕实验及Transwell实验检测细胞迁移和侵袭情况。 结果划痕实验及Transwell实验结果显示,过表达HCVc可增强HepG2细胞的迁移和侵袭能力;stat3通路抑制剂AG490处理可抑制HepG2细胞的侵袭能力。RT-PCR和Western blotting结果显示,过表达HCVc后,HepG2细胞中p-stat3、Vimentin及Snail在表达升高,E-cadherin表达下降;AG490处理可下调p-stat3、Vimentin及Snail表达,增强E-cadherin表达。 结论HCVc可活化stat3通路促进肝癌细胞上皮间质转化,增强肝癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。     

二氢杨梅素对肝癌细胞黏附、侵袭及迁移的抑制作用及机制

目的：研究二氢杨梅素（DHM）对肝癌细胞黏附、侵袭和迁移能力的影响及其可能机制。 方法：用不同浓度DHM处理肝癌MHCC97L细胞后,分别检测细胞的黏附能力、迁移与侵袭能力,以及E-cadherin、MMP-2、MMP-9和VEGF蛋白表达。 结果：与空白对照细胞比较,DHM处理后的MHCC97L细胞黏附力明显降低、侵袭与迁移力明显减弱（均P<0.05）;E-cadherin表达明显上调,而MMP-9、VEGF蛋白表达明显下调的水平（均P<0.05）,但MMP-2蛋白的表达无明显改变（均P>0.05）。 结论：DHM可能通过调控E-cadherin、MMP-9和VEGF蛋白的表达抑制肝癌细胞的黏附、迁移和侵袭。     

FOXC2介导Hedgehog/Gli信号通路对乳腺癌侵袭及迁移的影响

目的探讨FOXC2介导Hedgehog/Gli信号通路通过调控上皮间质转化（EMT）途径参与乳腺癌侵袭及迁移的机制。 方法应用不同浓度环靶明（Cyclopamine）处理乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率及计算药物半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）;采用Cyclopamine或沉默FOXC2基因表达以阻断Hedgehog/Gli信号通路活化;通过Transwell小室体外侵袭实验及划痕实验分别检测阻断Hedgehog/Gli信号通路对MDA-MB-231细胞侵袭及迁移影响;Western blotting检测阻断前后Hedgehog/Gli信号通路分子Smoothened（Smo）、Gli1和EMT相关标志物FOXC2,E-cadherin及Vimentin蛋白表达变化。 结果与空白对照组比较,Cyclopamine可显著地抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖并呈现时效-量效关系,48 h的IC₅₀为25 μmol/L。Transwell小室体外侵袭实验及划痕实验均显示,与未转染组及Control-siRNA组相比,FOXC2-siRNA组和Cyclopamine组细胞穿膜数及迁移率均显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Western blotting显示,与未转染组及Control-siRNA组相比较,FOXC2-siRNA组及Cyclopamine组Smo、Gli1及FOXC2蛋白表达显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。而沉默FOXC2表达可显著降低Vimentin蛋白表达及增加E-cadherin蛋白表达,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论FOXC2通过介导Hedgehog/Gli信号通路从而调控EMT促进乳腺癌侵袭及迁移,提示阻断该信号通路有望成为乳腺癌靶向治疗新线索。     

萝卜硫素对结肠癌SW480细胞增殖、侵袭及Notch通路的影响

目的研究萝卜硫素（SFN）对人结肠癌SW480细胞增殖、侵袭及Notch通路的影响。 方法MTT法测定不同浓度SFN对SW480细胞生长抑制作用,Transwell侵袭实验测定1、2、5 μmol/L SFN对SW480细胞体外侵袭能力的影响,划痕实验测定1、2、5 μmol/L SFN对SW480细胞体外迁移能力的影响,Western blotting法测定1、2、5 μmol/L SFN处理后SW480细胞Notch、Hes1、Ki-67、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）、E-cadherin蛋白表达水平。 结果与对照组比较,1、2、5、10、20、40 μmol/L SFN处理后均能显著抑制SW480细胞增殖（P<0.05）。5 μmol/L SFN作用48 h后对SW480细胞抑制率为（26.38±3.24）%,细胞活力大于70%,为防止SW480细胞活力过低导致侵袭实验和划痕实验出现假阳性结果,因此后续实验选取SFN浓度1、2、5 μmol/L进行。侵袭和迁移实验发现,与对照组比较,人结肠癌SW480细胞经1、2、5 μmol/L SFN处理48 h后侵袭能力、迁移能力、Ki-67、PCNA、MMP-9蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）,呈浓度依赖性;与对照组比较,人结肠癌SW480细胞经1、2、5 μmol/L SFN处理48 h后,Notch、Hes1蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。 结论SFN可能通过阻断Notch通路活化,下调Hes1表达水平,达到抑制结肠癌SW480细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭的目的。     

miRNA-639在乳腺癌中表达及其意义

目的：探讨miRNA-639（miR-639）在乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌生长、侵袭及转移的关系。 方法：采用荧光定量PCR方法检测miR-639在60例乳腺癌组织（转移性乳腺癌30例,非转移性30例）与30例癌旁组织、以及人乳腺癌MD231细胞与MCF-7细胞中的表达;分析miR-639表达水平与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征关系;分别通过CCK-8实验、细胞划痕实验、Boyden小室实验检测miR-639在乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中的作用。 结果：miR-639的表达水平在乳腺癌组织中明显高于癌旁组织、在转移性乳腺癌组织中明显高于非转移性乳腺癌组织、在高侵袭性MD231细胞中明显高于低侵袭性MCF-7细胞,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。在各项临床病理因素中,miR-639的表达与仅乳腺癌患者的M分期有关（P<0.01）。转染miR-639抑制物后,MD231细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力明显降低,而转染miR-639后,MCF-7细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力明显升高（均P<0.05）。 结论：miR-639在乳腺癌中表达升高,且乳腺癌的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力随miR-639的表达水平升高而增加。

     

柚皮素对甲状腺癌细胞凋亡、自噬的影响及其与AMPK/mTORC1通路的关系

背景与目的：柚皮素（NAR）是天然的黄酮类化合物,能够抑制宫颈癌、胃癌、舌鳞癌及肝癌细胞的生长,但其对甲状腺癌细胞的作用尚不明确。本实验探讨NAR对甲状腺细胞的影响,并初步研究其作用机制,以期为甲状腺癌的药物研发提供理论基础。 方法：不同浓度的NAR处理甲状腺癌ACT-1细胞不同时间后,用MTT法检测细胞存活率,以观察NAR对ACT-1细胞的时间、浓度效应并计算IC50值。在以上实验基础上,选择适合的浓度的NAR与适合的时间处理ACT-1细胞,然后分别采用Annexin V-FITC/PI法检测细胞凋亡;绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记质粒转染检测自噬小体变化;Western blot法检测自噬相关蛋白（LC3 I、LC3 II、p62）以及AMPK/mTORC1通路相关蛋白表达的变化,以及AMPK抑制剂对NAR作用的影响。 结果：NAR能明显抑制ACT-1细胞的存活,呈时间与浓度依赖性（均P<0.05）,其12、24和48 h的IC50值分别为85.65、50.12、38.94 μg/mL。选用25、50、100 μg/mL的NAR处理ACT-1细胞24 h后,细胞凋亡率、自噬小体数量、LC3 II/LC3 I和p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达明显升高,p62和p-mTORC1/mTORC1蛋白表达明显降低,均呈浓度依赖性（均P<0.05）。用100 μg/mL NAR同时加入25 μmol/L AMPK抑制剂后处理ACT-1细胞后,NAR的以上作用以及升高凋亡效应蛋白caspase-3的作用被明显抑制（均P<0.05）。 结论：NAR能够抑制甲状腺癌ACT-1细胞增殖,诱导凋亡,这可能与其调控AMPK/mTORC1信号通路,增强自噬相关。     

AT9283对基底样乳腺癌细胞侵袭及转移的影响

目的研究Aurora激酶抑制剂AT9283对基底样乳腺癌细胞（BLBC）系MDA-MB-231细胞运动能力和凋亡的影响，探讨AT9283降低BLBC侵袭和转移的作用机制。 方法取不同浓度（0、0.01、0.1、1、10 μmol/L）AT9283处理MDA-MB-231细胞，MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率；PI染色流式细胞术检测多倍体细胞形成，Annexin V/PI双染流式细胞术、荧光染料显色观察不同浓度下AT9283诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡情况；Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达变化和Aurora激酶、Cofilin-1及磷酸化水平的改变；划痕试验及趋化试验观察AT9283对细胞迁移、趋化能力的影响。 结果AT9283（10 μmol/L）处理MDA-MB-231细胞24 h后，细胞增殖抑制率为（89.17±0.03）%，荧光染色可见AT9283处理的胞核绿染、碎裂；流式细胞术检测1 μmol/L AT9283作用于乳腺癌细胞48 h形成多倍体细胞，0.1、1、10 μmol/L AT9283作用下MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡率分别为（13.4±2.5）%、（29.5±3.4）%、（52.8±6.7）%，与对照组的（0.7±0.1）%相比，均明显升高（P<0.05）。同时，抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-XL表达减少，凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3和PARP蛋白剪切增加。AT9283可显著延长划痕愈合时间，减少趋化穿膜细胞个数（P<0.05），并有效抑制Aurora激酶及Cofilin-1的磷酸化水平。 结论AT9283可通过抑制Aurora激酶的磷酸化及Cofilin-1磷酸化水平而诱导BLBC细胞系凋亡，并抑制其运动，从而抑制侵袭及转移。     

Data,information, knowledge,wisdom, and understanding

The digital age commenced in the mid-20th century and since we have seen approximately exponential growth in information. This period has also seen the rapid growth of computer technology that has facilitated, for instance, the derivation of whole genomes and automated drug discovery. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom lay the foundations for understanding how experience is formed from evidence and observations. When data are put into context, the resultant information can drive growth and further contribute to increased knowledge. Appreciating the source of data enables us to recognize and hopefully correct for inherent error and bias. Ultimately knowledge discovery can be automated to gain information from data and so on, enhancing our understanding of a given subject and expanding collective wisdom.     

Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration, and consequences

BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies have suggested an association between systemic hypotension and hypoxia and worsened outcome from traumatic brain injury. Little is known, however, about the frequency and duration of these potentially preventable causes of secondary brain injury. HYPOTHESIS: Early episodes of hypoxia and hypotension occurring during initial resuscitation will have a significant impact on outcome following traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Patients with a traumatic brain injury who had a Glasgow Coma Score of 12 or less within the first 24 hours of admission to the hospital and computed tomographic scan results demonstrating intracranial pathologic features. Patients who died in the emergency department were excluded from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Automated blood pressure and pulse oximetry readings were collected prospectively from the time of arrival through initial resuscitation. The number and duration of hypotensive (systolic blood pressure, < or =90 mm Hg) and hypoxic (oxygen saturation, < or =92%) events were analyzed for their association with mortality and neurological outcome. RESULTS: One hundred seven patients met the enrollment criteria (median Glasgow Coma Score, 7). Overall mortality was 43%. Twenty-six patients (24%) had hypotension while in the emergency department, with an average of 1.5 episodes per patient (mean duration, 9.1 minutes). Of these 26 patients with hypotension, 17 (65%) died (P =.01). When the number of hypotensive episodes increased from 1 to 2 or more, the odds ratio for death increased from 2.1 to 8.1. Forty-one patients (38%) had hypoxia, with an average of 2.1 episodes per patient (mean duration, 8.7 minutes). Of these 41 patients with hypoxia, 18 (44%) died (P =.68). CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension, but not hypoxia, occurring in the initial phase of resuscitation is significantly (P =.009) associated with increased mortality following brain injury, even when episodes are relatively short. These prospective data reinforce the need for early continuous monitoring and improved treatment of hypotension in brain-injured patients.     

Distribution, elimination, and action of d-tubocurarine in neonates, infants, children, and adults

The relation of plasma concentration of d-tubocurarine (dTc) to neuromuscular blockade, and the distribution and urinary excretion of dTc was determined in neonates (n = 4), infants (n = 6), children (n = 8), and adults (n = 8). The plasma concentration-time course curves to 24 hr are best described for all groups by three-compartment models. Both neonates and infants exhibit decreased plasma clearance (CLP), 1.1 +/- 0.08 and 1.0 +/- 0.06 ml X kg-1 X min-1, and in addition a prolonged t1/2 terminal phase, 311 +/- 44 and 306 +/- 35 (mean +/- SEM, min). The neonates' 24-hr urinary excretion, 27 +/- 2 (mean +/- SEM, % total dose) is significantly less than the adult value, 45 +/- 4% total dose. There was no significant difference seen in the log plasma concentration-evoked compound electromyogram (ECEMG) response between 20-80% paralysis for adults, children, infants, and five of the seven neonates studied. Two of the neonates had a significant shift of their log concentration-response curve to the right. There was also no significant difference between any of the groups in the time for 50% return of ECEMG stimulus height or the time required for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value. for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value.     

Laparotomy, laparoscopy, cancer, and beyond

The fate of laparoscopic methods for the treatment of cancer remains uncertain. Published middle-range oncologic results from nonrandomized studies demonstrate that laparoscopic methods are associated with an outcome comparable with results after open resection. The world awaits the 3- and 5-year oncologic results of the ongoing randomized and prospective trials. There is a possibility that laparoscopic methods may be associated with a survival benefit. Port tumors remain a concern. However, results at this writing suggest that these recurrences take place at a frequency similar to that of incisional recurrences following open cancer resection. Port tumors currently are viewed as local recurrences. Traumatization of the tumor at the time of resection is thought to be the most important surgery-related risk factor. The demonstration of a survival benefit in a randomized trial would likely have a tremendous impact on the surgical world. Avoidance of laparotomy-related immunosuppression and tumor stimulation, both of which have been well demonstrated in animal studies, theoretically, might account for differences in cancer outcome. The early postoperative period may be a critical time during which the fate of many cancer patients is determined. It is possible that this may be an ideal time frame for antitumor immunotherapy because the tumor burden is at its lowest, and because immunotherapy, unlike conventional chemotherapy, is unlikely to have a negative impact on wound and anastomotic healing. Perioperative nonspecific upregulation of immune function via pharmacologic means may improve long-term oncologic results. Similarly, preoperative tumor vaccines might provide patients with a specific means of combating any remaining tumor cells after curative resection. The results of several recently completed murine studies support both of these ideas. Finally, early postoperative administration of monoclonal antitumor antibodies might provide patients with specific means of combating any remaining tumor cells after curative resection. The introduction of advanced minimally invasive techniques nearly a decade ago has led to new methods of approaching malignant tumors that have the potential to have an impact on the oncologic outcome of cancer patients. This decade-long journey also has led to new insights regarding the impact of surgery on the patient. It also has alerted us concerning the importance of the immediate postoperative period in the patient's ongoing struggle against the tumor. These insights hopefully will lead to better surgical methods and new perioperative adjuvant therapies that will increase the rate of survival and reduce the recurrence rates for cancer patients.