泪液缺乏性干眼治疗转归的定量检测

目的：应用角膜共焦显微镜、结膜印迹细胞学在泪液缺乏性干眼治疗前后定量测定病变角膜上皮细胞、结膜细胞,以期进一步准确评价干眼的治疗效果及预后。 方法：选择临床确诊为泪液缺乏性干眼症患者21例41眼,根据患者病史、症状、角结膜体征及相关检查确诊为泪液缺乏性干眼。应用聚乙二醇滴眼液及卡波姆凝胶联合治疗所有干眼患者,治疗前后依据结膜印迹细胞检查对干眼患者结膜细胞的鳞状化生及杯状细胞数量的多少进行分级,并对治疗前后印迹细胞分级进行统计学比较。应用海德堡激光共聚焦显微镜观察干眼治疗前后角膜上皮下神经纤维的形态学改变,定量评价同级结膜细胞干燥程度下治疗前后角膜上皮细胞密度的变化。 结果：印迹细胞检查:治疗前≤Ⅱ级6眼,Ⅲ级25眼,≥Ⅳ级10眼;治疗6mo后≤Ⅱ级19眼(46.3%),Ⅲ级17眼(41.5%),≥Ⅳ级5眼（12.2%）。治疗前后不同级别印迹细胞患者比例显著改变(P＜0.05）。共焦显微镜下细胞形态学改变：治疗前明显的角膜上皮细胞坏死脱落区,细胞密度下降,角膜上皮下神经纤维出现分支杂乱、异常走行,未见上皮下神经纤维5眼。治疗6mo后区域性细胞密度增加,所有患者均可见上皮下神经纤维,少数病例仍可见分支杂乱、异常走行。共焦显微镜显示在同级结膜印迹细胞程度下,角膜上皮细胞密度治疗前后进行比较,统计学上具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。治疗后细胞密度明显增加。 结论：应用角膜激光共焦显微镜和结膜印迹细胞定量观察泪液缺乏性干眼的治疗转归,从而确定以上两种方法在干眼治疗评价中具有重要价值。     

新疆维吾尔族干眼症与趋化因子受体-5的相关性研究

目的:探讨新疆维吾尔族干眼症患者结膜上皮细胞的趋化因子受体-5(CCR5)的表达及临床意义。方法:在新疆医科大学第一附属医院眼科门诊选择符合诊断、纳入和排除标准的干眼症患者30例60眼和正常人30例60眼,采用结膜印记细胞学的方法获取干眼症患者和正常人的结膜上皮细胞后,分别浸入有对应编号的离心管中,并应用免疫组织化学印记细胞学细胞涂片的方法检测正常人和干眼症患者结膜上皮细胞中CCR5的表达。结果:干眼症组患者结膜上皮细胞中CCR5的阳性表达率均高于正常人(P<0.05),且该因子的表达与BUT和SchimerⅠ试验均呈负相关,与角膜荧光素染色呈正相关。结论:在干眼症发生的机制中,CCR5起到炎性介质的作用,其表达水平变化反映了干眼症的进展过程。     

Diagnostic tests for dry eye disease in normals and dry eye patients with and without Sj?gren's syndrome.

In order to compare the diagnostic tests for dry eye disease and the results of conjunctival impression cytology, we examined three groups of eyes: 146 eyes of normal controls, 108 eyes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) patients without Sj?gren's syndrome (SS) and 102 eyes of patients with SS. The clinical tests (break-up time, Schirmer test, Rose Bengal staining) and conjunctival impression cytology specimens from the superior part of the bulbar conjunctiva were evaluated from all the eyes. Our results showed that the patients with KCS without SS have abnormal lacrimal tests (p < 0.001) without changes in impression cytology [nucleo/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C), p > 0.1]. The patients with KCS and SS have also abnormal lacrimal tests (p < 0.01), and their epithelial cells presented squamous metaplasia (N/C, p < 0.001). The goblet cell number remained unchanged in the three groups (p > 0.1).     

Conjunctival cytologic features of primary Sj?gren's syndrome.

To determine whether there are specific cytologic features associated with primary Sj?gren's syndrome (SS), the authors evaluated impression cytology specimens from three conjunctival sites (temporal bulbar [TB], inferior bulbar [IB], and inferior tarsal [IT]) from 38 SS eyes, 34 eyes of aqueous tear-deficient patients without SS, 35 eyes of seborrheic blepharitis patients, and 17 eyes of normal controls in a masked fashion. The following features were observed more frequently in SS eyes than in the eyes of the other groups: squamous metaplasia of the TB and IB (P less than 0.05), extensive (greater than 75%) goblet cell loss of the TB (P less than 0.05), mucous aggregates of the bulbar conjunctiva (P less than 0.05), and inflammatory cells intercalated with epithelial cells on the IT conjunctiva (P less than 0.06). The conjunctival inflammatory cell infiltrate correlated with the presence of extensive squamous metaplasia (P less than 0.01) in SS specimens. The inflammatory cells on the IT conjunctival epithelium were found to consist predominantly of T-lymphocytes by immunofluorescent staining of cytologic specimens from six eyes. Based on these findings, the authors speculated that conjunctival squamous metaplasia, in addition to aqueous tear deficiency, may be due to primary involvement of the dysfunctional immune system of SS.     

Effects of sequential artificial tear and cyclosporine emulsion therapy on conjunctival goblet cell density and transforming growth factor-beta2 production

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of sequential treatment with artificial tears and cyclosporine emulsion on conjunctival goblet cell density and production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 in patients with dry eye disease. METHODS: Patients with dry eye disease (N = 6) defined by an Ocular Surface Disease Index symptom score >or=25, Schirmer test 1 <10 mm, and corneal fluorescein and conjunctival lissamine green staining scores >or=3 were treated with artificial tears (Refresh Plus; Allergan, Irvine, CA) 4 times a day for 4 weeks, followed by 0.05% cyclosporine emulsion (Restasis; Allergan) twice a day for 12 weeks. Impression cytology was performed on the bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes at baseline, after artificial tear therapy, and after 6 and 12 weeks of cyclosporine therapy. Goblet cells were counted in 5 representative microscopic fields per membrane in those taken from the temporal and inferior bulbar conjunctiva of the worse eye, and membranes taken from the fellow eye were immunostained for TGF-beta2. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean goblet cell density between baseline and 4 weeks of artificial tears in the temporal and inferior bulbar specimens. After 6 weeks of cyclosporine emulsion, goblet cell density was significantly greater than baseline and artificial tears in the inferior bulbar conjunctiva (P < 0.01). After 12 weeks of cyclosporine emulsion, goblet cell density was significantly greater than baseline and artificial tears in both temporal and inferior bulbar sites (P < 0.01). The number of TGF-beta2-positive goblet cells was also noted to increase after 6 and 12 weeks of cyclosporine therapy (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporine emulsion, but not artificial tears, increases goblet cell density and production of the immunoregulatory factor TGF-beta2 in the bulbar conjunctiva in patients with dry eye.     

Ocular surface and MUC5AC alterations in atopic patients with corneal shield ulcers

PURPOSE: To describe MUC5AC alterations and the ocular surface disorder in atopic patients with or without corneal ulcers. METHODS: Atopic patients' eyes were divided into two groups according to the presence and absence of corneal ulceration. The subjects underwent corneal sensitivity measurements, Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (BUT), fluorescein and Rose Bengal staining of the ocular surface and conjunctival impression cytology and brush cytology. Impression cytology samples underwent PAS and immunohistochemical staining for MUC5AC. Brush cytology specimens underwent evaluation for inflammatory cell expression and quantitative real-time PCR for MUC5AC mRNA expression. The differences related to the tear function and ocular surface examination parameters between patients with and without corneal ulceration and healthy control subjects were studied. In addition, the differences of the study parameters related to ocular surface epithelial health and inflammatory status between patient eyes with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) were investigated. RESULTS: The mean corneal sensitivity and BUT values were significantly lower in atopic patients with corneal ulcers, compared to patients without ulcers and controls (p < 0.001). Brush cytology specimens from patients with corneal ulcers revealed significantly higher expression of inflammatory cells compared to patients without ulcers and controls (p < 0.001). Impression cytology samples from eyes with corneal ulcers showed significant squamous metaplasia and reduction in goblet cell density compared to eyes without ulcers and eyes of control subjects. The mean squamous metaplasia grade was significantly higher in eyes with AKC compared to eyes with VKC (p < 0.02). The mean goblet cell density was significantly lower in eyes with AKC compared to eyes with VKC (p < 0.01). Specimens from eyes with corneal ulcers showed PAS positive mucin pickup and did not stain positive for MUC5AC. MUC5AC mRNA expression was significantly lower in eyes with corneal ulcers compared to eyes without ulcers and eyes of control subjects. MUC5AC mRNA expression was also significantly lower in eyes with AKC compared to eyes with VKC. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular surface inflammation, tear film instability, and decreased conjunctival MUC5AC mRNA expression were thought to be important in the pathogenesis of noninfectious corneal shield ulcers in atopic ocular surface disease.     

MUC19 expression in human ocular surface and lacrimal gland and its alteration in Sjögren syndrome patients

This study investigated the expression of MUC19, a newly discovered gel-forming mucin gene, in normal human lacrimal functional unit components and its alteration in Sj?gren syndrome patients. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the expression of MUC19 and MUC5AC in human cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal gland tissues. Conjunctival impression cytology specimens were collected from normal control subjects and Sj?gren syndrome patients for Real-time PCR, PAS staining, and immunohistochemistry assays. In addition, conjunctiva biopsy specimens from both groups were examined for the expression differences of MUC19 and MUC5AC at both mRNA and protein level. The MUC19 mRNA was found to be present in cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland tissues. The immunohistochemical staining of mucins showed that MUC19 was expressed in epithelial cells from corneal, conjunctival, and lacrimal gland tissues. In contrast, MUC5AC mRNA was only present in conjunctiva and lacrimal gland tissues, but not in cornea. Immunostaining demonstrates the co-staining of MUC19 and MUC5AC in conjunctival goblet cells. Consistent with the significant decrease of mucous secretion, both MUC19 and MUC5AC were decreased in conjunctiva of Sj?gren syndrome patients compared to normal subjects. Considering the contribution of gel-forming mucins to the homeostasis of the ocular surface, the decreased expression of MUC19 and MUC5AC in Sj?gren syndrome patients suggested that these mucins may be involved in the disruption of the ocular surface homeostasis in this disease.     

Conjunctival cytology features of giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with ocular prostheses

PURPOSE: In this study, the conjunctival cytology features of giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) associated with ocular prosthesis wear was examined. METHODS: In a prospective study, 12 consecutive patients diagnosed with GPC associated with ocular prosthesis wear were examined. Impression cytology specimens were taken from the upper eyelid tarsal conjunctiva, the bulbar conjunctiva, and the lower eyelid tarsal conjunctiva of each socket, with the contralateral eye serving as a matched control. RESULTS: The randomized impression cytology specimens showed no significant change in goblet cell density or epithelial cell morphology when comparing the GPC and control specimens. The GPC specimens did have a statistically significant increase in conjunctival inflammation and mucous strands on all three sample areas. In addition, the GPC specimens from the upper and lower tarsal conjunctiva had a honeycomb pattern consistent with giant papillae. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to describe the honeycomb pattern created by giant papillae on impression cytology and the changes of GPC on the lower tarsal conjunctiva.     

Surface features and morphology of bulbar conjunctival cells of bovine eyes obtained from a slaughterhouse: a scanning electron microscope and impression cytology study

PURPOSE: To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the surface cells of the bulbar conjunctiva of slaughterhouse-obtained bovine eyes by impression cytology (IC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: After quality-control measures and careful surface washing of recently enucleated bovine eyes over 20 min, impression cytology samples were taken from the nasal bulbar conjunctiva with a MILLCELL filter, or the ocular surface fixed in a moist chamber by a dropwise application of buffered isotonic glutaraldehyde solution. Impression cytology samples were stained with Geimsa or haematoxylin-periodate-Schiff. Fixed samples, that included the nasal bulbar conjunctiva, were prepared for SEM. From overlays of light microscope images of IC material or SEM images, cell areas, nucleus areas and cell and nucleus dimensions were measured with a digitiser pad. RESULTS: Impression cytology routinely showed large cells with an average area of 1035 +/- 368 microm(2), and a low nucleus-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio of 0.112 +/- 0.048. The cells had dimensions averaging 46 microm (long) and 29 microm (short). Similar areas and dimensions were also found using SEM, which also showed the surface cells to have a range of lighter and darker electron reflexes and to be decorated with microplicae or microvilli. Goblet cells were not evident with either method of viewing. CONCLUSIONS: The superficial cells of the bovine bulbar conjunctiva appear to routinely be of a squamous cell phenotype.     

Conjunctival impression cytology in patients with glaucoma using long-term topical medication.

Increasing evidence indicates that long-term use of topically administered medications can induce changes in the conjunctiva and ocular surface. We used the technique of conjunctival impression cytology to evaluate the conjunctival changes that develop with long-term use of topically administered antiglaucoma medications. Patients with glaucoma who were on a stable regimen of one, two, or three topically administered medications were recruited for study; glaucoma suspects who were not using topically administered medications served as controls. Eyes with clinical or historical evidence of external eye disease or conjunctival surgery were excluded. Impression cytology specimens, collected from the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva, were coded and subsequently graded by a masked observer. We examined specimens from 72 eyes by using this technique. Aggregate scores for the bulbar conjunctiva were compiled, using a previously described grading system with a range of 0 (normal) to 3 (diffuse, severe metaplasia). The results show statistically significant degrees of conjunctival metaplasia associated with the number of glaucoma medications used. These results suggest that the long-term use of antiglaucoma medications induces changes in the conjunctival surface. These changes may be related to the medications themselves, the preservatives in the commercial preparations, or the duration of topical treatment. The clinical relevance of these changes remains unknown.     

剥脱综合征患者结膜印迹细胞学的检查特征

目的:研究剥脱综合征对结膜细胞和泪液功能的影响.方法:研究共纳入剥脱综合征患者60例86眼作为试验组,年龄相仿正常人55例89眼作为对照组.所有115例175眼均接受Schirmer泪试验及泪膜破裂时间试验,并对上方和鼻下方睑裂区球结膜进行印迹细胞学检查.印迹细胞学检查结果根据Nelson方法分级.对TBUT,Schirmer泪试验及印迹细胞学结果进行相关性分析.结果:剥脱综合征患者的Schirmer试验、TBUT均较正常组显著降低,结膜细胞也有显著改变.剥脱综合征患者的印迹细胞学分级中位数为3级,而正常人组为0级.在试验组中发现45例样本出现了两种以上分级共存的现象,而对照组仅发现3例.此外,实验组中的45例样本结膜上皮细胞和杯状细胞分级出现明显差异,且均表现出杯状细胞的破坏甚于上皮细胞,而对照组未发现此种现象.结论:剥脱综合征患者的结膜细胞受到破坏,泪液分泌受到影响,极易造成眼表疾病的出现.     

Impression cytology in patients with dry eye syndrome and various rheumatic diseases

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytological changes of bulbar conjunctiva in patients with various rheumatic diseases and dry eye syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic scleroderma (SScl), primary Sjbgren syndrome (pSS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and dry eye syndrome were studied. The ocular examination consisted of Schirmer I, break- up time of tear film (BUT), fluorescein and lissamine green staining and impression cytology of bulbar conjunctiva. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The morphological alternations of bulbar conjunctiva seen in impression cytology specimens correlated with clinical signs of dry eye syndrome.     

角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗双侧翼状胬肉的疗效

目的：观察自体角膜缘干细胞移植术(LCAT)治疗双侧翼状胬肉的临床效果。

方法：前瞻性病例研究。收集2014-01/2015-07在解放军第四七四医院诊断为双侧翼状胬肉患者46例54眼,其中双眼双侧胬肉8例16眼,一眼双侧胬肉一眼鼻侧胬肉11例11眼(仅纳入双侧胬肉眼作为研究对象),单眼双侧胬肉27例27眼,均采用鼻侧翼状胬肉切除联合同眼上方LCAT,而颞侧翼状胬肉切除联合对侧眼下方LCAT。术后1、7d,1mo,1a复查,复查时完成视力、裂隙灯等检查,观察术后并发症及翼状胬肉复发情况。

结果：完成1a随访患者共44例52眼,失访2例2眼。术后1a复发3例3眼(6%),鼻侧翼状胬肉复发2眼,颞侧翼状胬肉复发1眼。未见其它术后并发症。

结论：鼻侧翼状胬肉切除联合同眼上方LCAT,同时颞侧翼状胬肉切除联合对侧眼下方LCAT治疗双侧翼状胬肉安全有效,复发率低。     

Potential of impression cytology in diagnosis and evaluation of efficacy of pharmacological correction of dry eye syndrome associated with contact lens wearing

Potential of impression cytology in diagnosis and evaluation of efficacy of pharmacological correction of dry eye syndrome (DES) associated with contact lens wearing was studied. When wearing contact lenses for a long time DES with tear film instability and reduction of tear production occurs in more than 50% patients. Morphological changes of epithelium of tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva manifest consequently. Impression cytology reveals structural damage of epithelium with keratinization signs and decrease of goblet cells density down to total absence. After tear substitution therapy tear break-up time increased by 65,3% and total tear production by 11,4%. In control impression cytology of tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva during tear substitution therapy the following changes were revealed: recovery of goblet cells density and differentiation, recovery of epithelial structure and reduction of epithelium keratinization.     

A rabbit dry eye model induced by topical medication of a preservative benzalkonium chloride

PURPOSE: To establish a rabbit dry eye model with topical medication of the ocular preparation preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAC). METHODS: Sixteen white rabbits were used. One eye of each rabbit was chosen randomly for topical administration of 0.1% BAC twice daily for 14 days. The other untreated eyes served as controls. Schirmer test, fluorescein, and rose bengal staining were performed before and after BAC treatment on days 3, 5, 7, and 14. Conjunctiva impression cytology specimens were collected on days 0, 7, and 14. The rabbits were killed after day 14. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect mucin-5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) on conjunctival cryosections. Cornea and conjunctiva structures were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Compared with untreated controls, BAC-treated eyes showed significant decreases in Schirmer scores (P = 0.01) and increases in fluorescein scores (P < 0.001) on days 5, 7, and 14. A significant increase in rose bengal scores was noticed as early as day 3 (P = 0.001). Decreases in goblet cell density occurred on days 7 and 14 (P = 0.001). Decreased MUC5AC and histopathologic and ultrastructural disorders of the cornea and conjunctiva were also observed in the BAC group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that an ophthalmic preservative, benzalkonium chloride, induced a dry eye syndrome in rabbits with damage to the cornea and conjunctiva, decreased aqueous tear basal secretion, goblet cell loss, and MUC5AC deficiency. This rabbit model was consistent with human dry eye syndrome in both aqueous tear and mucin deficiency and may be appropriate for studying dry eye syndrome.     

Effect of suction ring application during LASIK on goblet cell density

PURPOSE: To study the effect of LASIK surgery on conjunctival goblet cells as one of the proposed mechanisms for dry eye occurring after LASIK. METHODS: This prospective study included 22 eyes (11 patients) that underwent LASIK for the correction of myopia. Three pairs of samples were taken from the bulbar conjunctiva of each eye. The first pair was taken preoperatively before application of the suction ring. The second and third pairs were taken from the same sites at 1 week and 1 month consecutively. The first site was at 12 o'clock and the second at the inferotemporal quadrant between 7 and 8 o'clock. Time of suction was recorded. RESULTS: Preoperatively, mean goblet cell density was 424 +/- 105 cells/mm2 (range: 284 to 630 cells/mm2). All postoperative samples showed a statistically significant decrease in goblet cell count: 216 +/- 81 cells/mm2 (range: 40 to 325 cells/mm2) at 1 week and 218 +/- 99 cells/mm2 (range: 50 to 396 cells/mm2) at 1 month. Other parameters of conjunctival impression cytology were normal. The difference between the samples in the inferior conjunctiva preoperatively and 1 week postoperatively was greater than that of the superior conjunctiva. Recovery rate in both sites was similar and the damage did not correlate with the duration of suction. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the microkeratome suction ring induced changes in the perilimbic conjunctiva. These changes contribute to the pathology of dry eye. Goblet cell count remains affected at 1 month postoperatively.     

Distribution of conjunctival HLA-DR expression and the pathogenesis of damage in early dry eyes

PURPOSE: To examine the expression of HLA-DR, a marker of inflammation, in the early stages of dry eye disease and to locate the appearance of this marker on specific areas of the bulbar conjunctiva. METHODS: Dry eye patients were identified and their condition classified as mild (n = 16) or moderate (n = 16) based on Schirmer testing, vital staining, tear break-up time, and symptom questionnaire scores. Brush cytology was used to collect epithelial cells from the nasal, temporal, and superior conjunctivae of patients and age-matched controls. HLA-DR positive cells were detected by immunohistochemical staining and quantified. RESULTS: Patients with moderate dry eye had the highest rate of conjunctival HLA-DR-positive cells, with significantly higher rates than controls regardless of which region of the conjunctiva was sampled (P < 0.01). The mild dry eye group had similar rates of HLA-DR-positive cells in the superior conjunctival region compared with controls. However, in the nasal and temporal regions, they displayed a significantly higher rate of HLA-DR-positive cells than controls (P < 0.01) and the nasal region showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) when compared with the temporal one. Some of these mild dry eyes had no vital staining. CONCLUSIONS: The HLA-DR expression pattern in mild and moderate dry eyes appears to reflect disease progression. Overexpression of HLA-DR in mild dry eyes showing no vital staining suggests that inflammation may be a primary cause of ocular surface damage. These data support the use of immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of dry eye disease.     

Mucins and contact lens wear

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine whether long-term tolerant contact lens (CL) wear causes changes in the expression of mucin mRNA by the conjunctival epithelium and mucin protein content in tears and to determine whether specific mucins adhere to contact lenses. METHODS: Twenty long-term (> or = 5 years ) and tolerant CL wearers (2 with hard and 18 with soft contact lenses) were compared with 23 non-CL wearers. One hour after CL removal, tear fluid was collected after instillation of 60 microL of sterile water onto the ocular surface, and protein concentration was determined. Impression cytology was performed on the bulbar temporal region of conjunctiva to collect cells for RNA isolation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using TaqMan primer and probes for MUC1, 4, 5AC, and 16. ELISA was performed on the collected tears to detect MUC5AC and the mucin carbohydrate epitope H185. For the analysis of adherent mucins on CL, discarded daily-wear contact lenses were collected, rinsed, and incubated overnight at 4 degrees C in mucin isolation buffer. Immunoblot analysis of adherent mucins was performed to detect MUC1, 4, 5AC, 16, and H185. RESULTS: No significant changes in the levels of mucin mRNA from impression cytology samples were detected when comparing CL and non-CL wearers. The amount of total protein in tears collected from CL wearers (39.9 +/- 27.2 microg) was significantly less than that from non-CL wearers (95.1 +/- 73.8 microg, P = 0.001). The level of MUC5AC mucin and the H185 epitope in tears per unit protein in CL wearers was not significantly different from non-CL wearers. Low levels of membrane-associated mucins, the secreted mucin MUC5AC, and the carbohydrate epitope, H185, were detected in protein extracts from discarded CLs. Compared with MUC1, 4, and 5AC, there was less MUC16 adherent to the CLs. CONCLUSION: Neither mucin mRNA expression by conjunctival epithelia nor mucin content per unit protein in tears was altered by long-term tolerant CL wear; however, the amount of protein in the tears was significantly less. Shed membrane-associated mucins and the goblet cell mucins adhere to CLs.