单纯EST和内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术治疗1cm以下胆总管结石的临床疗效对比

目的对比观察单纯EST和内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术治疗1cm以下胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法胆总管结石患者225例（结石直径≤1.0cm,结石≤2枚）,常规行ERCP检查,证实胆总管内有结石后分为两组,A组32例单行EST,B组193例行EST后给予网篮取石。结果 A组患者中EST成功29例（90.6%）,复查治愈27例（84.4%）,发生并发症2例（6.3%）;B组患者中EST成功179例（92.7%）,复查治愈170例（88.1%）,发生并发症17例（8.81%）;两组结果进行率的χ2检验,胆总管结石阴性率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,并发症的发生率无显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论对某些不适合行ERCP＋EST＋取石的胆总管结石在1cm以下者,行单纯的ERCP＋EST的病例同样可达到满意的取石效果。     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的可行性探索（含视频）

探讨内镜经胃保胆取石术（endoscopic trans-gastric cholecystolithotomy, ETGC）联合经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的可行性及安全性。回顾性分析2018年11月—2019年4月于复旦大学附属中山医院行ERCP胆总管取石术后行ETGC的病例资料。本研究共纳入6例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者。其中男4例、女2例。患者行ERCP取石至内镜ETGC的时间间隔1~77 d（中位天数5 d）。6 例患者均成功完成ERCP胆总管取石后保胆取石术。患者均为多发胆囊结石,合并胆囊息肉患者1例。ETGC手术时间22~100 min（中位时间65 min）,住院天数3~9 d（中位天数6.5 d）。２例患者术后出现上腹部隐痛,体温升高,其中1例超声提示右上腹局部积液可能;2例患者均经保守治疗后好转。术后随访患者均未再发胆囊炎、胆管炎相关症状,随访率100%,中位随访时间18个月。6位患者术后均接受了超声复查,其中5例无复发,其中1例术后9个月超声显示胆囊壁胆固醇结晶,胆泥淤积。ERCP取石联合内镜经胃保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是安全可行的。     

ERCP联合EST诊治胆总管结石效果观察

目的观察经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石（EST）诊治胆总管结石的效果。方法219例疑似胆总管结石患者,先行ERCP观察胆总管,摄片证实为胆总管结石后行EST治疗。结果本组189例患者经ERCP证实为胆总管结石,181例行EST取石成功,4例巨大结石（直径〉3．0cm）和4例胆总管内多发结石择期行腹腔镜胆管镜取石或直接切开胆总管T管引流。1例行EST后切口出血,立即停止手术并给予止血治疗后好转。术中患者均有不同程度咽部刺激、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、轻度腹痛等症状,未出现严重并发症如肠穿孔和急性胰腺炎,无死亡病例。结论ERCP联合EST诊治疑似胆总管结石效果满意。     

经内镜治疗胆总管结石60例临床分析

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）和内镜下十二指肠乳头肌切开术（EST）治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法对60例确诊为胆总管结石的患者采用经内镜治疗,其中结石直径〈1．0cm的47例采用取石网篮取结石,泥沙样结石加用气囊取石,结石直径在1．1～2．0cm的8例,用取石网篮,但对稍大、较硬的结石用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结石直径〉2．1cm的5例,用碎石网篮碎石后取出。结果60例经治患者,一次性取净结石者51例,2次取净者6例,共57例取石成功,内镜治愈率95％;出现并发症5例,占8．33％;其中急性胰腺炎1例,其他4例患者为术后轻度的上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐、及一过性发热和高淀粉酶血症。结论内镜治疗胆总管结石具有创伤小、并发症少、疗效确切、恢复快等优点．是目前胆管疾病较好的微创介入治疗方法。     

LC联合术中ERCP一期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）联合术中内镜下逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）及乳头切开（EST）取石一期治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石的可行性和安全性。方法回顾分析应用LC联合术中ERCP一期治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石36例的临床资料,分析原发病、手术方式、术后康复、住院时间及并发症。结果术前明确胆总管结石31例中10例先行术中ERCP取石,取石成功后再行LC;余21例和5例术前怀疑胆总管结石、术中经胆囊管胆道造影（TCC）证实胆总管结石者先行LC,继而行ERCP取石。LC手术均获成功,ERCP取石成功率为97.22%。术后5例出现一过性血淀粉酶升高,无明显出血、胆漏等并发症,术后住院平均为4 d。结论 LC联合术中ERCP一期治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石安全、有效,可避免不必要的ERCP及因术后ERCP失败而致患者再次手术。     

经胃镜行ERCP在合并十二指肠球部狭窄的胆总管结石治疗中的应用

[目的]探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对合并十二指肠球部狭窄的胆总管结石的治疗意义。[方法]对合并十二指肠球部狭窄无法通过十二指肠镜的胆总管结石患者,利用胃镜行ERCP及内镜下治疗,观察术后患者症状的改善及并发症情况。[结果]27例患者均成功选择性胆管插管,23例取出胆总管结石,其中6例分两次ERCP取石,所有内镜下治疗患者术后上腹部疼痛、发热、黄疸症状明显好转,4例患者取石未成功或仅部分取石,留置鼻胆管引流,腹痛、黄疸症状缓解后转外科行手术治疗。所有患者均未发生严重术后并发症。[结论]在胆总管结石合并十二指肠狭窄无法通过十二指肠镜的情况下,经胃镜行ERCP及镜下取石是安全有效的。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影加取石术诊治胆总管结石

[目的]评价内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)同时行乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对胆总管结石的诊断与治疗价值.[方法]回顾性分析98例经B超检查诊断为胆总管结石的患者,先行ERCP检查,再行内镜下EST治疗胆总管结石.[结果]98例中ERCP准确诊断胆总管结石96例,怀疑胆总管结石1例,未发现异常1例,其确诊率为97.9%.96例EST后采取网篮取石、球囊取石和机械碎石网篮取石成功,1例失败.[结论]ERcP对胆总管结石诊断价值较高.EST是一种治疗胆总管结石安全、有效、简便的方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前MRCP和ERCP检测胆总管结石

B超、CT等检查能明确胆总管有结石者,可在经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)及取石后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),或直接剖腹手术,而显示胆总管结石可疑者,则在进一步治疗前明确是否存在结石就显的很重要。虽然腹腔镜下胆道探查取石术已被认为是安全而有效的,但此技术尚未普及,因此比较磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)与ERCP哪种检查对诊断胆总管结石更为敏感和有效具有临床意义。1.研究对象:从2000年4月至2003年3月,我院共行择期LC396例,其中胆总管结石可疑患者52例,术前行磁共振胆管造影(MRC)和经内镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)检查,有结石者在ERC的同时行十二指肠乳头切开取石;非胆总管结石可疑患者344例。     

内镜治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜在胆总管探查取石中的应用价值。方法 对227例拟诊胆总管结石 的患者采用经内镜治疗,其中14例直径<1.0 cm的结石采用经内镜乳头球囊扩张术治疗,194例直 径1.0-1.5cm的结石采用内镜乳头括约肌切开治疗,19例直径>1.5cm的结石采用内镜下机械碎 石治疗。结果 15％(34例)胆管造影未见结石,经内镜探查阴性。余193例中,187例取石成功,成 功率为96.9％(187／193)。并发症发生率为5.29%(12／227),其中急性胆管炎3例,急性胰腺炎8 例,消化道出血1例。结论 内镜治疗胆总管结石安全有效,并发症少,应当首选。但对ERCP无法 明确的胆总管结石,不主张行乳头括约肌切开及内镜下的胆管探查,以最大限度地减少并发症。     

内镜治疗胆总管结石146例

[目的]探讨内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的疗效和安全性.[方法]对2003年1月～2007年12月采用内镜治疗的146例胆总管结石病例进行分析研究.[结果]146例中,EST成功142例,取石成功138例,成功率为97.18%(138/142).其中1次取净结石者108例,2次或2次以上取净结石者30例,8例未成功者转外科手术治疗.取石成功者中10例出现并发症,占7.25%(10/138).[结论]内镜治疗胆总管结石安全、有效.     

ERCP、EST、ENBD治疗胆总管结石391例临床分析

目的 总结应用逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、内镜括约肌切开术（EST）和鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 胆总管结石患者391例,常规行ERCP检查,证实胆管内有结石后行EST.然后根据结石情况采取不同方法处理.（1）结石直径小于1.0 cm的315例用取石网篮取石;（2）结石直径大于1.0 cm的61例用碎石篮碎石;（3）6例巨大结石而于胆管内置入支架3个月.术后所有病人常规置入鼻胆引流管.结果 EST成功382例（97.70%）,胆总管结石完全取出367例（96.07%）.发生各种并发症35例（8.95%）,主要为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Oddi扩约肌切口渗血,未成功病例和一例重症胰腺炎转开腹手术治疗治愈.结论 ERCP、EST和ENBD诊治胆管结石特别是胆总管结石,安全、有效,病人痛苦小.     

胆囊切除术后发生原发性胆总管结石70例临床分析

目的探讨胆囊切除与原发性胆总管结石的关系以及原发性胆总管结石手术治疗模式。方法收集新安县人民医院2007年1月至2013年12月收治的70例胆囊切除术后远期胆总管结石患者的临床资料,结合有关文献进行了分析。结果 70例患者均行手术治疗,术中证实胆总管结石均为胆色素结石。术后并发症:切口感染8例,肺部感染5例,无胆漏、胆道出血等严重并发症,均治愈出院。胆总管结石复发8例,分别于结石复发后2.5~4年再次手术,行胆总管切开取石加胆总管离断、Roux-Y胆总管空肠吻合术治愈。结论胆囊切除术后远期发生的原发性胆总管结石,是一种老年疾病,它不是胆囊切除术后的远期并发症,胆囊切除若未发生胆道损伤,就不会增加原发性胆总管结石的发生率。原发性胆总管结石须手术治疗,对于胆总管扩张直径2.5 cm者或复发病例,建议行开腹手术胆总管离断、Roux-Y胆总管空肠吻合术。     

Magnetic resonance cholangiography using half-Fourier acquisition for diagnosing choledocholithiasis

Objective: Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), using a half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence, noninvasively provides very rapid (1–2 s) and high-quality images of the biliary tract. We assessed the diagnostic usefulness of HASTE-MRC for choledocholithiasis.
Methods: A total of 101 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis underwent MRC, ultrasonography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In 97 patients in whom ERCP fully depicted the common bile duct, we retrospectively analyzed the capability of MRC to image the common bile duct and to diagnose choledocholithiasis, in comparison with that of ultrasonography.
Results: In 34 patients, ERCP demonstrated bile duct stones, which were confirmed at endoscopic or surgical treatment. The common bile duct was fully delineated in 98% by MRC and in 70% by ultrasonography. MRC (91%) was more sensitive than ultrasonography (71%) for detecting choledocholithiasis (   p < 0.05  ). MRC demonstrated bile duct stones in all patients with stones ≥11 mm but missed calculi in the 29% of patients with small (3–5 mm) stones. MRC was capable of detecting choledocholithiasis regardless of bile duct caliber. The specificity of MRC (100%) was higher than that of ultrasonography (95%).
Conclusion: HASTE-MRC, a fast and noninvasive procedure, can accurately diagnose choledocholithiasis although the detectability for small stones is limited.     

Over-the-wire US catheter probe as an adjunct to ERCP in the detection of choledocholithiasis

BACKGROUND: Intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) as an adjunct to ERCP for detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones is technically easy, accurate, and safe. This prospective study evaluated IDUS with an "over-the-wire" catheter US probe as an adjunct to ERCP. METHODS: Sixty-five patients, highly suspected to have choledocholithiasis, underwent IDUS during ERCP. The IDUS probe was inserted by means of the duodenoscope into the bile duct without performing a sphincterotomy. All stones identified by IDUS or retrograde cholangiography were removed with either a basket or retrieval balloon after endoscopic sphincterotomy. RESULTS: The final diagnosis was choledocholithiasis in 59 patients. Bile duct diameter ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 cm and stone size from 2 mm to 2 cm. IDUS successfully identified all stones in these patients. IDUS resulted in 2 false-positive diagnoses in the remaining 6 patients without stones (overall accuracy 97%, sensitivity 100%, specificity 67%). Cholangiography detected stones in 55 of the patients with stones (accuracy 94%, sensitivity 93%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSION: IDUS, a safe, technically easy procedure, is highly accurate in the detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones regardless of the diameter of the bile ducts. The "over-the-wire" technique preserves access to the cannulated duct. IDUS is an excellent adjunct to ERCP for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. IDUS differentiates stones from air bubbles and prevents unnecessary sphincterotomy.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影治疗取石困难胆总管结石64例

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)在取石困难胆总管结石中的应用价值.方法:连续收集64例取石困难胆总管结石患者,分析在ERCP术中操作的难点,巨大结石采用机械碎石、激光碎石、体外震波碎石法;胆总管畸形采用变换体位、反复吸引、网篮体外塑形法;胆管过度扩张或狭窄采用吸引或柱状气囊扩张法;结石坚硬采用反复缓慢加压碎石法再进行胆管取石.结果:64例取石困难者,经ERCP取石成功53例,总体取石成功率为82.81%.其中巨大结石者18例,取石成功15例,成功率83.33%;胆总管畸形者18例,取石成功14例,成功率77.78%;胆总管过度扩张或狭窄者19例,取石成功16例,成功率84.21%;结石坚硬者9例,取石成功8例,成功率88.89%.结论:ERCP术可以有效地治疗取石困难胆总管结石.     

ERCP in patients 90 years of age and older

BACKGROUND: Biliary diseases represent particular diagnostic and therapeutic problems in elderly patients. METHODS: Patients 90 years of age or older who underwent ERCP from January 1993 to September 2001 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients underwent 147 ERCP procedures (range 1-5 per patient). Twelve additional ERCPs were performed in 9 of the patients during follow-up because of recurrent symptoms. A total of 159 procedures were, therefore, available for analysis. The most frequent indications were suspicion of bile duct stones (46.8%) and obstructive jaundice (35.7%). Midazolam (95.6%) was used for conscious sedation and hyoscine (74.8%) for duodenal ileus. Patient tolerance of the procedure was good in 92.4% of sessions. Diagnoses included bile duct stones (54%), bile duct dilatation without any apparent obstruction (11.9%), and malignant stenosis (9.5%). Therapeutic procedures were indicated in 95.6% of diagnosed patients and completed in 96.3% of cases. Complications occurred in association with 2.5% of the ERCP procedures; the procedure-related mortality rate was 0.7%. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP in elderly patients is practicable. The complication rate is low, and therapeutic efficacy is good.     

Detection of choledocholithiasis: comparison of unenhanced spiral CT, US, and ERCP

BACKGROUND/AIMS: ERCP is an established method for the diagnosis and treatment of common bile duct stones, however, it is invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether unenhanced spiral CT and US, compared with ERCP, have sufficient sensitivity and negative predictive value to be useful screening techniques in patients suspected of having choledocholithiasis. METHODOLOGY: Over a period of 2 years, 82 patients with clinically suspected choledocholithiasis underwent unenhanced spiral computed tomography and US immediately before undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. CT/US scans and ERCP images were evaluated for the presence of bile duct stones, ampullary stones, and extrahepatic biliary dilatation. RESULTS: Unenhanced spiral computed tomography (US) depicted common bile duct stones in 24 (23) of 28 patients found to have stones at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Five patients had stones impacted at the ampulla, all (two) of which were detected with CT (US). Computed tomography (US) had a sensitivity of 86% (82%) and a specificity of 98% (98%) in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Both unenhanced spiral CT and US are useful for evaluating suspected common bile duct stones. Unenhanced spiral CT is especially useful when the patient is likely to have ampullary stones and is a safe, more available and less expensive alternative to magnetic resonance cholangiography.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室对老年患者ERCP的影响

目的探讨老年人十二指肠乳头旁憩室(PAD)与胆胰疾病的关系及其对ERCP的影响。方法回顾性分析老年病人380例,了解老年人PAD与胆管疾病的关系及对诊疗性ERCP的影响。结果发现老年人PAD患者105例,在老年人中发生率27.63%。本组ERCP插管造影成功率95.23%,并发胆管结石者72例,胆管下段良性狭窄15例;胆胰管及壶腹部肿瘤10例;慢性胰腺炎2例,胆总管乳头瘤1例,均进行了治疗性ERCP。术后并发症:4例出血,1例轻型胰腺炎,3例高淀粉酶血症均经内科治疗好转,无1例死亡。结论 ERCP治疗老年人十二指肠乳头周围憩室合并胆胰疾病的患者是安全有效的,年龄、憩室本身不是ERCP的禁忌证,所有治疗性ERCP的方法均适合高龄患者,疗效也是肯定的。     

Laparoscopy in cholecysto-choledocholithiasis

Gallstone disease is one of the most common problems in the gastroenterology and is associated with significant morbidity. It may present as stones in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis). At the end of the 1980s laparoscopy was introduced and first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 1985. The laparoscopic technique for removing the gallbladder is the current treatment of choice, although indications for open surgery exist. To perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy as safe as possible multiple safety measures were developed. The gold standard for diagnosing and removing common bile duct stones is Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The surgical treatment option for choledocholithiasis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration. If experience is not available, than ERCP followed by elective cholecystectomy is by far the best therapeutic modality. The present review will discuss the use, benefits and drawbacks of laparoscopy in patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis.