腹腔镜食管胃结合部腺癌手术下纵隔淋巴结清扫范围与技巧

食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）是一种特殊类型的肿瘤，其发病位置特殊，区别于胃癌和食管癌，具有独特的生物学行为。淋巴结转移是AEG最常见的转移途径之一，淋巴结转移可向口侧的下纵隔淋巴结及肛侧的腹腔淋巴结发生转移，因此，AEG病人行根治性手术时除了常规清扫腹腔淋巴结外，下纵隔淋巴结也应该被列入清扫范围，但是对于下纵隔淋巴结清扫的适用人群、清扫范围和手术入路目前仍缺乏高级别的证据支持。由于目前仍然存在争议，加之下纵隔淋巴结位置较高，清扫难度较大，一般只在部分有经验的中心开展。     

食管胃结合部腺癌的手术原则

食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）在欧美地区急剧增加,引起世界范围的高度关注。我国虽有散见的相关研究报道,但对AEG治疗现状的把握是困难的。目前对AEG的规范化治疗正在逐渐形成共识。早期AEG的治疗是以内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）、内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）、腹腔镜下手术、缩小手术为主。进展期AEG的治疗,SiewertⅠ型患者作为食管癌处理,开胸手术、纵隔淋巴结清扫可获得良好的预后效果;SiewertⅡ、Ⅲ型患者行开胸手术获益少,作为胃癌手术清扫更为妥当,经腹食管裂孔扩大、下段食管切除、全胃切除、下纵隔腹腔淋巴结（D：）清扫。     

食管胃结合部腺癌经胸路径手术的利与弊

食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）由于具有跨越两个器官和解剖部位的解剖特点,胸外科和胃肠外科针对食管的安全切缘、下纵隔淋巴结清扫范围和经胸手术是否会增加并发症等问题,而在AEG的手术路径、手术方式、淋巴结清扫和切除范围等方面存在较大的分歧和争议。对于SiewertⅡ型AEG经腹纵隔入路手术,往住由于视野暴露及操作难度的原因,近...     

食管胃结合部腺癌淋巴结清扫策略

食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）的发病率呈上升趋势。AEG生长部位及生物学行为特殊,越来越多的学者认为其是一种不同于食管癌、胃癌而相对独立的疾病。AEG在解剖上位于食管和胃连接部位,其淋巴结可向纵隔和腹部两个方向转移。目前AEG的淋巴结转移规律尚不完全明确,其淋巴结清扫范围亦未达成共识。笔者针对AEG淋巴结清扫的热点问题及A...     

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近年来,食管胃结合部腺癌(AEG)发病率呈上升趋势,手术为该病的主要治疗手段,但目前国人对该病概念较模糊,导致手术选择(包括手术入路、切除范围、淋巴结清扫范围等方面)多样,甚至存在争议。对肿瘤进行充分的分型、分期评估,遵循个体化治疗原则,是为病人选择科学合理的术式的前提和基础。对于SiewertI型AEG病人可行经胸经裂孔食管下段切除术、经颈、胸、腹三切口手术等;SiewertⅡ型AEG病人术式选择和手术入路存在较多的争议,经腹行全胃切除+腹部及纵隔淋巴结清扫被认为是进展期SiewertⅡ型AEG的首选术式,只有全胃切除才能保证进展期AEG足够无瘤切缘和淋巴结清扫范围,早期SiewertⅡ型AEG病人可行近端胃切除及相应淋巴结清扫;Ⅲ型AEG则按近端胃癌手术原则处理。进展期AEG是否联合脾切除尚存争议。目前不建议行常规脾切除术,只有在脾门受侵或有明确的淋巴结转移时,才考虑行脾切除。     

经食管裂孔下纵隔淋巴结清扫在SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌根治术中应用价值研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨经食管裂孔下纵隔淋巴结清扫在SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌(AEG)根治术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析吉林大学第一医院胃肠外科2018年11月至2019年12月间收治的32例经手术治疗的SiewertⅡ型AEG病人的临床资料,均采用腹腔镜下经食管裂孔途径,"以食管为中心按腹侧→背侧→两侧的清扫次序"清扫No.110、No.111、No.112淋巴结。记录病人的手术时间、术中出血量、收获淋巴结数量、术后肠蠕动恢复时间、术后排气时间、术后并发症等。结果通过经食管裂孔途径,"以食管为中心按腹侧→背侧→两侧的清扫次序"实现了No.110、No.111、No.112淋巴结的确切清扫,淋巴结转移发生率No.110为6.25%(2/32),No.111为9.38%(3/32),No.112为9.38%(3/32)。无术中副损伤发生。术后出现胸腔积液21例,胰瘘7例,腹腔感染1例以及吻合口漏1例。结论通过经食管裂孔途径,"以食管为中心按腹侧→背侧→两侧的清扫次序"对AGE病人进行下纵隔淋巴结清扫是安全可行的。     

SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌淋巴结转移规律及手术方式的选择

目的研究SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction,AEG)患者淋巴结转移规律及其合理的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年2月四川大学华西医院胸外科和胃肠外科收治的162例SiewertⅡ型AEG患者的临床资料。将患者分为3组:其中经左胸组96例,经上腹组46例,经Ivor Lewis组20例,分析患者的临床病理资料及淋巴结清扫转移情况。结果共120例有淋巴结转移,转移率为74.1%,单纯胸腔淋巴结转移2例(1.7%),单纯腹腔转移98例(81.7%),胸腹均有转移20例(16.6%)。清扫淋巴结共2 898枚,平均清扫17.9枚/例,阳性淋巴结661枚,转移率为22.8%。经胸(左胸组或Ivor-Lewis组)清扫下纵隔淋巴结要优于经上腹术式。对于腹腔淋巴结,经腹清扫(上腹组或Ivor-Lewis组)要明显优于经左胸手术组。三组下纵隔淋巴结以及腹腔淋巴结转移率差异均无统计学意义。结论 SiewertⅡ型AEG转移以腹腔转移为主,但不能忽视胸腔淋巴结的清扫,对食管旁淋巴结、膈上淋巴结等转移率较高的淋巴结应重点予以清扫。在手术入路选择上,对SiewertⅡ型AEG采用Ivor-Lewis能更彻底清扫胸腔及腹腔淋巴结。     

食管胃交界部腺癌与胸下段食管鳞癌外科治疗结果的比较分析

目的比较食管胃交界部腺癌（AEG）与胸下段食管鳞癌（LESC）生物学行为和临床特点．探索各自合理的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2012年4月间上海交通大学附属胸科医院收治的111例AEG和126例LESC患者的临床资料．比较两组病例手术切除率、淋巴结转移情况及术后并发症发生率的差异。结果AEG组和LESC组患者的手术切除率分别为94．6％（105／111）和97．6％（123／126）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。AEG组患者纵隔淋巴结转移率明显低于LESC组f6．3％（7／111）比32．5％（41／126）,P〈0．011,腹腔淋巴结转移率则明显高于LESC组[57．7％（64／111）比34．1％（43／126）,P〈0．01]。SiewertⅠ型和SiewertⅡ型AEG纵隔淋巴结转移率分别为12．5％（4／32）和4．7％（3／64）．而15例siewertⅢ型AEG患者则未发现纵隔淋巴结转移。AEG单纯经腹手术者,中下纵隔淋巴结转移检出率显著低于经胸手术者[0／22比7．9％（7／89）,P〈0．05]：LESC经右胸行二野或三野淋巴结清扫者,上纵隔淋巴结转移检出率明显高于经左胸单一切口者[17．9％（12／67）比0／59,P〈0．01]。两组患者术后并发症发生率分别为23．4％（26／111）和27．0％（34／126）。差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论AEG和LESC具有不同淋巴结转移规律,应采用不同的手术方式进行治疗。SiewertⅠ型和Ⅱ型AEG需重视中下纵隔淋巴结的清扫。     

腹腔镜食管胃结合部癌手术的解剖学基础与手术入路

食管胃结合部是远端食管与近端胃的交界区，其抗反流屏障由食管下括约肌、胃上括约肌、横膈膜及膈食管韧带和胃食管瓣膜等结构组成。近端胃切除术后，单纯食管残胃吻合病人反流性食管炎的发生率较高，严重影响生活质量。为此，临床上出现了多种抗反流术式，其机制包括重建机械性抗反流屏障、建立抗反流缓冲带、促进胃排空、保留生理抗反流屏障等。由于食管胃结合部的静脉和淋巴管具有头侧与尾侧双向流动的特点，当肿瘤位于贲门周围尚未侵犯食管下段时，主要向腹腔淋巴结转移。而随着肿瘤侵犯食管距离的增加，下纵隔淋巴结的转移发生率显著增加。因此，国内专家共识建议，针对SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌，如果肿瘤侵犯食管长度>2 cm，须行纵隔淋巴结清扫。SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌手术可采用经腹入路、经胸入路以及胸腹联合入路。经胸入路手术便于纵隔淋巴结清扫和下段食管切除，但并发症发生率高；经腹入路手术虽然并发症发生率低，但对于清扫下纵隔淋巴结和确保食管切缘阴性存在劣势。当前，针对SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌的全腹腔镜手术还在不断摸索和改进中，总体趋势是将经腹与经胸入路相结合，以期给病人带来真正的生存获益。总之...     

胸腔单孔辅助腹腔镜经腹膈肌入路“五步法”手术用于SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌No.111淋巴结清扫的可行性

目的探索胸腔单孔辅助腹腔镜经腹膈肌入路"五步法"下纵隔淋巴结清扫术(简称为"五步法")对SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌(AEG)No.111淋巴结清扫的效果。方法本研究采用描述性病例系列研究方法。纳入标准:(1)年龄18～80岁;(2)术前确诊为SiewertⅡ型AEG;(3)术前临床分期为进展期AEG(cT2～4aNanyM0);(4)适用于胸腔单孔辅助腹腔镜经腹膈肌入路"五步法"下纵隔淋巴结清扫术;(5)术前美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)体力状态评分为0或1分;(6)美国麻醉医师协会评分(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅲ级。排除有食管及胃部手术史、5年内有其他恶性肿瘤病史、妊娠或哺乳期妇女以及患有严重精神疾病患者。根据上述标准, 回顾性收集2022年1—9月在广东省中医院接受胸腔单孔辅助腹腔镜经腹膈肌入路"五步法"下纵隔淋巴结清扫术的17例SiewertⅡ型AEG患者的临床资料, 其中男性12例, 年龄(63.6±11.9)岁。"五步法"中No.111淋巴结清扫方式为:在膈肌上方, 由心包底部开始, 沿心膈角方向, 终点清扫至心膈角顶端, 右侧界清扫至右侧胸膜, 左侧界为心包膈部, 将心膈角完整...     

Pattern of lymph node metastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-field lymphadenectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus might be involved with metastases at cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal sites. The range of lymph node dissection is still controversial. The pattern of lymph node metastasis and factors that are correlated with lymph node metastasis affect the surgical procedure of lymph node dissection. The purpose of the present study was to explore the pattern of lymph node metastasis and factors that are correlated with lymph node metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent three-field lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Lymph node metastases in 230 patients who underwent radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy were analyzed. The metastatic sites of lymph nodes were correlated with tumor location by chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to analyze clinicopathological factors related to lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Lymph node metastases were found in 133 of the 230 patients (57.8%). The average number of resected lymph nodes was 25.3 +/- 11.4 (range 11-71). The proportions of lymph node metastases were 41.6, 19.44, and 8.3% in neck, thoracic mediastinum, and abdominal cavity, respectively, for patients with upper thoracic esophageal carcinomas, 33.3, 34.7, and 14%, respectively, in those with middle thoracic esophageal carcinomas, and 36.4, 34.1, and 43.2%, respectively, for patients with lower thoracic esophageal carcinomas. We did not observe any significant difference in lymph node metastatic rates among upper, middle, and lower thoracic carcinomas for cervical or thoracic nodes. The difference in lymph node metastatic rates for nodes in the abdominal cavity was significant among upper, middle, and lower thoracic carcinomas. The lower thoracic esophageal cancers were more likely to metastasize to the abdominal cavity than tumors at other thoracic sites. A logistic regression model showed that depth of tumor invasion and lymphatic vessel invasion were factors influencing lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, cervical and mediastinal node dissection should be performed independent of the tumor location. Abdominal node dissection should be conducted more vigorously for lower thoracic esophageal cancers than for cancers at other locations. Patients with deeper tumor invasion or lymphatic vessel invasion were more likely to develop lymph node metastases.     

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食管胃结合部腺癌(AEG)与传统意义上的食管癌及胃癌存在较大差异。随着对其淋巴结转移规律的总结和认识,目前认为仅对于以纵隔淋巴结转移为主的SiewertI型AEG,经胸或左胸腹联合切口可作为其推荐的手术入路。对于以腹腔淋巴结转移为主的SiewertⅡ/Ⅲ型AEG,经胸入路及胸腹联合入路与开腹手术相比手术风险大、住院时间延长,且不改善病人长期存活率。由于较少合并纵隔淋巴结转移,经腹入路可作为SiewertⅡ/Ⅲ型肿瘤合理的手术选择。     

Clinicopathological Features and Prognostic Factors of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction According to Siewert Classification: Experiences at a Single Institution in Japan

Background

Treatment strategy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) remains controversial. The aims of this study are to evaluate results of surgery for AEG, to clarify clinicopathological differences according to the Siewert classification, and to define prognostic factors.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 179 consecutive patients with Siewert type I, II, and III AEG who underwent curative (R0) resection at the National Cancer Center Hospital East between January 1993 and December 2008.

Results

Patients with AEG were divided according to tumor: 10 type I (5.6%), 107 type II (59.8%), and 62 type III (34.6%). Larger, deeper tumors and nodal metastasis were more common in type III than type II tumors. No significant differences were seen in 5-year survival rates among the three types: type I (51.4%), type II (51.8%), and type III (62.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that depth of tumor and mediastinal lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic indicators. The recurrence rate for patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis was 87.5%. The risk factors for mediastinal lymph node metastasis were length of esophageal invasion and histopathological grade.

Conclusions

Mediastinal lymph node metastasis and tumor depth were significant and independent factors for poor prognosis after R0 resection for AEG. Esophageal invasion and histopathological grade were significant and independent factors for mediastinal lymph node metastasis.     

Endoscopic ultrasonographic detection of carcinomatous invasion and of lymph nodes in the thoracic esophagus

The use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosing the depth of carcinomatous invasion into the esophageal wall and in detecting mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with esophageal carcinoma was assessed. EUS was performed before surgery in 33 patients who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with lymph node dissection in our department of surgery between January 1987 and February 1989. The findings of EUS prospectively correlated with intraoperative macroscopic findings and histopathologic findings of the resected specimens. An accurate diagnosis of the depth of invasion into the esophageal wall was made in 30 of the 33 patients (90.1%). Visualization rates of mediastinal lymph nodes were 92.9%, 53.1%, and 1.0% when the nodes were greater than 10 mm in maximum diameter, 5 to 9 mm, and less than 5 mm, respectively. Although EUS had no diagnostic value for patients in whom the ultrasonic probe could not be inserted beyond the tumor, it is an excellent method for evaluating the depth of invasion and detecting lymph nodes greater than 10 mm in diameter. Detection is not feasible when the lymph node is less than 5 mm in diameter. EUS provides the surgeon with one more tool for the preoperative determination of curability.     

胸段食管癌隆突下淋巴结转移影响因素分析

目的探讨胸管食管癌隆突下淋巴结的转移规律及相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析安阳肿瘤医院2015-06—2018-05间1402例行食管癌根治术患者的病例资料(淋巴结清扫包括隆突下淋巴结)。结果胸段食管癌隆突下转移发生率为8.35%,与患者的性别、年龄、病理类型及手术方式等无关(P>0.05);与肿瘤部位、浸润深度、淋巴结转移程度、分化程度、TNM分期、脉管癌栓、神经侵犯及术前治疗方法等有关(P<0.05)。结论胸段食管癌隆突下淋巴结转移率较高,但食管胸上段癌、cT1期的食管癌患者隆突下淋巴结转移发生率较低,可行选择性清扫;胸中下段食管癌术中仍应作为淋巴结常规清扫部位。术前行放疗或同步放化疗后患者隆突下淋巴结转移发生明显降低,对局部晚期食管癌患者推荐术前放疗或同步放化疗。     

微创食管癌切除术后淋巴结转移规律及预后分析

目的淋巴结转移是食管癌转移的主要方式,对食管癌患者预后有重要影响,本文探讨食管癌胸腹二区淋巴结的转移规律。 方法选取2010年1月至2016年10月于山东大学齐鲁医院经微创食管癌切除术(minimally invasive esophagectomy, MIE)治疗的食管癌患者613例,参照日本食管肿瘤研究会(JEOG)淋巴结分区标准清扫淋巴结,统计各组淋巴结的转移率。对2010年1月至2013年10月行MIE治疗的203例食管癌患者进行生存分析。另外410例患者由于术后时间较短,随访数据未列入统计。 结果胸上段食管癌较多发生上纵隔淋巴结转移,其左、右喉返神经旁淋巴结转移率分别高达35.9%、40.7%,均显著高于胸中段和胸下段食管癌;胸中段食管癌既向上发生上纵隔淋巴结转移,又向下发生腹腔淋巴结转移;胸下段食管癌主要向胃周淋巴结转移,其中胃左动脉旁淋巴结转移率最高。单因素分析结果显示,病变长度、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移程度是影响食管癌患者预后的相关因素(P< 0.05)。COX多因素回归分析结果显示,肿瘤低分化和淋巴结转移是影响食管癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P< 0.05)。 结论手术治疗食管癌应重点清扫双侧喉返神经旁淋巴结和胃左动脉旁淋巴结。     

Combined resection of the aorta for an esophageal carcinoma invading the aorta through a right transthoracic approach

The prognosis of esophageal carcinoma invading the thoracic aorta has been extremely poor, as it has been either not resected or only palliatively resected. In recent years a remarkable improvement in survival has been achieved in advanced esophageal carcinoma through an aggressive dissection of the upper mediastinal lymph nodes. This implied that resection only of the aorta without lymph node dissection in these patients was not adequate for curability. Although a resection of the aorta would seem to be performed more easily through a left thoracotomy than through a right thoracotomy, the upper mediastinal lymph node dissection was unsatisfactory through a left thoracotomy. Therefore, we performed combined resection of the aorta using a temporary aorta-aorta bypass together with upper mediastinal lymph node dissection through a right thoracotomy for four patients with the esophageal carcinoma invading the thoracic aorta. This operative procedure was performed safely, and had the advantage that full observation on the extent of the carcinoma was attained together with subsequent radical lymph node dissection in the same field through only the right thoracic approach. This operation may provide a possibility for cure to patients with an esophageal carcinoma invading the aorta, who would otherwise receive only palliative treatment.     

Combined resection of the aorta for an esophageal carcinoma invading the aorta through a right transthoracic approach.

The prognosis of esophageal carcinoma invading the thoracic aorta has been extremely poor, as it has been either not resected or only palliatively resected. In recent years a remarkable improvement in survival has been achieved in advanced esophageal carcinoma through an aggressive dissection of the upper mediastinal lymph nodes. This implied that resection only of the aorta without lymph node dissection in these patients was not adequate for curability. Although a resection of the aorta would seem to be performed more easily through a left thoracotomy than through a right thoracotomy, the upper mediastinal lymph node dissection was unsatisfactory through a left thoracotomy. Therefore, we performed combined resection of the aorta using a temporary aorta-aorta bypass together with upper mediastinal lymph node dissection through a right thoracotomy for four patients with the esophageal carcinoma invading the thoracic aorta. This operative procedure was performed safely, and had the advantage that full observation on the extent of the carcinoma was attained together with subsequent radical lymph node dissection in the same field through only the right thoracic approach. This operation may provide a possibility for cure to patients with an esophageal carcinoma invading the aorta, who would otherwise receive only palliative treatment.