甲状腺癌在2型糖尿病患者中患病情况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨甲状腺癌(TC)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中的发病情况及相关危险因素。方法:选择2016年6月—2018年12月期间住院治疗的1662例T2DM患者(T2DM)以及同期604例行健康体检并排除糖尿病的体检者(对照组),比较T2DM患者与对照组之间TC患病率的差异,并比较T2DM并TC患者与T2DM无TC患者之间相关指标的差异。结果:T2DM组TC患病率明显高于对照组(7.46%vs.1.32%),且TC患病率女性患者高于男性患者(54.0%vs.46.0%),≥45岁患者高于45岁患者(77.4%vs.22.6%),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。同一TI-RADS分级甲状腺结节术后诊断为TC的比例,T2DM组相对于对照组有升高趋势(因对照组样本量过少,无法进行有效的统计)。T2DM组中,并TC患者的体质量指数、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、促甲状腺激素、甘油三酯、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、细胞角蛋白19片段水平均明显高于无TC患者(均P0.05)。T2DM组124例TC的病理类型均为乳头状癌。结论:T2DM患者的TC发病风险明显升高,尤其是女性与≥45岁者。T2DM患者良好的血糖、血脂控制以及正常甲状腺功能维持可能对预防TC有一定意义。建议对T2DM患者定期进行甲状腺B超检查。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白影响因素分析

目的比较不同体重指数初诊患者糖化血红蛋白影响因素。方法将747例初诊T2DM患者按体重指数≥25kg/m2、BMI〈25kg/m2分为肥胖组（A组）和非肥胖组（B组）,比较两组年龄、HbA1c、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇的差别;多元线性相关分析及多元逐步回归分析HbA1c与以上指标的关系。结果 A组HbA1c、DBP、FBG、PBG、HOMA-IR、TG、TC较B组增高（P〈0.05）。多元线性相关分析显示,A组HbAlc与BMI、FBG、HOMA-IR、TG正相关,B组HbA1c与TC、PBG呈正相关（P〈0.05）。以HbA1c为因变量、各代谢指标为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析,A组FBG、HOMA-IR进入回归方程（P〈0.01,R2=0.43）,B组PBG进入回归方程（P〈0.01,R2=0.29）。结论高空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗是肥胖T2DM患者HbA1c升高的主要因素,餐后血糖升高是非肥胖T2DM患者HbA1c升高的主要因素。     

三维斑点追踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者左心室心肌收缩功能

目的应用三维斑点追踪超声心动图(3D-STE)评估2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖在控制与非控制情况下,左心室各应变指标的差异及其与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平的相关性。方法收集60例T2DM患者(病例组),依据HbA1c水平分为A1亚组(HbA1c7%)和A2亚组(HbA1c≥7%),各30例,同时收集30名健康志愿者(对照组),其左心室射血分数(LVEF)均在正常范围(≥55%)。采集标准心尖四腔观左心室全容积图像,于Echopac PC工作站进行脱机分析,计算左心室整体纵向应变(LVGLS)、整体圆周应变(LVGCS)、整体径向应变(LVGRS)和整体面积应变(LVGAS)。比较病例组与对照组间各指标的差异,分析病例组应变值与HbA1c的相关性。结果与对照组比较,A1、A2亚组LVGLS均减低(P均0.05),A2亚组减低更为明显,A2亚组LVGCS、LVGAS和LVGRS亦明显减低(P均0.05),而A1亚组与对照组的差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。A2亚组中LVGLS(r=0.33,P0.01)、LVGAS(r=0.33,P0.01)、LVGCS(r=0.40,P0.01)、LVGRS(r=-0.54,P0.01)均与HbA1c具有相关性。结论 3D-STE能较准确地评价T2DM患者左心室心肌收缩功能的改变,其中LVGLS可以作为一项敏感指标。对于血糖控制不佳者,其HbA1c与心肌收缩功能损害具有相关性,可用于临床监控心肌损害。     

2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血脂水平相关性研究

目的评估2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血脂水平的相关性。方法测定356例T2DM患者HbA1c、TC、HDL-C、TG、LDL-C水平,根据糖化血红蛋白水平分为三组,比较不同HbA1c水平的T2DM患者血脂代谢情况。结果 HbA1c与TC、TG呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0.05）,与LDL-C关系不明显。结论随HbA1c水平升高,TC、TG水平升高,HDL-C水平降低,LDL-C改变不明显。     

同伴支持对降低糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白效果的Meta分析

目的评价同伴支持模式对降低2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)效果的影响。方法计算机检索多个中英文数据库,搜集符合纳入排除标准的随机对照试验,进行文献质量评价后,采用RevMan5.2软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入17项随机对照研究,Meta分析结果显示同伴支持能降低T2DM患者的HbA1c水平,合并效应具有统计学意义[WMD=-0.21,95%CI(-0.35,-0.08),P=0.002]。且短期同伴支持干预(3个月、6个月)能够显著降低T2DM患者的HbA1c水平(均P0.05),然而干预时间延长(12个月、24个月)时,干预组与对照组在降低患者的HbA1c水平方面无明显差异(均P0.05)。单一形式(电话随访或个人访视或小组讨论等)对患者进行同伴教育,干预组与对照组在降低患者的HbA1c水平方面无明显差异(均P0.05);而采用多种形式联合(电话随访联合个人访视以及小组讨论等)能够明显降低患者的HbA1c水平(P0.01)。结论同伴支持能够降低T2DM患者的HbA1c,且短期效果优于长期效果,多种形式联合比单一干预形式能更好地降低HbA1c。但是考虑到此次纳入文献的质量为中等,因此期待更多临床多中心、大样本随机对照试验的开展来验证该模式的效果。     

妊娠期糖尿病(A2级)的高危因素分析及早期诊断

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)妊娠早期血糖监测的时机和方法,以期提高GDM患者孕期保健指导的针对性,减少GDM的母婴危害。方法随机选择孕期需胰岛素控制血糖的GDM患者(GDMA2)100例为观察组,同期体检的仅需饮食控制血糖的GDM患者(GDMA1)100例为对照组。分析两组患者常见风险因素的差异,比较两组患者孕早期空腹血糖水平、孕24周口服葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)结果的差异。结果纳入的GDM病例中孕前体重指数(BMI)25kg/m2者过半(GDMA1,58%;GDMA2,53%);GDMA2组患者有糖尿病家族史及不良孕产史的比例较高(P0.05),孕24周HbA1c水平及OGTT结果亦显著高于GDMA1组(P0.05);GDMA2孕妇24周HbA1c6.0%者的比例为81%,显著高于GDMA1孕妇的比例(28%)(P0.05)。结论对于有糖尿病家族史及既往不良孕产史的肥胖孕妇应加强早期血糖监测。在孕24周之前检测HbA1c可能有助于早期发现GDM。     

与正常人群比较2型糖尿病患者骨转换标志物特点及分析

目的研究2型糖尿病患者骨转换标志物的变化情况。方法选取2型糖尿病患者(822例)为T2DM组;健康人群(821例)为对照组。比较两组间的骨转换标志物【血钙,血磷(P),血磷碱性磷酸酶(ALP),总Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端延长肽(tP1NP),Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列(β-CTX),骨钙素(OC),25羟维生素D(25OHD),甲状旁腺素(PTH)】;并分析T2DM组上述指标与糖化血红蛋(HbA1c),空腹血糖(FPG)、糖尿病病程、年龄等指标的关系。同时根据《维生素D与成年人骨骼健康应用指南(2014年标准版)》将T2DM组患者按25OHD的水平分为维生素D(VitD)充足(≥20 ng/mL)、VitD不足(12～20ng/mL)和VitD缺乏(12 ng/mL)3个亚组,比较分析T2DM患者不同维生素D水平的3个亚组各参数的差别。结果 T2DM组的β-CTX、OC、25OHD水平均低于对照组(P0.05),PTH水平高于对照组(P0.05)。T2DM组中OC的主要影响因素有tP1NP、β-CTX、PTH、HbA1c(标准β=0.533、0.256、0.163、-0.127,P0.05);β-CTX的主要影响因素有OC、tP1NP、HbA1c、年龄(标准β=0.415、0.215、-0.149、-0.077,P0.05),25OHD的主要影响因素有Ca、HbA1c、PTH、P(标准β=0.250、-0.149、-0.155、-0.130,P0.05)。2型糖尿病患者VitD充足组、VitD不足组的FPG、HbA1c水平均低于VitD缺乏组(P0.05),血钙水平均高于VitD缺乏组(P0.05)。VitD充足组、VitD不足组的PTH水平均低于VitD缺乏组(P0.05);三组间tP1NP、β-CTX、OC无明显差异(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者较正常人群β-CTX、OC、25OHD减低,PTH升高;其改变独立于25OHD的变化;受到血糖代谢的影响。     

绝经后女性不同空腹血糖水平和体质量指数与骨密度 的相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后女性不同空腹血糖水平和体质量指数(bone mass index, BMI)与骨密度的相关性。方法纳入202名绝经后妇女作为受试者,其中42例为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者(即T2DM组),160名为非2型糖尿病患者(即健康对照组)。通过双能X射线吸收测定法(DXA)获得其腰椎和股骨颈的骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)数据,并记录其他相关的临床和实验室数据,分析相关变量之间的相关性。结果 T2DM组的BMD显著高于对照组(P0.05);通过空腹血糖和HbA1c水平比较受试者骨质疏松症的患病率时,发现骨质疏松症的患病率随血糖和HbA1c升高而显著降低;此外,T2DM组腰椎和股骨颈的BMD明显高于对照组(P0.05);同时发现骨质疏松症与糖尿病、BMI和饮酒呈负相关,但与年龄、既往骨折史以及肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织的其他疾病呈正相关;在调整上述因素后,糖尿病与骨质疏松症之间的关联仍然具有统计学意义(P0.05);T2DM与骨质疏松症发病率相关且与BMI不相关(P0.05)。结论与健康对照组相比,T2DM患者腰椎和股骨颈的BMD均较高且不受BMI影响。此外,骨质疏松症的患病率随血糖和HbA1c升高而显著降低。     

2017版甲状腺影像报告和数据系统诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值

目的探讨2017版美国放射学院甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)在评估甲状腺良恶性结节中的价值。方法采用2017版TI-RADS分类诊断标准,回顾性分析1 039例患者共1 109个甲状腺结节的声像图特征;以粗针穿刺活检或手术病理学结果为金标准,评价2017版TI-RADS对不同类别结节的诊断效能。结果良性结节551个,恶性结节558个;良恶性结节的成分、回声类型、纵横比、边界、有无钙化差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。TI-RADS 2～5类结节中,恶性率分别为0、5.45%(3/55)、22.29%(39/175)和58.84%(516/877),差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。以TI-RADS分类≥4为标准,诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为99.46%(555/558)、9.80%(54/551)、54.91%(609/1 109)、52.76%(555/1 052)和94.74%(54/57)。结论根据2017版TI-RADS分类评估恶性甲状腺结节具有临床应用价值,但特异度较低,分类标准尚需进一步完善。     

老年糖尿病并骨质疏松血胰岛素与骨钙素及PTH研究

目的对老年2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并骨质疏松（osteoprosis,OP）患者血胰岛素（insulin,INS）与骨钙素（osteocalcin,OC或Bone Gla Protein,BGP）及甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone,PTH）等进行研究,探讨它们在老年T2DM合并OP发病机理中的作用。方法选择128例老年患者,根据骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）及血糖检测结果分成3组：T2DM合并OP组（A组,43例）,T2DM无合并OP组（B组,45例）,正常对照组（C组,40例）。对3组患者的年龄、性别、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2 hour postpradial glucose,2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹C肽（FC-P）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）、餐后2hC肽（2hC-P）、BGP、PTH、BMD进行比较。结果①A组FINS、FC-P、2hINS、2hC-P、BMI、BGP、BMD较B组及C组低,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;②A组HbA1c、FPG、2hPG、PTH较B组及C组高,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;③B组HbA1c、FPG、2hPG、PTH较C组高（P〈0.05）,其余指标B组与C组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论老年T2DM合并OP患者胰岛素、C肽明显缺乏,BGP降低,BMI偏低,BMD偏低;血糖偏高,PTH升高。联合检测胰岛素、C肽及BGP,PTH、BMD有助T2DM合并OP诊断。控制血糖有助T2DM合并OP治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.