双气囊小肠镜对不完全小肠梗阻的诊断价值及安全性分析

目的 探讨双气囊小肠镜(DBE)对不完全性小肠梗阻的诊断价值与安全性.方法 对21例确诊的不完全性小肠梗阻患者行DBE检查,收集并分析相关临床数据.结果 21例患者共进行22次DBE检查,20例发现异常病变,阳性检出率95.2％.小肠不全性梗阻增生性病变6例,病变部位以空肠最多;溃疡瘢痕狭窄10例,病变部位以回肠最多.检查前、中、后的心率、血氧饱和度、收缩压、舒张压变化均无统计学差异(P均＞0.05).采用视觉模拟评分量表对小肠镜检查前及麻醉清醒后1、6和24h的腹痛程度进行评分,各时间点比较无统计学差异(P均＞0.05).结论 依靠恰当的麻醉和操作方法,DBE对不完全性小肠梗阻有较高的检出率,安全可行.     

双气囊内镜对小肠息肉的内镜诊治研究

目的 探讨双气囊内镜(DBE)对小肠息肉镜下治疗的可行性及安全性.方法 回顾分析我院自2003年11月～2009年6月接受DBE检查并检出小肠息肉的所有病例,总结和分析小肠息肉的内镜诊断及治疗情况,并评价其安全性.结果 360例患者,共进行566例次DBE检查及治疗,其中检出小肠息肉患者66例(Peutz-Jeghers综合征患者50例,其他小肠息肉患者16例).66例患者共接受122例次DBE镜下治疗(经口 74次,经肛48次).镜下切除小肠息肉共计1 012枚(直径5～10 mm 95枚、1～30mm 599枚,直径31～50 mm 274枚,直径大于50 mm 44枚).66例患者在DBE检查及治疗前86例次有不同的临床症状(不完全肠梗阻36例、消化道出血32例、腹痛及腹部不适18例),其中78例次(90.7%)经内镜治疗后临床症状均明显缓解或消失,另有8例次因小肠息肉巨大(7例)或发现息肉恶变(2例)转外科手术治疗.发生较严重的并发症共6例次(小肠穿孔3例,术后有3例出现引起血红蛋白水平下降的消化道出血).结论 DBE能安全有效地切除小肠多发息肉,可在一定范围内代替外科手术治疗,为小肠息肉患者提供了一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

双气囊小肠镜对Peutz-Jeghers综合征患者小肠息肉的治疗价值

目的:探讨双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscopy,DBE)在Peutz-Jeghers综合征(peutz-jeghers syndrome,PJS)患者小肠多发息肉治疗中的应用价值.方法:应用DBE对临床诊断为PJS的患者进行检查和治疗,主要观察指标包括DBE检查治疗的完成情况、小肠息肉切除的数量、大小以及与DBE检查治疗相关的并发症等.结果: 共对18例患者进行34例次检查及治疗(经口18次,经肛16次),平均检查时间95(65-180) min,所有病例均有小肠多发息肉.共成功切除小肠息肉126枚(直径5-10 mm 16枚,11-30 mm 70枚;直径>30 mm 40枚,最大直径50 mm).发现息肉癌变1例.术后3 d发生慢性小肠穿孔1例(0.79%),腹部隐痛不适2例,无引起血色素下降的出血及其他严重并发症发生.结论:DBE能安全可靠的切除Peutz-Jeghers综合征患者深部小肠息肉,在一定程度上可代替开腹手术治疗,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

Peutz-Jeghers综合征小肠息肉的双气囊小肠镜治疗

双气囊小肠镜作为一种新的检查和治疗设备,使针对全小肠的直视检查和治疗干预成为可能。目的：探讨双气囊小肠镜治疗Peutz—Jeghers综合征（PJS）患者小肠息肉的可行性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析解放军空军总医院2004年4月～2009年5月48例PJS患者的双气囊小肠镜检查／治疗情况。结果：48例PJS患者共接受102例次双气囊小肠镜检查（经肛38例次,经口64例次）,行内镜下小肠息肉圈套切除术90例次,切除小肠息肉876枚,其中直径〉50mm的巨大息肉43枚。内镜检查／治疗前52例次有明显临床症状（不完全性肠梗阻35例次,腹痛和腹部不适11例次,消化道出血6例次）,其中45例次（86．5％）经治疗后症状消失或明显缓解。发生较严重内镜治疗并发症5例,其中小肠穿孔2例,消化道出血3例。结论：双气囊小肠镜能安全、有效地治疗PJS患者的小肠多发息肉,在一定程度上可替代外科手术治疗。     

气囊辅助小肠镜治疗Peutz-Jeghers综合征的临床价值

目的探讨气囊辅助小肠镜治疗Peutz-Jeghers综合征(Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,PJS)患者小肠息肉的临床价值与安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年6月-2014年3月在北京军区总医院就诊并行气囊辅助小肠镜下息肉切除术的28例PJS住院患者的临床资料。结果 28例患者共行气囊辅助小肠镜下息肉切除术44例次,其中经口进镜28例次,经肛进镜16例次。1例小肠息肉呈密切分布,给予腹腔镜联合小肠镜切除息肉。17例患者小肠镜前行术前检查,其中6例行小肠钡餐造影检查,11例行小肠仿真CT检查。术前检查组单次切除息肉数高于未检查组。术后出现并发症3例次(消化道出血1例次,术中穿孔2例次),并发症发生率6.8%。结论气囊辅助小肠镜下切除小肠息肉治疗PJS安全有效。术前检查有助于小肠镜进镜方式的选择。对于息肉密集分布患者,单纯镜下切除困难,可内镜联合腹腔镜治疗,一次大量切除小肠息肉,达到较好的治疗效果。     

单气囊小肠镜对可疑小肠疾病诊疗价值的探讨

背景:单气囊小肠镜(SBE)作为一种较新的小肠检查手段,在可疑小肠疾病中的临床价值需进一步探讨。目的:评价SBE在可疑小肠疾病诊疗中的价值。方法:回顾性总结2011年7月-2013年10月成都军区总医院接受SBE检查的73例患者共81例次检查的资料,分析SBE的适应证以及对可疑小肠疾病的诊断和治疗效果。结果:81例次SBE检查中,不明原因消化道出血33例次(40.7%),不全性肠梗阻29例次(35.8%),慢性腹痛或腹泻19例次(23.5%)。SBE经口插镜深度平均为230 cm,经肛平均为100 cm。SBE的阳性诊断率为67.9%,检出病变主要包括小肠溃疡、小肠炎症、小肠肿瘤和小肠息肉等。镜下治疗8例,其中止血治疗5例,息肉切除3例。无严重并发症发生。结论:SBE是可疑小肠疾病的有效诊疗手段,其主要适应证为不明原因消化道出血和不全性肠梗阻。     

双气囊小肠镜在小肠疾病诊断中的作用及治疗安全性分析

目的探讨双气囊小肠镜(double-balloon enteroscopy,DBE)在小肠疾病诊断中的作用及治疗安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年4月-2015年2月在江苏省中医院消化内镜中心住院的58例小肠疾病患者的临床资料。结果 58例患者共行66次DBE检查,发现病变48处,阳性率72.7%;发现CD27例,血管畸形出血2例,小肠糜烂2例,Meckal憩室1例,息肉3例,淋巴管扩张症2例,空肠占位3例,回肠黏膜炎1例,胶囊滞留3例,陈旧性出血1例,空肠梗阻1例,置小肠营养管1例。1例高淀粉酶血症,无出血、穿孔等并发症。结论 DBE在小肠疾病诊断中占重要地位,且镜下治疗安全有效。     

双气囊内镜对小肠狭窄性疾病诊断和治疗选择的价值

目的 探讨双气囊内镜(DBE)对小肠狭窄性病变尤其是肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法选择的价值.方法 2003年6月至2006年7月在广州南方医院对208例可疑小肠疾病患者行DBE检查,发现病变进行活检、标记,并与部分手术结果对照.结果 208例可疑小肠疾病患者中DBE检查发现小肠狭窄39例,检出率18.8%.DBE诊断小肠肿瘤14例,多发性溃疡(含克罗恩病)18例,回肠憩室5例,炎性狭窄或外压2例,其中手术治疗19例,证实18例.39例患者临床表现主要以单纯或合并不全性肠梗阻、黑便为主,其中无肠梗阻表现的占59.0%(23/39).结论 DBE对小肠狭窄尤其是肿瘤性小肠狭窄有较高的检出率和诊断率;对于治疗方式选择,小肠肿瘤性狭窄需选择剖腹手术,在缺乏相应的DBE治疗器械的情况下,良性肿瘤或良性病变可选择腹腔镜手术.     

双气囊小肠镜在治疗老年患者小肠疾病中的有效性与安全性

目的探讨双气囊小肠镜(DBE)在老年患者小肠疾病中的诊治作用及安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2014年12月在江苏省中医院消化内镜中心住院的24例年龄60岁的老年小肠疾病患者,男16例、女8例;年龄60~83岁(68.7±5.6)岁;行小肠镜诊治30例次,经口18例、经肛12例;全小肠检查4例,经口+经肛进镜2例。结果 24例行DBE检查共发现病变18例,阳性率75%;30例次检查中,6例次治疗、炎性病变4例、肿瘤占位性病变3例、出血性病变3例、息肉3例、淋巴管扩张1例、多发性憩室1例、间质瘤1例、克罗思病2例、检查阴性6例。6例次治疗中,3例行内镜黏膜下切除术(EMR),2例行镜下止血术,置小肠营养管1例;2例术后腹痛,无出血、穿孔并发症。结论双气囊小肠镜是老年患者小肠疾病诊疗的有效手段,且安全有效。     

急诊双气囊小肠镜在16例小肠出血诊治中应用的临床资料回顾性分析研究

[目的]回顾性分析研究及探讨急诊双气囊小肠镜(DBE)在16例小肠出血诊治中应用的临床资料。[方法]收集因小肠出血接受急诊DBE检查的16例患者的临床资料,记录并分析患者术前进镜途径的选择、内镜诊断率、内镜治疗率、术后随访等数据。[结果]16例患者中内镜下病灶诊断率为62.50%(10例),其中经口进镜诊断率为80%(8例),内镜下5例小肠少见活动性出血病例经内镜下止血治疗均好转,其确诊病例随访中再出血率为10%(1例),均无相关并发症的发生。[结论]DBE在小肠出血中具有较高的内镜诊断率,并能有效进行内镜下止血治疗,可进一步推广其在小肠出血中的临床应用。     

Double-balloon endoscopy: past, present, and future

Double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) was developed as a new technique for visualization of and intervention in the entire small intestine. In DBE, the intestinal walls are held apart by a balloon attached to the distal end of a soft overtube. DBE has been reported worldwide to be very useful for not only diagnosis but also endoscopic therapy. Biopsy samples of small intestinal tumors can be obtained using DBE, and the appropriate treatment can be selected before a surgical procedure. For inflammatory diseases, DBE can reveal the localization of ulcers in the lumen (on the mesenteric or antimesenteric side), which is important for differential diagnosis. Some endoscopic therapies such as hemostatic procedures, polypectomy, and dilation therapy for benign strictures can be performed in the same manner as in the large intestine. DBE may also be suitable for colonoscopy for difficult insertion cases and therapeutic procedures such as endoscopic submucosal dissection. Furthermore, a double-balloon endoscope can be selectively inserted into the afferent loop to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with Roux-en-Y anastomosis, allowing various kinds of endoscopic treatments for biliary diseases to be successfully performed. Endoscopic therapy in the small intestine, whose wall is very thin, should be performed with special care to avoid complications such as bleeding and perforation. In the future, improvement is expected in terms of maneuverability, therapeutic capability, and imaging technology such as the addition of a magnifying function and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement. We anticipate that DBE will contribute to the establishment of medical science of the small intestine and to research elucidating the mechanisms of small intestinal diseases.     

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SMALL BOWEL DISEASES WITH A NEWLY DEVELOPED SINGLE BALLOON ENDOSCOPE

Background: Recent advances in capsule endoscopy (CE) and double balloon endoscopy (DBE) have enabled an endoscopic approach to small bowel diseases. However, CE is simply a diagnostic tool and DBE is fairly complicated to handle. Methods: We developed a single balloon endoscopy (SBE) in cooperation with Olympus Medical Systems. The single balloon enteroscope consists of an endoscope and a splinting tube. In this system, a balloon is attached to the splinting tube, but not to the scope itself. The single‐person insertion method was effective for SBE cases, but two persons were needed for DBE. The patients we examined had undergone upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy and were suspected of having small intestinal diseases. We examined a total of 30 cases (nine women, 21 men; range 19–78 years), and carried out a total of 48 examinations. Results: In fifteen cases, the cause of bleeding was diagnosed as either ulcer, angiodysplasia, Crohn's disease, inflammatory polyp, or metastatic cancer, but in eight cases, the cause was not identified. Four obstruction cases comprised ulcers, adhesion, and jejunal volvulus. For treatment, clippings were performed for bleeding in three patients, polypectomy for two, reversal of volvulus for one, and balloon dilation for ilial stenosis in one. The entire small intestine was observed in 71% of patients when the intention was to examine the whole bowel. No complications were encountered. Conclusions: The newly developed SBE is useful for diagnosis and treatment of small bowel diseases.     

Double balloon endoscopy as a useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of four cases of primary small intestinal lymphoma

Primary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL) is a relatively rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, often complicated by bleeding, obstruction, or perforation of the intestine during the clinical course. The initial diagnosis and management of these complications are often difficult in PSIL, because the small intestine is usually inaccessible in routine endoscopy. Recently, total enteroscopy with a double-balloon method, called double balloon endoscopy (DBE), has been developed for the diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal disorders. We report herein on 4 cases of PSIL (2 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and 2 follicular lymphomas [FLs]). In these cases, DBE was useful in the diagnosis, decision to perform surgery after assessment of bleeding lesion, and treatment of the intestinal stenosis using enteroscopic balloon dilatation. Combination chemotherapy consisting of anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone with rituximab was administered in 3 cases, and all achieved complete remission. One patient with FL of the duodenum was treated with rituximab alone, but with little effect. We conclude that DBE is useful in the management of PSIL. More PSIL cases must be analyzed to establish the optimal management of patients with this form of lymphoma.     

双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜诊断小肠出血的临床评价

目的评价双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血的临床诊断价值。方法比较双气囊内镜、胶囊内镜及全消化道造影对小肠出血病灶的总体检出率;通过自身对照,比较双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率;分析胶囊内镜对1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率的影响。结果105例小肠出血患者中,双气囊内镜检出克罗恩病24例,腺癌15例,慢性非特异性炎症12例,不明原因小肠溃疡10例,小肠间质肿瘤8例,小肠息肉8例,小肠血管畸形出血6例,钩虫病5例,麦克尔憩室及多发憩室5例,小肠淋巴瘤3例,无明显异常9例,阳性率91．4％（96／105）。其中40例进行胶囊内镜检查,病变检出率75．0％（30／40）;75例患者全消化道造影检查,病变检出率33．3％（25／75）。根据胶囊内镜结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率90．0％（36／40）,而根据临床特征及消化道造影结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率69．2％（45／65）。结论小肠疾病的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡（包括克罗恩病）、肿瘤、慢性炎症,其次是息肉、血管畸形、寄生虫感染、麦克尔憩室及淋巴瘤等。双气囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率高于胶囊内镜,胶囊内镜能提高1次双气囊内镜明确诊断率。     

Double Balloon Enteroscopy Detects Small Bowel Mass Lesions Missed by Capsule Endoscopy

BACKGROUND: Small bowel mass lesions (SBML) are a relatively common cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Their detection has been limited by the inability to endoscopically examine the entire small intestine. This has changed with the introduction of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) into clinical practice. STUDY AIM: To evaluate the detection of SBML by DBE and CE in patients with OGIB who were found to have SBML by DBE and underwent both procedures. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of all patients undergoing DBE for OGIB at seven North American tertiary centers was performed. Those patients who were found to have SBML as a cause of their OGIB were further analyzed. RESULTS: During an 18 month period, 183 patients underwent DBE for OGIB. A small bowel mass lesion was identified in 18 patients. Of these, 15 patients had prior CE. Capsule endoscopy identified the mass lesion in five patients; fresh luminal blood with no underlying lesion in seven patients, and non-specific erythema in three patients. Capsule endoscopy failed to identify all four cases of primary small bowel adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Double balloon enteroscopy detects small bowel mass lesions responsible for OGIB that are missed by CE. Additional endoscopic evaluation of the small bowel by DBE or intraoperative enteroscopy should be performed in patients with ongoing OGIB and negative or non-specific findings on CE.     

双气囊小肠镜在68例小肠疾病诊断中的价值

目的 评价双气囊小肠镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值及安全性和耐受性.方法 2003年5月至2005年7月,对68例经常规检查无异常发现、疑患小肠疾病患者进行双气囊小肠镜检查,其中不明原因反复消化道出血39例、不完全性小肠梗阻7例、慢性腹痛14例、慢性腹泻8例.结果 68例患者中,36例经口进镜,25例经肛进镜,7例患者分别经口及经肛进镜检查.除3例因肠腔狭窄中止进镜外,其余病例均能检查1/2-3/4的小肠,7例患者结合经口及经肛途径完成全小肠检查.68例患者中41例检出阳性病灶,总阳性率为60.3%;其中不明原因消化道出血阳性率为62.6%（26/39）,不完全性小肠梗阻阳性5例,慢性腹痛阳性率为43%（6/14）,慢性腹泻阳性4例.除11例经口进镜者行异丙芬静脉全身麻醉外,其他经口及经肛进镜患者均能耐受整个检查,未出现出血、穿孔等严重并发症.结论 双气囊小肠镜是一种对小肠疾病诊断价值较高、安全可靠的检查手段.     

胶囊内镜下小肠黏膜特征分析53例

目的:回顾性分析胶囊内镜检查患者53例,认识胶囊内镜下小肠正常黏膜特征及小肠病变黏膜特征.方法:2010-08/2011-08,利用Miro Cam胶囊内镜系统对患者53例行胶囊内镜检查.统计患者的年龄、性别、症状、体征等临床资料,将受检者分为不明原因的消化系出血,疑为功能性胃肠病,腹痛、腹泻、腹胀,便秘,体检等共5组;通过查阅病案及电话回访,搜集资料,将胶囊内镜下所见作出最终的临床诊断;分析胶囊内镜下小肠正常及病变黏膜特征.结果:在53例患者中,1例因吞服胶囊后无图像信号,未能顺利完成胶囊内镜检查;1例因患者吞咽胶囊困难而无法进行;其余51例均顺利到达结肠,到达结肠率为96.22%.胃的平均运行时间为69.78 min,小肠的平均运行时间为513.25 min.48例有消化系疾病的阳性结果,3例未见异常,阳性率为90.57%.在所有疑诊小肠疾病的51例患者中,胶囊内镜小肠病变总的诊断率为92.15%(47/51);空肠及回肠阳性诊断率为52.94%,包括炎症12例(1例临床确诊为Crohn’s病),息肉3例,不明肿块3例,淋巴滤泡增生1例,疑似小肠淋巴管扩张7例,钩虫病1例;同时检出反流性食管炎1例;慢性胃炎26例,糜烂性胃炎7例,胃部息肉3例;结肠炎症3例,结肠息肉5例,大肠黑变病2例.胶囊均自然排出体外,无梗阻等并发症的发生.结论:Miro Cam胶囊内镜是一种非侵入性的检查手段,检查安全,顺应性好;在胶囊内镜下,正常小肠黏膜及病变黏膜均呈现出一定的特征.     

Current state of double balloon endoscopy: The latest approach to small intestinal diseases

Recent developments of capsule endoscopy and double balloon endoscopy (DBE) have made endoscopic examination of the entire small bowel practical, and changed the diagnostic algorithm for small bowel diseases. Double balloon endoscopy uses two balloons, one attached to the tip of the endoscope and another at the distal end of an overtube. By using these balloons to grip the intestinal wall, the endoscope can be inserted further without forming redundant loops of intestine. Total inspection by DBE is usually achieved by combination of sequential oral and anal intubations; success rates are reported to be 40–80%. Indications for DBE include scrutiny for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, small bowel tumor, small bowel stricture and following up evaluation of previously diagnosed small bowel diseases. Because DBE has an accessory channel and good maneuverability in the distal small intestine, it enables endoscopic treatment, including hemostasis, balloon dilation, polypectomy, mucosal resection, retrieval of foreign bodies and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (in the case of post-operative anastomoses). Double balloon endoscopy is also useful for cases of difficult colonoscopy, providing success rates of total colonoscopy between 88–100%. Although it has been a few years since its development, the usefulness of DBE is now well recognized. This challenging procedure has become popular rapidly and is currently used in many countries.     

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: endoscopic detection and treatment of small bowel polyps by double-balloon enteroscopy

INTRODUCTION: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is characterised by a combination of hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps and mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation. The polyps occur mainly in the small bowel and can lead to intestinal obstruction, intussusception and bleeding. Until only a few years ago, primary surgical resection and intraoperative endoscopy and polypectomy were the only available means of treating polyps in the mid-small bowel in these patients. With the introduction of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE), we now have not only an improved diagnostic tool but also a non-surgical treatment option. METHODS: Between March 2003 and September 2006 a total of 16 patients with PJS were examined by DBE and treated endoscopically. The size, number and location of the diagnosed and endoscopically resected small-bowel polyps were documented as were all complications associated with the examination or treatment. RESULTS: A total of 47 DBE-procedures were performed (oral approach 39, anal approach 8). The examinations revealed a total of 178 polyps. 47 polyps were removed by endoscopic polypectomy on the grounds of their size and/or gross appearance. The largest small-bowel polyp resected was 50 mm (min. 15 mm, max. 50 mm). A total of four complications occurred (2 episodes of bleeding with a fall in Hb, 1 perforation, 1 propofol-associated decrease in oxygen saturation). CONCLUSION: DBE is a safe and reliable procedure for the diagnosis of small-bowel polyps in patients with PJS. In addition to macroscopic assessment and biopsy of suspicious areas, it permits the exact localisation as well as preoperative marking of polyps that are primary candidates for surgery. DBE revolutionises the therapeutic options for polyps in the region of the mid-small bowel and limits the indications for primary surgical management.     

Characteristic endoscopic features of portal hypertensive enteropathy

BACKGROUND: Double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) and capsule endoscopy have opened up a new field of investigation regarding the small intestine. Although DBE has been widely used for diagnosis and treatment of different lesions in the small intestine, there is a paucity of information regarding endoscopic features of the small intestine in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). METHODS: Endoscopic images of the small intestine were taken in 21 patients with LC by DBE (EN-450P5/20 or EN-450T5/W). Biopsy specimens were taken from various parts of the small intestine and examined microscopically. Different endoscopic features of the small intestine were compared in relation to the clinical parameters of these patients. RESULTS: Erythema and telangiectasia were observed in five patients (24%) and one patient (5%), respectively. In eight patients (38%), the small intestinal mucosa was edematous, and the intestinal villi of these patients were swollen and rounded, resembling herring roe. The patients with a herring roe appearance in the small intestine had advanced LC (Child's classification B and C), and all of them also had portal hypertensive gastropathy and portal hypertensive colopathy. In comparison with patients without a herring roe appearance in the small intestine, patients with a herring roe appearance had a significantly increased spleen volume (P<0.05) and decreased platelet counts (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary, this study indicated that DBE may be useful for detecting different types of endoscopic lesions in patients with LC. A herring roe appearance seems to be one of the characteristic features of portal hypertensive enteropathy. However, further study will be required to develop insights about its pathogenesis.