经后路单纯寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗不稳定性寰椎骨折

目的 探讨经后路单纯寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗不稳定性寰椎骨折的临床疗效.方法 2007年3月～2010年4月,采用经后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗不稳定性寰椎骨折患者23例,其中8例为后3/4 Jefferson骨折;12例患者为半环Jefferson骨折;3例患者为后1/2 Jefferson骨折.患者均有不同程度的...     

Prevalence of anatomic variations of the atlas vertebra

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

The retrotransverse foramen (RTF), arcuate foramen (AF), unclosed transverse foramen (UTF) and posterior atlas arch defects (PAAD) are anatomic variations of the atlas vertebra that surgeons must be aware of before spine surgery is performed.

寰椎骨折的研究进展

寰椎骨折约占上颈椎损伤的25％,颈椎损伤的3％～13％,脊柱损伤的1.3％～2％[1].由于寰枢椎间无椎间盘,关节囊薄弱,韧带是稳定寰枢关节的主要结构.寰椎骨折合并横韧带断裂是不稳定的寰椎骨折,危险性较高,治疗难度大,受到学者们的广泛关注.近年来,对寰椎骨折的基础研究及临床诊治有较大的进展,现就近年的文献资料作一综述.     

Non-union of fractures of the atlas

Eighteen patients who had a fracture of the atlas were evaluated clinically and by computed axial tomography an average of forty-six months (range, two to 164 months) after injury. The purpose of the evaluation was to determine the effect of the pattern of the fracture, the quality of osseous healing, and the method of primary immobilization on the long-term outcome. Three (17 per cent) of the patients had a non-union, and two of them had a poor clinical result. These two patients had had a unilateral comminuted fracture--that is, one fracture that was anterior and one that was posterior to the lateral mass, with an associated osteoperiosteal avulsion of the transverse ligament on the same side of the ring of the atlas. Six (33 per cent) of the eighteen patients had an osteoperiosteal avulsion of the transverse ligament. The avulsions usually progressed to osseous union. Rupture of the mid-substance of the transverse ligament was uncommon. No patient had a neurological deficit or late neurological sequelae that were directly attributable to the fracture of the atlas.     

Jefferson骨折

寰椎骨折最常见的原因是头部着地的坠落伤,该骨折的机理是侧块沿着暴力扩散的方向向外侧移位。笔者统计,该     

Superior facet fractures of the axis vertebra

Nine cases of superior facet fractures of the axis vertebra are reported. In seven cases, there were associated odontoid fractures. These fractures can occur in a coronal or sagittal direction, shearing off the anterior or lateral plateau of the facet. In addition, the lateral mass of the atlas may sublux into the depressed facet fracture. The fracture complex should be well documented with conventional radiography and tomography. Computerized tomographic scanning has been found to be particularly helpful in diagnosing these fractures and other injuries about the axis or atlas. Patients with undisplaced or well-reduced facet fractures can be managed satisfactorily by conservative means, but surgery (posterior atlantoaxial fusion) should be considered for unreduced fractures in order to prevent long-term instability, nonunion, malunion, and degenerative arthritis.     

Injuries of the atlas and axis. A follow-up study of 85 axis and 10 atlas fractures

In a follow-up study of ten atlas and 85 axis fractures, 12% had residual symptoms in the form of local and radiating cervical pain. The residual symptoms were interpreted as a sign of a mild demyelinating process initiated by the trauma of the medulla. At least 22% of the accidents occurred while the person was under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Therefore, a wide range of residual symptoms (progressive or nonprogressive) could be attributed in part to abuse of drugs and alcohol. A permanent measurable loss of motion occurred following injury to the atlas or axis, irrespective of the modality of treatment. Cervical fusion created the greatest loss of motion and collar immobilization the least. Skull traction and a halo-vest were intermediate in patients with loss of motion, and the degree of loss of range was essentially equal. Residual symptoms, including pain, were found in 20% of those treated with a collar, 40% of those treated with surgical methods, 5% of those treated with traction, and 5% of those treated with a Halo-vest. Residual symptoms did not correlate at all with degree of displacement of the original fracture.     

后路寰椎有限内固定治疗寰椎不稳定性骨折

目的:探讨后路寰椎钉棒系统有限内固定治疗寰椎不稳定性骨折的疗效。方法:2008年4月~2010年10月采用后路寰椎钉棒系统内固定治疗寰椎不稳定性骨折10例,男7例,女3例;年龄20~60岁,平均37.5岁。患者均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛、僵硬和颈部活动受限,均无神经损伤表现。双侧寰椎后弓并单侧寰椎前弓骨折(后3/4 Jefferson骨折,LandellsⅡ型)6例,单侧寰椎前后弓骨折(半环Jefferson骨折,LandellsⅡ型)4例;横韧带完整7例,横韧带附着处骨折和撕脱(DickmanⅡ型)3例。术前均行颅骨牵引稳定骨折块。结果:共置入螺钉20枚,其中1例在置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉时后弓破裂,1例术前进钉点处后弓破裂,直接将螺钉固定在侧块上;1例患者寰椎后弓进钉点处的高度小于4mm,无法行椎弓根螺钉固定而改为侧块螺钉固定;其余7例均行寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定。手术时间为60~90min,平均70.5min;术中出血量为100~300ml,平均150ml。术中1例患者在剥离寰椎后弓下缘时损伤静脉丛,用明胶海绵压迫止血;未发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤。术后X线片及CT示1例一侧寰椎椎弓根螺钉部分进入椎动脉孔,1例一侧螺钉偏内致椎弓根内侧皮质破裂,但均无血管神经损伤症状,未处理;其余螺钉位置良好。随访12~36个月,平均20.2个月,术后3~6个月枕颈部疼痛缓解,颈部活动范围基本接近伤前水平;术后6个月复查骨折断端达到骨性融合;随访期间颈椎序列良好,未见内固定松动、断裂,无C1-2失稳。结论:在严格选择适应证的前提下,寰椎后路钉棒系统有限内固定是治疗寰椎不稳定性骨折的较好方法,能保留枕颈部活动功能。     

Fractures of the atlas vertebra. The two-part burst fracture of Jefferson

Burst fractures of the atlas are usually diagnosed and treated as four-part fractures as described by Jefferson in 1920. Review of the literature, roentgenogram, computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, and laboratory studies, indicates that the burst fracture is usually, if not always, a two-part fracture. These findings are contrary to the accepted concept of burst fractures, and indicate that routine roentgenograms are not adequate for proper diagnosis. Also, with disclosure of the true nature of these injuries, there is indication for further consideration and study relating to treatment of these injuries.     

寰椎爆裂性骨折的治疗探讨

寰椎爆裂性骨折也称为Jeffersons骨折,是头部受到垂直方向应力作用的结果,可造成高位颈段脊髓损伤及椎动脉损伤而危及生命.上颈段解剖结构复杂,位置深在,手术具有高难度及高风险性,由于影像学的发展及对该类损伤的深入认识,临床诊断水平有所提高,漏诊率大大降低,认为只要合理及时治疗,可取得较好的疗效.自2003年2月至2008年7月我科共收治寰椎爆裂性骨折患者23例,现报告如下.     

Management of acute traumatic atlas fractures

OBJECTIVE: A prospective review of a clinical series was performed. The treatment features of atlas fractures with and without associated axis injuries were investigated. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients were investigated. RESULTS: No displaced fractures were treated with a cervical orthosis. Patients with displaced fractures were managed with a halo vest immobilization; 96.4% patients had a solid fusion at their last follow-up evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated not displaced or combined with not displaced axis fractures atlas fractures can be treated effectively with a rigid cervical collar alone. Isolated displaced fractures or not displaced but with concurrent displaced axis fractures require immobilization by the halo vest.     

成人寰椎骨折的治疗策略

目的 :探讨成人寰椎骨折的治疗策略。方法 :2013年5月~2015年12月我科共收治成人单纯寰椎骨折患者58例,男31例,女27例;年龄18~72岁(45.3±14.0岁)。7例稳定寰椎骨折患者采用硬颈围固定;22例不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折患者,采用头颈胸支具固定20例,halo支具固定2例;29例伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折患者,采用后路寰枢椎内固定融合术20例,后路寰椎单椎节内固定术9例。对患者进行常规随访,记录美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及治疗相关并发症。采用CT评估骨折愈合情况和植骨融合情况,采用颈椎动力位X线片评估寰枢椎稳定性。结果:所有患者随访12~24个月(14.3±4.0个月)。随访CT示,采用硬颈围固定的7例稳定寰椎骨折及采用头颈胸支具或halo架固定的22例不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折均获得骨性愈合。20例行后路寰枢椎内固定融合术的伴有横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折有18例获得骨性融合,2例未融合但内固定仍牢靠。颈椎动力位X线片示9例行后路寰椎单椎节内固定术的患者均无寰枢椎失稳征象。治疗前ASIA分级D级4例,E级54例;末次随访ASIA分级均为E级(Z=-2.000,P=0.046)。治疗前VAS评分为4~8分(6.6±1.0分),末次随访为0~2分(0.4±0.7分)(Z=-6.682,P0.001)。保守治疗者有2例枕部发生皮肤压疮;手术者术中均无神经血管损伤,术后2例发生切口感染。结论:对于稳定的寰椎骨折,采用硬颈围固定即可;对于不伴横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折,采用头颈胸支具或halo架固定可取得良好疗效;对于伴有横韧带断裂的不稳定寰椎骨折,采用后路寰枢椎内固定融合术或后路寰椎单椎节内固定术均可获得较满意的疗效。     

Posterior arch bifocal fracture of the atlas vertebra: a variant of Jefferson fracture

Fracture of the atlas vertebra is rare in children. We report two paediatric cases of bifocal pedicular fracture of the posterior arch of C1. Evaluation was performed by nonenhanced computed tomography scan, which successively confirmed both diagnosis and healing. In both cases, nonoperative management was successful.