腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道损伤的处理策略

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆道损伤时合理的处理策略.方法 回顾性分析11年间我院处理的17例LC手术后胆道损伤的临床资料,其中胆囊床小胆管损伤4例,采用缝扎或内镜下胆道引流;主要胆管部分损伤8例,采用单纯修补、内镜下引流、放置支架或胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;胆总管或肝总管完全横断4例,予对端吻合或胆肠吻合;左右肝管横断1例,二期整形后行胆肠吻合.胆道再狭窄患者予内镜下扩张并置入支架,效果不佳者行胆肠吻合.结果 所有患者均无重大并发症发生,疗效满意.结论 LC手术胆道损伤重在预防,一旦损伤,需由有经验的胆道专科医生依据损伤情况选择干预方式,方能达到最好疗效.     

避免腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的手术技巧

目的 探讨避免腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中胆管损伤的方法。方法 对2014年1月至2015年12月我院收治的676例施行LC的临床资料进行回顾性分析。手术技巧包括：前哨淋巴结定位识别胆囊动脉、Rouviere沟引导定位、Calot三角360°解剖、胆囊板分离、吸引器冲洗钝性解剖、果断中转开腹等。结果 本组患者无胆管意外损伤。手术时间30～110 min,平均45 min。11例中转开腹手术,其中4例因腹腔粘连严重,2例因Mirizzi综合征,1例因胆囊结肠内瘘,4例因术中冰冻病理检查提示胆囊癌,遂中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术。术中见2例少见副肝管汇入胆囊管。术后无大出血、胆漏或再次手术等。结论 合理应用手术技巧能有效避免LC术中的胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中医源性胆管损伤的预防

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）目前已定位为良性胆囊疾病的金标准手术。医源性胆管损伤（iatrogenic bile duct injury,IBDI）是其最严重的并发症之一。如发现不及时或处理不当都可能引起严重后果。因此,LC引发的胆管损伤应引起足够的重视。术者经验不足、局部粘连严重、出血、胆道解剖变异等是导致胆管损伤的主要原因。了解LC发生IBDI的风险因素,正确处理IBDI,对避免威胁病人生存质量的后果有非常重要的意义。     

Delayed presentation of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile duct injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with 50% of bile duct injuries showing a delayed presentation. We experienced four patients (one male and three female) with bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed and referred by a local practitioner. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 63 years. Symptoms included abdominal pain, anorexia, jaundice, ascites, ileus, fever, and tarry stool. Ductal injuries were a result of electrocautery burn in two patients and biliary strictures were due to malapplication of endoclips in the remaining two. The observed bile duct injuries, confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and cholangiographic studies, were successfully treated by choledochotomy with a silastic T-tube stent. To avoid bile duct injuries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed by a well trained and experienced hepatobiliary surgeon, who should ensure accurate identification of the anatomical structures of Calot's triangle, careful dissection and management of intraoperative bleeding, and a lower threshold for conversion to open surgery.     

Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the first‐line surgical treatment of calculous gall‐bladder disease and the benefits over open cholecystectomy are well known. In the early years of LC, the higher rate of bile duct injuries compared with open cholecystectomy was believed to be due to the ‘learning curve’ and would dissipate with increased experience. The purpose of the present paper was to review a tertiary referral unit’s experience of bile duct injuries induced by LC. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury from 1981 to 2000. For injuries sustained at LC, details of time between LC and recognition of the injury, time from injury to definitive repair, type of injury, use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), definitive repair and postoperative outcome were recorded. The type of injury sustained at open cholecystectomy was similarly classified to allow the severity of injury to be compared. Results : There were 131 patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury that occurred at open cholecystectomy (n = 62), liver resection (n = 5) and at LC (n = 64). Only 39% of bile duct injuries were recognized at the time of LC. Following conversion to open operation, half the subsequent procedures were considered inappropriate. When the injury was not recognized during LC, 70% of patients developed bile leak/peritonitis, almost half of whom were referred, whereas the rest underwent a variety of operative procedures by the referring surgeon. The remainder developed jaundice or abnormal liver function tests and cholangitis. An IOC was performed in 43% of cases, but failed to identify an injury in two‐thirds of patients. The bile duct injuries that occurred at LC were of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Following definitive repair, there was one death (1.6%). Ninety‐two per cent of patients had an uncomplicated recovery and there was one late stricture requiring surgical revision. Conclusions : The early prediction that the rate of injury during LC would decline substantially with increased experience has not been fulfilled. Bile duct injury that occurs at LC is of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Bile duct injury is recognized during LC in less than half the cases. Evidence is accruing that the use of cholangiography reduces the risk and severity of injury and, when correctly interpreted, increases the chance of recognition of bile duct injury during the procedure. Prevention is the key but, should an injury occur, referral to a specialist in biliary reconstructive surgery is indicated.     

Right hepatic lobectomy for bile duct injury associated with major vascular occlusion after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A 57-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for cholelithiasis. Continuous bile leak was observed beginning on the first postoperative day. Postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed bile leak through the common hepatic duct, and severe stenosis of the hepatic confluence. A total of three percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheters were inserted to treat obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. The patient was referred to our hospital for surgery 118 days after LC. Cholangiography through the PTBD catheters demonstrated a hilar biliary obstruction. Celiac arteriography revealed obstruction of the right hepatic artery, and transarterial portography showed occlusion of the right anterior portal branch. On the basis of the cholangiographic and angiographic findings, we performed a right hepatic lobectomy with hepaticojejunostomy to resolve the bile duct obstruction and address the problem of major vascular occlusion. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful and she remains well 25 months after hepatectomy. We discuss a treatment strategy for bile duct injury suspected after LC, involving early investigation of the biliary tree and prompt intervention. Received for publication on May 17, 1999; accepted on July 12, 1999     

Managing bile duct injury during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now the treatment of choice for gallstones, but there has been concern that bile leakage after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is more frequent than after an open cholecystectomy. We have experienced 16 patients with bile duct injury after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Five patients had a circumferential injurury to the major bile duct, and we employed a converted open technique for biliary reconstruction. The other 11 patients had partial injurury to the major bile duct, and we performed laparoscopic restoration; all 11 of these patients received endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) on the day after the operation and stenting for biliary decompression and drainage. No complications were identified and the duration of hospitalization in these patients was significantly shorter than in those who had the converted procedure. If intraoperative cholangiography is performed routinely, the presence and form of bile duct injury can be clearly identified, and the decision to restore the site of injury or to convert to the open technique for biliary reconstruction can be made immediately. Received for publication on May 26, 1998; accepted on Aug. 28, 1998     

Comparison of major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: The mechanism and extent of major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy differ from those of open cholecystectomy. METHODS: To identify differences in the demographic profile, timing of injury detection, management strategies and outcome, we undertook a retrospective review and analysis of our experience with 55 major bile duct injuries following both laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies over a period of 9 years. RESULTS: Thirty-one major bile duct injuries resulted from laparoscopic cholecystectomy (56%) and 24 of them were sustained after open cholecystectomy (44%). The median time of presentation was 7 days after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 14 days following open cholecystectomy (P < 0.001). Twenty-eight (51%) patients had injuries recognized intraoperatively in both groups, of whom 18 patients underwent an attempt at primary repair before referral. All patients required subsequent surgical intervention. There were no differences in the clinical presentations between the two groups. However, serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher following open cholecystectomy (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of injury between the two groups. All patients underwent surgical repair in the form of a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (including two revision hepaticojejunostomies in each group). Surgical outcome did not differ between the groups; however, better results were seen with Bismuth grades 1 and 2 strictures compared with Bismuth grades 3 and 4 strictures for both groups (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy present earlier and with lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. There does not appear to be a significant difference between the Bismuth-Strasberg grading of the strictures and the type of surgery carried out.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的影像学特征及价值

胆管损伤（bile duct injury,BDI）是腹腔镜胆囊切除术最严重的并发症之一,若处理不及时或处理不当,甚至危及病人生命。BDI只有少部分是在术中及时发现的,多数是在术后出现症状及体征时才被发现,影像学技术有助于BDI的诊断及明确损伤部位和损伤类型,对制订完善的治疗方案有重要意义。B超、CT检查,因其无创伤性,为疑及BDI者最常用的诊断方法,其余主要经过胆道造影,显示胆道的损伤情况,包括术中胆道造影,或术后磁共振胰胆管造影、经皮经肝胆道造影、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影等。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤及术后胆漏的临床分析

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏及胆管损伤的原因、治疗方法及预后。方法 总结1999年1月～2005年7月7例腹腔镜术后胆漏及胆管损伤的患者，进行回顾性分析。结果 7例患者中2例迷走胆管漏，1例经腹腔引流后治愈，1例经B超引导穿刺引流后治愈；胆囊管残端漏1例，再次手术缝扎，胆总管探查取石放置T型管引流后治愈，肝总管损伤漏2例，1例用3-0可吸收线间断缝合，放置腹腔引流治愈，1例剖腹手术修补漏口，放置T型管支撑6个月；胆总管横断2例剖腹行胆总管端端吻合放置T管支撑6-7个月。术后随访1～3年，均恢复良好。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的胆漏及胆管损伤，应及时发现，正确处理。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤危险因素分析

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）胆管损伤的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析湖南省浏阳市人民医院1999年10月至2010年12月所行4531例LC病人的临床资料,对出现胆管损伤病人各影响因素进行χ2检验,并分析胆管损伤的独立危险因素。结果 单因素分析显示：病人性别、炎症分期、B超示胆囊壁厚度、胆囊三角解剖和术者经验与胆总管损伤有关联（P＜0.05）。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示：胆囊三角解剖和术者经验是胆管损伤的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 胆囊三角解剖和术者经验是胆管损伤的独立危险因素。     

Long-term results of major bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Major bile duct injury (MBDI) is the most serious complication associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). This study reports on long-term outcomes and clinical factors which predicted the outcome of 25 patients with LC-associated MBDI. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients receiving either primary (n = 11) or redo (n = 14) biliary reconstructive surgery at Cathay General Hospital for LC-associated MBDI were prospectively followed for 2 to 10 (mean, 4.5) years to assess their long-term outcomes. Twelve clinical factors relevant to their outcomes were analyzed. Results: There was no mortality. Although the 1-year postoperative results were successful in 23 patients (92%), the mid- to long-term outcomes were successful in only 17 patients (68%). Eight patients (32%) developed biliary strictures at an average of 3.3 years postoperatively and required subsequent reoperation or biliary stenting. Statistical comparison of 12 risk factors between the successful and unsuccessful groups revealed that two were significant, namely, repair performed by a nonreferral surgeon (p = 0.02) and repair at a stage with recent active inflammation (p = 0.04). A serum alkaline phosphatase level greater than 400 IU in the sixth postoperative month was highly correlated with long-term nonsuccess (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Only 68% of patients with LC-associated MBDI who underwent reconstructive surgery at our institution had long-term success. A serum alkaline phosphatase level above 400 IU in the sixth postoperative month was predictive of nonsuccess. For better long-term results, repair should be performed by the referral surgeon at a stage without coexisting active inflammation.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤副肝管导致迟发性胆漏的腹腔镜治疗价值

目的:评价腹腔镜手术处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)损伤副肝管导致的迟发性胆漏的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2005~2012年14例患者LC术中损伤副肝管导致迟发性胆漏术后再次行腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果:14例均顺利完成再次腹腔镜探查,其中4例迷走胆管损伤,予以电凝胆囊床、创面喷洒封闭胶后痊愈;8例副肝管管壁部分损伤,直接使用Hem-o-lok夹闭、留置T管或输尿管导管引流胆管,2个月后拔除,患者痊愈;2例副肝管横断,再次于腹腔镜下留置输尿管导管引流胆管,2个月后开腹行胆肠吻合或胆管吻合术。患者均于网膜囊孔、膈下或盆腔留置腹腔引流管。结论:LC术中损伤副肝管导致的迟发性胆漏由于腹腔内炎症水肿严重,不具备胆管一期吻合条件,再次经腹腔镜处理可完成除吻合外的操作,具有直观、有效、微创的优点,效果满意。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤修复术后的远期效果观察

目的探讨LC胆道损伤修复术后的远期效果。方法回顾我院1993至2002年收治的27例LC胆管损伤病人的临床资料，结合部分病人随访结果进行分析总结。结果27例病人中，6例经介入方法治愈；21例行手术治疗，其中16例同时进行肝穿刺组织活检；术后1例在20个月时出现轻度吻合口狭窄并发胆管炎，1例在T管拔除之前吻合口近端节段性狭窄，均经气囊扩张治愈；16例行肝穿刺活检的病人中，5例肝组织显著纤维化，其中4例已发展为肝硬化。结论本组平均46个月的随访的病例中，胆肠吻合术的近期有效率为90．5％，远期有效率达100％。反复的盲目修复手术使延误收治的时间平均在16个月后，将导致肝组织损害。     

Management of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the presentation, characteristics, related investigation, and treatment results of major bile duct injuries (MBDI) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 27 patients who were treated between January 1995 and December 2002 for MBDI after LC at a single unit in a tertiary center. Major bile duct injury was defined according to the Strasberg classification. All patients underwent magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to delineate the biliary anatomy and assess the level of injury. On the basis of the cholangiographic findings, all patients underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy after a waiting period of 8-12 weeks.Results: A total of 29 hepaticojejunostomies were performed in 27 patients. Seventeen patients (63%) presented with biliary fistula and ascites; 10 (27%) presented with obstructive jaundice. In 14 patients (52%) the MBDI was identified during the LC. Twenty patients (74%) had undergone one or more procedure before referral. Eight patients (30%) had E1, five patients (18.5%) had E2, nine patients (33%) had E3, and five pattients (18.5%) had E4 injury. Two patients had early anastomotic stricture, for which redo hepaticojejunostomy with access loop was performed.Conclusions: Major bile duct injury after LC commonly presents with biliary fistula and ascites. High-injuries are common after LC. Hepaticojejunostomy repair yields excellent results in these cases.Presented at the First European Endoscopic Surgery Week, at the annual meeting of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES), Glasgow, Scotland 15–18 June 2003     

Biliary tract injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of a single unit

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced into Australia in early 1990. Its rapid increase in acceptance was, however, tempered by reports of an increased incidence of bile duct injury. The aim of this study was to report on the incidence of biliary tract injuries in a single unit, comment on the way they were managed and look at strategies to prevent them. Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted on laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed between January 1992 and March 2001. The data was collated from patient medical record files and yielded a total of 1216 procedures. Results: There were 899 women (74%) and 317 men (26%), with an age range of 13?92 years. Most of the procedures were performed on an elective (94%) rather than emergent basis (6%). There was one bile duct injury (0.09%) and seven bile leaks (0.63%). The single injury involved common bile duct obstruction by a misplaced clip and was successfully managed by chol­angio‐enteric bypass. Of the seven bile leaks, three were from the cystic duct stump, two from the gallbladder bed, and two were unidentified, settling conservatively. Of the five patients actively treated, two underwent therapeutic laparoscopy, two proceeded to laparotomy, and one was managed successfully by endoscopic stenting. Conclusions: Single‐centre studies such as this are important in ensuring that standards of surgery are maintained in a community setting.     

Bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary A retrospective review and analysis of patients referred to the Division of Gastroenterology and the Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery with common bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in order to identify injury patterns, management, and outcome. Sixteen patients were identified over a 20-month period. Twelve patients had major common bile duct injuries and four had minor injuries (cystic duct leaks). Seventy-one percent of injuries occurred with surgeons who had done more than 13 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Eighty-three percent of patients who had major ductal injury did not have a cholangiogram prior to the injury. Sixteen percent of patients with major common bile duct injuries had findings of acute cholecystitis and 58% of these major injuries were easy gallbladders. One-third of major injuries were recognized at operation. Two-thirds of immediate repairs failed. All cystic duct leaks were managed nonoperatively.It appears that bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more common in the community than is reported. Bile duct complications occur with surgeons who are experienced and inexperienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injuries, unrecognized at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, usually occur with easy gallbladders. Operative cholangiography is not utilized in the majority of common bile duct injuries. When immediate repair of common bile duct injuries is undertaken, the majority are unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is invaluable in the diagnosis and management of bile duct complications. Cystic duct leaks may be managed successfully with endoscopic stents.Presented at the annual SAGES meeting, April 10–12, 1992, Washington, D.C.     

单中心腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的体会

目的:探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)胆管损伤。方法:回顾分析37 781例LC的临床资料。结果:胆管损伤25例(0.066%),其中术中发现8例,术后发现17例。胆管横断伤12例,其中离断+缺损8例(1例是中转开腹损伤),钛夹夹闭无胆管缺损4例;胆总管部分剪切伤4例;肝总管电损伤2例,分离损伤2例;右肝管损伤3例;副肝管损伤2例。胆管修补(端端吻合)+T管支撑引流5例、胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合16例,腹腔穿刺+鼻胆管引流1例(ENBD)、损伤胆管修复,置管引流3例。无死亡病例。结论:熟悉肝门解剖,仔细处理Calot三角,适时中转开腹,避免盲目自信可以有效的降低胆管损伤的发生率。     

应用“胆总管窗”行腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨“胆总管窗”在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法选择2009年6月1日至2009年10月31日期间行腹腔镜胆囊切除的患者55例,以“胆总管窗”为标志行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,观察术中“胆总管窗”以及肝总管和胆总管在肝门与“胆总管窗”连线的出现率,分析肝总管、胆总管、胆囊管与肝门至“胆总管窗”连线的关系。结果“胆总管窗”的出现率为92．7％（51／55）,98％肝总管和胆总管位于肝门与“胆总管窗”的连线上,并能被显露,胆囊管位于此线右侧。在胆囊急性炎症发作时,肝十二指肠韧带炎症水肿明显,大多数患者仍能观察到“胆总管窗”。结论运用“胆总管窗”作为解剖标志,在肝门与“胆总管窗”的连线上显露肝总管和胆总管,能够很好地显示肝总管、胆总管、胆囊管之间的关系。以“胆总管窗”为标记进行操作,有助于降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的发生率。