p38MAPK信号通路在内毒素性休克诱发急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织HO-1表达上调中的作用

目的 评价p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路在内毒素性休克诱发急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)表达上调中的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠48只,8周龄,体重180～ 200g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=12):对照组(C组)、内毒素性休克组(LS组)、内毒素性休克+ p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580组(LSS组)和SB203580组(SB组).C组和SB组股静脉注射生理盐水0.5 ml;LS和LSS组股静脉注射LPS 10 mg/kg(溶于0.5ml生理盐水)；2h内MAP下降至基础值的75％时,C组和IS组股静脉输注10％二甲基亚砜0.1ml；LSS组和SB组股静脉输注SB203580 5 μmol/kg(溶于0.1 ml 10％二甲基亚砜),输注速率0.01 ml/min.给予LPS或生理盐水后6h时采集动脉血样,进行血气分析,计算氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)；然后处死大鼠取肺组织,光镜下观察病理学结果,并进行病理学损伤评分,计算肺含水率,测定SOD活性、MDA含量、HO-1 mRNA及其蛋白、p38MAPK蛋白和磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)蛋白的表达.结果 与C组比较,IS组和LSS组氧合指数和SOD活性降低,病理学损伤评分、肺含水率和MDA含量升高,肺组织HO-1 mRNA及其蛋白和p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达上调(P＜0.05),p38MAPK蛋白表达差异无统计学意义,SB组各指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；与LS组比较,LSS组氧合指数和SOD活性升高,病理学损伤评分、肺含水率和MDA含量降低,肺组织HO-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调,p-p38MAPK蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05),p38MAPK蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 抑制p38MAPK信号通路可导致内毒素性休克诱发急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织HO-1表达上调.     

丝裂原蛋白激酶信号转导通路在机械通气相关性肺损伤中的作用

目的观察机械通气介导肺损伤（VILI）过程中丝裂原蛋白激酶（MAPK）的活性变化以及对细胞因子的影响，从中探讨VILI发生机制和MAPK的作用。方法72只SD大鼠随机分为未处理的对照组（不行机械通气）、正常通气组、过度通气组和采用MAPK抑制剂SP600125（JNK）、SB203580（p38）、PD98059（ERK）分别预处理上述3组。机械通气4h后取大鼠肺组织采用Western blot方法测定各组的总JNK、ERK、p-38蛋白激酶的表达及其磷酸化水平变化。同时以酶联免疫吸附试验（EUSA）方法测定大鼠肺组织、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）和血浆中的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2（MIP-2）浓度。结果正常和过度机械通气4h后均能激活JNK、ERK、p38激酶，但以过度通气组为著（P〈0．01）。过度通气组大鼠肺组织、BALF、血浆中的TNF-α、MIP-2含量显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）。JNK、ERK、p38抑制剂显著降低肺组织、BALF中的TNF-α、MIP-2含量（P〈0．05或0．01），且JNK和ERK抑制剂作用强于p38抑制剂。结论过度机械通气激活了肺细胞中的JNK、ERK、p38激酶，且JNK、ERK、p38参与了VILI细胞因子的产生，即MAPK信号转导通路的激活可能是VILI发生机制之一。     

不同潮气量机械通气诱发的肺损伤大鼠肺组织中CXCR2表达

目的探讨不同潮气量机械通气大鼠肺组织中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)及CXCR2蛋白的表达。方法清洁级Wistar大鼠30只,雄雌不拘,体重200～250g,随机均分为三组。实验前12h禁食,自由饮水。对照组,仅作气管切开插管,不行机械通气;小潮气量组潮气量VT7ml/kg,大潮气量组VT40ml/kg,两组气管切开插管后接小动物呼吸机控制呼吸,调节RR40次/分,吸呼比1∶2,空气吸入,通气4h,建立机械通气诱发肺损伤大鼠动物模型。对照组在气管插管后即刻,余两组在机械通气结束后,立即剖胸,取大鼠肺组织,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)。RT-PCR法测定肺组织中CXCR2的mRNA表达、免疫组化测定肺组织CXCR2的蛋白表达和HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,ELISA法测定肺组织匀浆中MIP-2蛋白水平,测定BALF中PMN计数。结果与对照组和小潮气量组比较,大潮气量组MIP-2蛋白及其受体CXCR2蛋白和mRNA表达增加(P<0.05),灌洗液中PMN计数增加(P<0.05),肺炎症反应明显加重;与对照组比较,小潮气量组上述指标无明显变化。结论大潮气量机械通气引起肺组织中炎症因子MIP-2及其受体CXCR2表达增加,肺组织炎症反应明显,损伤加重,是机械通气相关肺损伤的发生机制之一。     

p38 MAPK在机械通气所致肺损伤中的作用

目的 研究P38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶（P38 MAPK）在机械通气所致肺损伤中的作用。方法 15只普通健康80日龄家猪,随机分为3组:A组（VT=16ml/kg,PEEP=0）,B组（VT=6Ml/kg,PEEP=16cm H2O）和 C组（VT=6 ml/kg,PEEP=8cm H2O）。机械通气3h后在光镜下观察肺组织的病理学改变,并采用免疫组化检测肺组织ICAM-1的表达水平、Western Blot法测定肺组织p38MAPK及磷酸化p38MAPK的含量。结果 光镜下A、B两组有明显肺组织损伤,C组则无明显肺损伤表现。A、B两组肺泡上皮、肺间质及肺血管内皮细胞ICAM-1表达均呈阳性,C组肺组织ICAM-1表达阴性。三组间肺组织中未磷酸化P38MAPK含量无显著性差异（P>0.05）,而A、B两组肺组织的磷酸化p38 MAPK含量显著高于C组（P<0.05）。结论 大VT或小VT高PEEP可导致急性肺损伤,P38 MAPK介导了炎症反应所致的急性肺损伤。     

地塞米松对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织MKP-1表达的影响

目的 评价地塞米松对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(MKP-1)表达的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠54只,体重180～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组:对照组(C组,n=6)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组,n=24)和地塞米松组(D组,n=24).ALI组和D组尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,C组给予等容量生理盐水,D组于注射LPS前30 min时腹腔注射地塞米松6 mg/kg.C组于注射生理盐水后1 h(T1)时,ALl组和D组分别于注射LPS后1、3和6 h(T1-3)时,随机处死8只大鼠,取肺组织,检测MKP-1和磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MAKP(p-p38MAPK)的表达.T3时回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),测定蛋白和TNF-α的浓度;观察肺组织病理学结果.另取32只SD大鼠,体重180～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=16):急性肺损伤组(ALI1组)和地塞米松组(D1组),处理方法同上.观察48 h内大鼠生存情况.结果 与C组比较,ALI组BALF中蛋白和TNF-α的浓度升高,T1-3时p-p38MAKP表达上调,T2.3时MKP-1表达下调,D组BALF中TNF-α浓度升高,T1-3时p-p38MAKP和MKP-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,D组BALF中蛋白和TNF-α的浓度下降,T1-3时p-p38MAKP表达下调,MKP-1表达上调(P＜0.05),病理学损伤减轻.D1组大鼠生存率高于ALI1组(P＜0.05).结论 地塞米松减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的机制与上调肺组织MKP-1的表达,抑制p38MAPK的磷酸化,降低炎性反应有关.     

微量肺源性内毒素对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价微量肺源性内毒素对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠32只,体重370～390 g,随机分为4组(n=8):自主呼吸组(C组)、内毒素+自主呼吸组(LC组)、机械通气组(M组)和内毒素+机械通气组(LM组).LC组和LM组气管内滴入内毒素100 μg/kg;M组和LM组行机械通气,潮气量20 ml/kg,呼气末正压0,1:E 1:1,维持P_(ET)CO_235～45 mm Hg;C组和LC组保持自主呼吸.于机械通气前、机械通气1、2和3 h时行血气分析,并记录血液动力学指标.机械通气3 h时放血处死大鼠,测定肺组织病理学损伤评分、湿/干重比(W/D比)、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞计数和肺蛋白透性系数,采用ELISA法检测血浆TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度.C组和M组采用RT-PCR法测定肺组织CD14 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法测定BALF中CD14的表达水平.结果 C组和M组血浆中未检测到TNF-α;与C组比较,LC组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比、BALF中自细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数和血浆MIP-2浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),血浆TNF-α浓度升高,M组肺组织病理学损伤评分、BALF中白细胞计数和血浆MIP-2浓度升高,LM组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比和BALF中白细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数、血浆MIP-2和TNF-α的浓度升高(P<0.05或0.01);与M组比较,LM组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比、BALF中自细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数、血浆MIP-2和TNF-α的浓度升高(P<0.05或0.01).与C组比较,M组BALF中CD14表达和肺组织CD14 mRNA表达上调(P相似文献   

Wy14643对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α激活剂--Wy14643对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C组)、机械通气组(V组)、不同剂量Wy14643组(W1组和W2组).C组不行机械通气,其余3组均行大潮气量(VT40 ml/kg)机械通气2 h.W1组和W2组分别于机械通气前1 h经颈外静脉注射Wy14643(溶于10%二甲亚砜)1、3 mg/kg,C组和V组于机械通气前1 h经颈外静脉注射10%二甲亚砜1 ml/kg.于机械通气前、机械通气1、2 h时取股动脉血样行血气分析,计算PaO2/FiO2(氧合指数).通气2 h后收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2(MIP-2)的水平,取肺组织计算湿重/干重比(W/D比),取动脉血样,测定血清MDA、SOD水平,光镜下观察肺组织病理学.结果 与C组比较,V组SOD水平降低,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比升高(P＜0.05),肺组织病理学损伤明显;与V组比较,W1组和W2组氧合指数和SOD水平升高,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比降低(P＜0.05),肺组织病理学损伤程度减轻.与W1组比较,W2组氧合指数和SOD水平升高,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比降低(P＜0.05).结论 Wy14643可减轻大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤,且与剂量有关.     

阿司匹林诱生型脂氧素A4对脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价阿司匹林诱生型脂氧素A4 (ATL)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的影响.方法 雄性SPF级BALB/C小鼠30只,体重25～30 g,10～ 12周龄,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=10):对照组(NS组)气管内滴定生理盐水(LPS溶媒)1.5 ml/kg,1h后尾静脉注射50％无水乙醇(ATL溶媒)0.1 ml; LPS组气管内滴定LPS 3 mg/kg,1h后尾静脉注射50％无水乙醇0.1 ml; ATL组气管内滴定LPS 3 mg/kg,1h后尾静脉注射ATL 0.2 mg/kg.气管内滴定药物后24h处死,采集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),计数总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例、单个核细胞比例及其总蛋白、TNF-α、IL-6、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、IL-10的浓度;取肺组织,测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)的磷酸化水平,并观察肺组织病理学结果,行肺损伤评分.结果 与NS组比较,LPS组和ATL组肺损伤评分、BALF中总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例、TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1浓度升高,单个核粒细胞比例降低,LPS组BALF中IL-10浓度降低,总蛋白浓度、肺组织MPO活性、p38 MAPK、JNK、ERK1/2的磷酸化水平升高(P＜0.05),ATL组BALF中总蛋白、IL-10浓度、肺组织MPO活性、p38 MAPK、JNK、ERK1/2的磷酸化水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与LPS组比较,ATL组肺损伤评分、BALF中总细胞数、多形核粒细胞比例和总蛋白、TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1浓度降低,单个核粒细胞比例和IL-10浓度升高,肺组织MPO活性、p38MAPK和JNK的磷酸化水平降低(P＜0.05),ERK1/2的磷酸化水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ATL可减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤,其机制与抑制p38 MAPK和JNK信号通路激活有关.     

阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠32只,体重200～250 g,随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、阿米洛利组(A组)和阿米洛利预先给药组(AL组).C组股静脉输注生理盐水3 ml,ALI组股静脉输注生理盐水1 ml、内毒素6 mg/kg,A组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、生理盐水2 ml,AL组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、内毒素6 mg/kg,输注速率均为0.05 ml/rain,给药间隔均为30 min.于输注内毒素结束后6 h时处死大鼠取肺,观察肺组织病理学,并行病理学评分,称重后计算肺湿干重比,检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度,采用Western blot法检测肺组织钠氢交换体1(NHE1)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,ALI组和AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1、p38MAPK和ERK的表达水平明显升高(P＜0.01),A组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与ALI组比较,AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1和ERK的表达水平明显降低(P＜0.01),p38MAPK表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 阿米洛利预先给药可减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制ERK信号转导通路激活有关.     

糖皮质激素受体在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用

目的 评价糖皮质激素受体(GR)在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用及可能机制.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠60只,体重180 ～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组:对照组(C组,n=6)、RU486组(GR特异性拮抗剂组,R组,n=6)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组,n=24)、RU486+ ALI组(RA组,n=24).ALI组尾静脉注射内毒素(LPS)5 mg/kg制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,C组给予等容量生理盐水,R组皮下注射GR拮抗剂RU486 20 mg/kg,RA组注射RU486 20 mg/kg 90 min后注射LPS.ALI组及RA组分别于注射LPS后1、3和6 h(T1～3)时,各组随机取8只大鼠,C组与R组于注射生理盐水、RU486 1 h后处死取肺,检测p-p38MAPK、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(MKP-1)的表达.T3时回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),测定蛋白和TNF-α的浓度;计算细胞凋亡指数;观察肺组织病理学结果.另取32只大鼠,体重180 ～ 230 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=16):急性肺损伤组(ALI1组)、RU486+ ALI组(RA1组),处理方法同上.观察48 h内大鼠生存情况.结果 与C组相比,ALI组、RA组BALF蛋白浓度和TNF-α浓度、细胞凋亡指数升高(P＜0.05)、病理学损伤加重;T1～3时p-p38MAPK表达上调,ALI组T2,3时MKP-1表达下调,RA组T1-3时MKP-1表达下调(P＜0.05);与ALI组相比,RA组BALF蛋白浓度和TNF-α浓度、细胞凋亡指数增加,T1～3时p-p38MAPK表达上调(P＜0.05),T2.3时MKP-1表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),RA1组大鼠生存率低于ALI1组(P＜0.05).结论 GR参与大鼠内毒素急性肺损伤的发生发展,其机制与抑制p38MAPK信号转导通路,降低肺组织细胞凋亡有关.     

Technetium-fibrinogen lung scanning in canine lung contusion

To detect experimentally induced acute lung contusion in anesthetized dogs, serial radionuclide images of the lung were recorded following intravenous infusion of 99mTc-labelled human fibrinogen (Tc-HF). The accumulation of Tc-HF in canine lungs was serially quantitated for up to 20 hours after lung contusion. A contusion (#1) was produced in one lung, Tc-HF was injected IV after 15 minutes, and 75 minutes later a contralateral lung contusion (#2) was produced in a series of 14 dogs. At autopsy the excised lungs were scanned, sectioned, and counted for radioactivity. Radiolabelled fibrinogen accumulated within 2-4 minutes of contusion #2 and remained stable over the next 20 hours in 14 dogs; contusion #1 was barely visible in four dogs. Lung Tc-HF activity in the central region of contusion #2 remained sixfold higher than in normal lung tissue. These data suggest that following lung contusion, fibrinogen deposition occurs rapidly and remains stable over a 20-hour interval of observation.     

Septic lung and shock lung in man.

Two series of patients were studied by serial measurements of blood gas exchange and pulmonarmonary dysfunction and to evaluate the dangers of respiratory failure in post traumatic patients. There were 27 patients who had sustained profound hemorrhagic shock and massive blood replacement averaging 9.7 liters and 38 patients who suffered general peritonitis or other forms of fulminating nonthoracic sepsis. All were supported by endotrachael intubation and volume controlled ventilators. The overall mortality for the post shock patients without sepsis was 12% while in the septic patients it was 35%. The maximal pulmonary arteriovenous shunt encountered in the post hemorrhagic shock patients at 36 hours averaged 20 plus or minus 8% and was accompanied by high cardiac indices (average 5.1 plus or minus 1.3 L/M-2/min) but no significant rise of pulmonary arterial pressure or peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Severe pulmonary dysfunction subsequently occurred only in those patients who later became septic. The studies on the septic patients were divided according to the magnitude of the cardiac indices (the high indices averaged 4.8 plus or minus 1.6L/M-2/min) and thelow indices averaged 1.9 plus or minus 1.0 L/M-2/min. In the former, the average maximal shunt of 30 plus or minus 6% was sustained for 4 or more days, accompanied by an elevation of PIP to 36 plus or minus 6 cm H2O and by Pa pressure of 28 plus or minus 5 mm Hg. The patients in low output septic shock usually had an associated bronchopneumonia and had an average venous admixture of 34 plus or minus 8% and PIP values of 41 plus or minus 8 cm H2O. The mean Pa pressure in this group was 29 plus or minus 6 mm Hg.     

单肺移植术后受者对侧自体肺并发症的分析

目的 探讨单肺移植术后自体肺并发症对移植疗效和受者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析自2003年1月至2012年8月间单中心施行的48例单肺移植的临床资料.患者的原发疾病分别为慢性阻塞性肺病29例(61％),特发性肺间质纤维化14例(29％),闭塞性细支气管炎2例(4％),尘肺2例(4％),肺淋巴管肌瘤1例(2％).分析术后对侧自体肺并发症发生情况及其预防和处理,并探讨其对受者预后的影响.结果 48例单肺移植受者中,21例(43.7％)出现了对侧自体肺并发症,其中7例(14.6％)因自体肺并发症死亡.并发症分别为气胸2例(4.2％),对侧肺减容术术后持续漏气1例(2.1％),后期自体肺过度膨胀4例(8.3％),顽固性乳糜胸1例(2.1％),肺内恶性肿瘤2例(4.2％),细菌感染6例(12.5％),真菌感染5例(10.4％).有自体肺并发症及无自体肺并发症受者术后1、3和5年存活率分别为63％、42％、21％以及85％、55％、48％ (P＜0.05).自体肺感染性并发症为影响预后的独立因子(P＜0.05).结论 受体对侧自体肺并发症是影响单肺移植预后的重要因素之一;非感染性的自体肺并发症,采用外科手段常可成功治疗,而自体肺感染的预后较差.     

Complications in the native lung after single lung transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: Single lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease; despite encouraging results, we observed serious complications arising in the native lung. We retrospectively reviewed 36 single lung transplants to evaluate the incidence of complications arising in the native lung, their treatment and outcome. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1997, 35 patients received 36 single lung transplants for emphysema (16), pulmonary fibrosis (14), lymphangioleiomyomatosis (4), primary pulmonary hypertension (1) and bronchiolitis obliterans (1). The clinical records were reviewed and the complications related to the native lung were divided into early (up to 6 weeks after the transplant) and late complications. RESULTS: Nineteen complications occurred in 18 patients (50%), leading to death in nine (25%). Early complications (within 6 weeks from the transplant) were bacterial pneumonia (1), overinflation (3), retention of secretions with bronchial obstruction and atelectasis (1), hemothorax (1), pneumothorax (1) and invasive aspergillosis (3); one patient showed active tuberculosis at the time of transplantation. Two patients developed bacterial pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis leading to sepsis and death. The other complications were treated with separate lung ventilation (1), bronchoscopic clearance (1), chest tube drainage (1) and wedge resection and pleurodesis (mechanical) by VATS (1). One patient with hyperinflation of the native lung eventually required pneumonectomy and died of sepsis. The patient with active tuberculosis is alive and well after 9 months of medical treatment. Late complications were recurrent pneumothorax (4), progressive overinflation with functional deterioration (2), aspergillosis (1) and pulmonary nocardiosis (1). Recurrent pneumothorax was treated with chest tube drainage alone (1), thoracoscopic wedge resection and/or pleurodesis (2) and pneumonectomy (1); hyperinflation was treated with thoracoscopic lung volume reduction in both cases; both patients with late infectious complications died. CONCLUSIONS: After single lung transplantation, the native lung can be the source of serious problems. Early and late infectious complications generally result in a fatal outcome; the other complications can be successfully treated in most cases, even if surgery is required.