彩色多普勒评价前降支中段支架植入术后半年患者二尖瓣反流的变化

目的:运用彩色多普勒超声评价前降支中段支架植入术后半年患者二尖瓣反流的变化,探讨支架植入术后对二尖瓣功能的影响及可能发生的机制。方法:50例支架组患者和58例造影组患者,术前及术后半年均行超声心动图检查,观察左室舒张末期内径(LVIDd)、左房内径(LAD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)及二尖瓣反流程度,根据反流束面积和左房面积比值评价反流程度,<20%为轻度,20%～40%为中度,>40%为重度。结果:支架组术后LVIDd、LAD较术前对比差异无统计学意义,LVEF术后较术前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。支架组和造影组术前及术后半年随访二尖瓣反流病例的发生及加重差异无统计学意义,但支架组术后新增1例重度二尖瓣反流,2例由轻度反流进展为中度反流。结论:前降支中段支架植入术对改善冠心病患者心肌运动,提高左心功能有明显作用,而支架植入术导致二尖瓣反流可能性小。彩色多普勒对评价支架植入术后二尖瓣反流以及左心功能有很好的作用。     

二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流加重的超声特点和临床意义

目的:探讨二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全(TR)患者在二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣关闭不全加重的超声特点,为临床手术方式的制订提供依据.方法:回顾性分析130例二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者二尖瓣置换术前及术后的临床和超声资料,术后随访时间为1～6年,平均(3.51±1.82)年.超声检查测量每例患者术前的左心室射血分数(LEVF)、右心房、右心室、左心房和左心室内径、肺动脉收缩期压力、三尖瓣瓣环直径和三尖瓣返流面积、以及术后三尖瓣返流面积,并相应的分为正常组和异常组,采用卡方检验分析上述指标与术后三尖瓣返流的关系.结果:超声检查显示在二尖瓣置换术后130例患者的二尖瓣功能均良好,但33例患者的三尖辩返流量较术前明显增加,其中术前有左心功能下降者25例,右房增大27例,右室增大26例,左房增大15例,左室增大27例,肺动脉压增高27例,三尖瓣环扩大28例.卡方检验显示术前左心室内径与术后三尖辩返流加重无显著相关性(P＞0.05),而其它指标与术后三尖瓣返流加重的相关性均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:术前左心功能下降、右心室、右心房和左心房增大、肺动脉收缩期压力升高、三尖瓣瓣环增大可能是二尖瓣病变合并三尖瓣轻度关闭不全患者在二尖瓣置换术后出现三尖瓣返流加重的危险因素,术中有必要积极处理.     

二尖瓣返流对扩张型心肌病患者的左室充盈模式的影响

目的 :探讨二尖瓣返流对扩张型心肌病 (DCM)患者左室充盈的影响。方法 :对 30例有轻度二尖瓣返流的DCM患者和 30例二尖瓣返流较重的DCM患者与 30例正常人的舒张期二尖瓣口血流超声心动图检查结果进行分析。结果 :反映左室舒张功能的二尖瓣血流频谱早期充盈峰速度 (VE)、晚期充盈峰速度 (VA)、VE/VA等参数在轻微二尖瓣返流组与对照组比较有明显差异 (P <0 .0 0 0 1) ,而严重二尖瓣返流组上述参数与对照组相比却无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :超声心动图二尖瓣口血流指标显示二尖瓣返流轻微的DCM患者左室主动充盈减弱 ,被动充盈相对增加 ,而对二尖瓣返流较重的DCM患者的VE/VA却表现为假性正常化。     

中老年二尖瓣脱垂和腱索断裂患者的超声心动图分析

目的:比较中老年二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的超声心动图像。方法:通过超声心动图检查对54例中老年二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣腱索断裂患者的心脏结构和功能进行分析。结果:二尖瓣脱垂组中性别无明显差异,前后叶无明显差异,二尖瓣返流以中度为主(73.1%);二尖瓣腱索断裂组中,男性(67.9%)多于女性(32.1%),腱索断裂后叶(60.7%)多于前叶(39.3%),二尖瓣返流以中重度为主(92.9%);心脏结构改变腱索断裂组重于脱垂组。结论:中老年患者二尖瓣脱垂和腱索断裂的超声心动图具有明显的特征性。     

loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建加二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析自2015年9月至2016年1月青岛大学附属医院心外科收治的8例二尖瓣关闭不全患者。其中,男性7例,女性1例;年龄(58.15±4.2)岁,SBE前叶腱索断裂导致关闭不全1例,心脏占位累及前叶腱索断裂导致关闭不全1例,单纯腱索断裂导致关闭不全4例,腱索延长导致关闭不全2例。术前超声心动图(TEE)显示:根据Carpentier标准,前叶脱垂5例,后叶脱垂1例,前叶合并后叶脱垂2例。二尖瓣重度关闭不全5例,中到重度关闭不全2例,中度关闭不全1例。术前射血分数(EF)平均(58.83%±2.9%),左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均(52.9±1.5)mm,左心房直径(LAD)平均(50.6±1.7)mm。所有患者均经胸正中切口,平均体外循环时间(123±11.7)min,平均主动脉阻断时间(106±9.5)min。4例患者置入Duran成形环,4例患者置入Edwards PhysioⅡ成形环,7例患者同时行三尖瓣成形术,1例患者同时行三尖瓣置换术。同时行冠状动脉搭桥术1例,主动脉瓣置换术1例。结果术后无患者死亡,无恶性心律失常及其他严重并发症。术后复查TEE显示,微量反流6例,未见反流2例。术后EF平均(58.13%±2.9%),未见明显改变。LVDD平均(46.7±1.5)mm,LAD平均(42.9±1.1)mm,均较术前明显改善。随访1~3个月,均为微量反流。结论 loop或loop in loop技术腱索重建和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣脱垂近、中期效果确切。loop技术虽然可以比较容易锚定瓣叶的脱垂区域,但是一旦长度不合适,很难拆除,相比而言,loop in loop技术可以在术中非常容易地调整人工腱索的长度。因此,loop in loop技术比loop技术更加值得推广。     

缺血性二尖瓣反流外科治疗现状

<正>缺血性二尖瓣反流(ischemic mitral regurgitation,IMR)是缺血性心肌病最常见的并发症之一,常提示预后不良~([1])。心肌梗死后,25%的患者出现明显的IMR,发病率和病死率均升高,且与反流程度成正比~([2])。IMR的病理生理机制复杂,整体或局部左室重构,二尖瓣各组成部分形态多层次的改变,     

外科治疗冠心病合并中度以上缺血性二尖瓣反流的早期效果分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病伴中度以上缺血性二尖瓣反流经外科治疗后的早期疗效.方法 回顾性分析1999年12月-2010年12月行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗的175例冠心病合并中度以上缺血性二尖瓣反流患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为单纯CABG组(108例)、CABG同期行二尖瓣成形/置换组(同期手术组,67例).比较两组的年龄、性别、搭桥支数、主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)和心室辅助装置(VAD)使用情况、围术期死亡率、同时行其他手术(主动脉瓣置换、室壁瘤切除、室间隔缺损修补等)情况,并分析两组手术前后左房内径(LA)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣反流程度、肺动脉收缩压(sPAP)、心功能NYHA分级等的变化.结果 两组年龄、性别、搭桥支数、使用IABP和VAD、围术期死亡率、同时行其他手术情况差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后LA、LVEDD、二尖瓣反流程度、sPAP、心功能NYHA分级等均较术前明显改善(P＜0.01),而LVEF与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于冠心病伴中度以上缺血性二尖瓣反流患者,全面而积极的手术干预并未带来更理想的早期手术效果;在充分再血管化的基础上,可选择简单而安全有效的手术方式.     

实时三维经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣环与左心室功能的相关性研究

目的 应用实时三维经食管超声心动图(RT3D TEE)研究二尖瓣环的形态及功能与左室容积及收缩功能的关系.资料与方法 采集28例受试者的三维全容积图像,采用二尖瓣定量分析软件(MVQ)测量二尖瓣环舒张末期(ED期)、收缩末期(ES期)的三维周长(3DC)、三维面积(3DA)及旋转角度;采用三维定量分析软件(3DQ)测量...     

外伤性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨外伤性二尖瓣关闭不全的临床特点、外科治疗方法及其手术效果.方法 回顾分析2000年12月-2007年11月收治的16例外伤性二尖瓣关闭不全外科手术治疗的临床病例.16例中术前心胸比例0.55±0.07,左心室射血分数为(51.2±23.2)%,按纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级:Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者10例(63%).手术方法包括二尖瓣成形14例,二尖瓣置换术2例,并同期矫治合并病变.随访14例,随访时间(35.2±25.7)个月.结果 外伤至出现二尖瓣关闭不全症状的时间为(23.3±50.9)个月.随访时,13例二尖瓣成形者,二尖瓣血流正常4例,微量反流7例,少量反流2例.14例左心室射血分数为(66.8±9.0)%,较术前明显升高(P＜0.05).心功能NYHA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者13例(93%),与术前比较,心功能NYHA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者所占百数比明显增高(P＜0.01).结论 外伤性二尖瓣关闭不全可在外伤后即刻出现,亦可在外伤后数年逐渐出现.选择适当的手术时机,应用综合性二尖瓣成形术或者二尖瓣置换术,多能获得满意的中远期效果.     

二维斑点追踪成像对二尖瓣反流患者二尖瓣成形术前后左室扭转运动改变的评估

目的:使用二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)评估二尖瓣反流患者二尖瓣成形术前后左室扭转运动的改变。方法:选取30例拟行二尖瓣成形术的二尖瓣反流患者(患者组)和年龄、性别与其相近的30例健康志愿者(对照组),2组术前1周、术后1个月均行常规超声心动图检查及后期2D-STI脱机分析,获得常规超声心动图参数及扭转角度峰值(Ptw),对比成形术前后常规参数及Ptw的变化,并探究容量负荷改变对扭转功能的影响。结果:患者组术前左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)及左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)分别为(134.99±23.62)、(44.58±9.10)mL,显著高于对照组的(80.97±9.56)、(27.87±3.61)mL(均P0.05),这2个参数在患者组术后降低,但均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。患者组Ptw值术前、术后分别为12.41°±3.50°、9.30°±2.57°,术后较术前降低(P0.05);对照组Ptw值8.29°±1.67°,与患者组术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与术后对比差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。Pearson相关分析表明,Ptw与LVEDV呈中度相关性(r=0.432,P0.001)。结论:左心功能代偿期中重度二尖瓣反流患者Ptw值受容量负荷增加而增大,二尖瓣成形术后恢复正常,且Ptw与LVEDV呈中度相关性。Ptw可较敏锐地发现左心室心肌在容量负荷影响下代偿性运动增强,可为临床诊断和治疗提供参考依据。     

Dynamic computed tomographic assessment of the mitral annulus in patients with and without mitral prolapse

ObjectivesTo obtain 3D CT measurements of mitral annulus throughout cardiac cycle using prototype mitral modeling software, assess interobserver agreement, and compare among patients with mitral prolapse (MP) and control group.BackgroundPre-procedural imaging is critical for planning of transcatheter mitral valve (MV) replacement. However, there is limited data regarding reliable CT-based measurements to accurately characterize the dynamic geometry of the mitral annulus in patients with MV disease.MethodsPatients with MP and control subjects without any MV disease who underwent ECG-gated cardiac CT were retrospectively identified. Multiphasic CT data was loaded into a prototype mitral modeling software. Multiple anatomical parameters in 3D space were recorded throughout the cardiac cycle (0–95%): annular circumference, planar-surface-area (PSA), anterior-posterior (A-P) distance, and anterolateral-posteromedial (AL-PM) distance. Comparisons were made among the two groups, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Interobserver agreement was assessed on ten patients using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) among 4 experienced readers.ResultsA total of 100 subjects were included: 50 with MP and 50 control. Annular dimensions were significantly higher in the MP group than control group, with circumference (144 ± 11 vs. 117±8 mm), PSA (1533 ± 247 vs. 1005 ± 142 mm²), A-P distance (38 ± 4 vs. 32±2 mm), and AL-PM distance (47 ± 4 vs. 39±3 mm) (all p < 0.001). Substantial size changes were observed throughout the cardiac cycle, but with maximal and minimal sizes at different cardiac phases for the two groups. The interobserver agreement was excellent (ICC≥0.75) for annular circumference, PSA, A-P- and AL-PM distance.ConclusionA significant variation in the mitral annular measures between different cardiac phases and two groups was observed with excellent interobserver agreement.     

Mitral annulus calcification and sudden death

Mitral valve annulus calcification is a degenerative cardiac condition often found at autopsy in the elderly. While usually considered incidental to the cause of death, we report two cases where mitral valve annulus calcification with valve stenosis was associated with sudden death. Case 1: a 61-year-old female who had underlying atherosclerosis and hypertension collapsed at home. At autopsy there was marked mitral valve annulus calcification with valve stenosis and cardiomegaly. Case 2: a previously well 74-year-old female collapsed in a toilet. At autopsy there was marked calcification of the mitral valve annulus with valve stenosis. In both cases death was attributed to the effects of the calcified mitral valve annulus. Although such calcification may be unrelated to the terminal lethal mechanism, the association with left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, bacterial endocarditis, ischaemic and thromboembolic stroke, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias, means that it should not be overlooked in the differential diagnosis in cases of sudden and unexpected death.     

Automated quantification of mitral valve geometry on multi-slice computed tomography in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy – Implications for transcatheter mitral valve replacement

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to quantify the dimensions and geometry of the mitral valve complex in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and significant mitral regurgitation. The secondary aim was to evaluate the validity of an automated segmentation algorithm for assessment of the mitral valve compared to manual assessment on computed tomography.BackgroundTranscatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is an evolving technique which relies heavily on the lengthy evaluation of cardiac computed tomography (CT) datasets. Limited data is available on the dimensions and geometry of the mitral valve in pathological states throughout the cardiac cycle, which may have implications for TMVR device design, screening of suitable candidates and annular sizing prior to TMVR.MethodsA retrospective study of 15 of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy who had undergone full multiphase ECG gated cardiac CT. A comprehensive evaluation of mitral valve geometry was performed at 10 phases of the cardiac cycle using the recommended D-shaped mitral valve annulus (MA) segmentation model using manual and automated CT interpretation platforms. Mitral annular dimensions and geometries were compared between manual and automated methods.ResultsMitral valve dimensions in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were similar to previously reported values (MA_area Diastole: 12.22 ± 1.90 cm²), with dynamic changes in size and geometry between systole and diastole of up to 5%. The distance from the centre of the MA to the left ventricular apex demonstrated moderate agreement between automated and manual methods (ρ_c = 0.90) with other measurements demonstrating poor agreement between the two methods (ρ_c = 0.75–0.86).ConclusionsVariability of mitral valve annulus measurements are small during the cardiac cycle. Novel automated algorithms to determine cardiac cycle variations in mitral valve geometry may offer improved segmentation accuracy as well as improved CT interpretation times.     

Late Gadolinium Enhancement of Left Ventricular Papillary Muscles in Patients with Mitral Regurgitation

ObjectiveArrhythmogenic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death characterized by fibrosis of the papillary muscles or left ventricle (LV) wall, and an association between late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the LV papillary muscles and ventricular arrhythmia in MVP has been reported. However, LGE of the papillary muscles may be observed in other causes of mitral regurgitation, and it is not limited to patients with MVP. This study was to evaluate the association of LGE of the LV papillary muscles or ventricular wall on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with mitral regurgitation.Materials and MethodsThis study included 88 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 58.3 ± 12.0 years; male, 42%) with mitral regurgitation who underwent CMR. They were allocated to the MVP (n = 43) and non-MVP (n = 45) groups, and their LGE images on CMR, clinical characteristics, echocardiographic findings, and presence of arrhythmia were compared.ResultsLV myocardial wall enhancement was more frequent in the MVP group than in the non-MVP group (28% vs. 11%, p = 0.046). Papillary muscle enhancement was observed in 7 (7.9%) patients. Of the 43 patients with MVP, 15 (34.8%) showed LGE in the papillary muscles or LV myocardium, including 12 (27.9%) with LV myocardial wall enhancement and 4 (9.3%) with papillary muscle enhancement. One patient with bilateral diffuse papillary muscle enhancement experienced sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Univariable logistic regression analysis showed that high systolic blood pressure (BP; odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.09; p = 0.027) and ventricular arrhythmia (OR, 6.84; 95% CI, 1.29–36.19; p = 0.024) were significantly associated with LGE of the papillary muscles.ConclusionLGE of the papillary muscles was present not only in patients with MVP, but also in patients with other etiologies of mitral regurgitation, and it was associated with high systolic BP and ventricular arrhythmia. Papillary muscle enhancement on CMR should not be overlooked.     

Mitral or aortic regurgitation: quantification of regurgitant volumes with cine MR imaging

A new, rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method, cine MR imaging, was used to determine the regurgitant fraction (RF) in patients with left-sided regurgitant lesions. Right and left ventricular stroke volumes were determined with cine MR imaging and a modified Simpson formula in ten healthy volunteers and 23 patients known to have either predominant mitral (n = 17) or aortic (n = 6) regurgitation. RFs evaluated at cine MR imaging were compared in healthy persons and patients with mild, moderate, or severe regurgitation demonstrated at angiography (n = 10) and Doppler echocardiography (n = 13). Cine MR imaging depicted regurgitant blood flow in all 29 regurgitant lesions in 23 patients as areas of low signal intensity within the regurgitant chamber. The RF was 4% +/- 7% in healthy subjects and 12% +/- 12% in those with mild, 35% +/- 14% in those with moderate, and 63% +/- 5% in those with severe regurgitation. The RFs determined by two observers were similar.     

Cine MR imaging in mitral regurgitation: comparison with color Doppler flow imaging

Cine MR imaging is a new technique that combines short repetition times, limited flip angles, gradient-refocused echoes, and cardiac gating. This procedure was performed in 20 patients in whom mitral regurgitation was shown on left ventriculography, and the results were compared with those of color Doppler flow mapping. In all cases, mitral regurgitation on cine MR imaging was depicted as an area of decreased signal intensity within the left atrium. The extent and severity of the regurgitant jet as seen by the two techniques were classified visually as 4+ (severe), 3+ (moderate), 2+ (mild), and 1+ (minimal). The results of the two methods were the same in 14 (70%) of the 20 patients. In five patients the results differed by one grade and in one patient by two grades. In addition, the maximal intrusion distance and area of the regurgitant jet divided by the area of the left atrium as determined by the two methods were compared. The correlation coefficients between the two methods in regard to the length and area of mitral regurgitation were .74 and .71, respectively. These data suggest that the accuracy of cine MR imaging in assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation is comparable to that of color Doppler flow imaging.     

心肌梗死伴二尖瓣返流影响因素的心脏MR研究

目的:采用心脏磁共振成像探究伴或不伴二尖瓣返流的心肌梗死患者的左心室结构和功能差异,并分析可能促使心肌梗死患者发生二尖瓣返流的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析心肌梗死患者131例,并将其分为不伴二尖瓣返流组(56例)以及伴二尖瓣返流组(75例),分析比较两组的一般临床资料、左心室结构功能数据及钆对比剂延迟强化数据。结果:与不伴二尖瓣返流组相比,伴二尖瓣返流组年龄更高;左心室收缩末期容积、左心室舒张末期容积、梗死面积更大、下壁梗死发生率更大(P均<0.05),并且左室射血分数更低(P<0.001)。结论:与不伴二尖瓣返流患者相比,伴二尖瓣返流患者左室结构与功能障碍更严重,年龄、下壁心肌梗死以及梗死面积可能是心肌梗死患者发生二尖瓣返流的影响因素,心脏磁共振成像能够为心肌梗死伴二尖瓣返流患者提供更多有助于诊疗的影像学信息。     

慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化相关因素

 目的探讨慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜病变的性质、病因及对心脏结构和功能的影响.方法通过彩色多谱勒心动超声检查观察82例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化的程度、瓣膜面积、狭窄或关闭不全及血生化指标.结果82例中发现二尖瓣钙化14例,二尖瓣反流8例,二尖瓣面积减少致狭窄2例,主动脉瓣钙化17例,主动脉瓣反流9例,二尖瓣并发主动脉瓣钙化11例.且钙化程度与钙磷沉积、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进和血液透析年限密切相关.结论慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化相当常见,尤以二尖瓣、主动脉瓣易发.