2010年广州市甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株HA基因变异分析

目的比较2010年广州市分离到的甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素（HA）基因和2009年中国大陆甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的变异情况,为甲型H1N1流感的监测和防控提供理论依据。方法收集2010年广州市有发热和呼吸道症状病人的咽拭子标本,用H1N1流感特异性引物进行PCR检测,扩增分离到的H1N1病毒HA片段,测序后与2009年的H1N1毒株进行比对和分析,并用生物信息学方法对抗原位点和糖基化位点进行分析。结果共收集到426份标本,甲型流感阳性211份,其中H1N1流感4株,与2009年分离的甲型H1N1流感相比,有12个氨基酸碱基位点发生了有意义突变,其中6个位点位于抗原位点上;4株毒株HA基因145位氨基酸都发生了变异;其中2株毒株在第180位氨基酸位点的抗原位点发生了变异。进化分析表明4株毒株与2009年中国大陆分离的8株毒株进化关系较远。结论 2010年广州市甲型H1N1毒株与2009年相比发生了较大变异。HA基因145位和180位氨基酸位点变异对H1N1毒株抗原变异有重要意义。本文分离的A/Guangdong/ZS03/2010（H1N1）和A/Guangdong/ZS01/2010（H1N1）毒株可能已经发生了抗原性漂移。     

广东新型甲型H1N1病毒血凝素基因分子进化与变异

目的 揭示广东地区2009-2011年新型H1N1病毒血凝素基因(HA)进化特征及抗原表位变异特征.方法 采用时空抽样方法抽样,检测2009-2011年广东分离的24株新型H1N1病毒HA基因核苷酸序列,与GenBank中44株国外相应序列比较;比对HA基因核苷酸序列,分析基因分子变异,构建分子遗传动力学MCMC进化树;同时分析2009-2011年广东毒株HA基因的抗原表位变异情况.结果 68株HA基因进化树显示,广东毒株进化树主干至少分为6大分支;其中2011年毒株聚类为2个(Ⅴ和Ⅵ)主要分支,各具基因特征.变异频率较高的位点包括391、467、202和214位,正向选择位点包括8、145和391;广东毒株抗原表位区发生S145L/P、L208I、Q240R、S160G和G187R位点变异.2009年广东毒株HA基因分支Ⅰ毒株可能于2010年传播到亚洲、欧洲和澳洲地区.结论 广东新型H1N1病毒HA基因变异具有传播特征(Ⅰ)和地区特征(Ⅵ),位于抗原表位Ca、Sa和Sb的氨基酸发生变异,其中位点145等变异频率较高,承受着正向选择压力.     

唐山市甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因序列分析

目的 分析2010—2016年唐山市甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)基因序列进化特征.方法 选取唐山市3家哨点医院流感样病例分离到的24株甲型H1N1病毒,通过RT-PCR和测序方法获得HA基因的全长序列,运用分子生物学软件和统计学软件对序列进行拼接、比对和分析.结果 同源进化分析显示,24株甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因与疫苗株A/California/7/2009的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为97.0%~99.0%和97.0%~98.5%.进化分析显示,2010—2016年唐山地区流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒属于1、7、6三个基因分支,其中6分支毒株分为6C、6B、6B.1和6B.2亚支.氨基酸位点分析显示,不同毒株与疫苗株比较存在8~16处氨基酸位点改变,其中7个变异涉及3个抗原表位:H138Q/Y和S203T突变位于Ca区,N125S、K153E、S162N、K163T/Q突变位于Sa区,S185T突变位于Sb区同时也位于受体结合部位;2015—2016流行季6B.1分支毒株抗原位点S162N突变增加了新的潜在糖基化位点.结论 与疫苗株比较,随着时间推移唐山地区甲型H1N1流感病毒发生了抗原漂变,未来仍应关注6B分支流行株的变化.     

应用巢式RT-PCR扩增HA和NA基因片段并测序鉴定甲型H1N1流感病毒

目的 建立一种利用巢式RT-PCR特异扩增HA和NA基因片段并测序鉴定甲型H1N1流感病毒的技术.方法 设计两套共7条特异引物,通过巢式RT-PCR分别扩增甲型H1N1流感病毒HA和NA基因片段并测序,所得序列与人感染甲型流感病毒主要HA和NA亚型序列进行进化树分析以对结果作进一步鉴定,蛋白序列比对后分析其特征.结果 4例甲型H1N1流感患者流感病毒HA和NA基因RT-PCR扩增均分别得到442 bp和543 bp片段产物.核苷酸序列进化分析表明,该4例患者HA和NA序列分别与2009年爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒HA及NA序列聚集在一起,与季节性H1、H2、H3、人禽流感H5亚型及季节性N1、N2、人禽流感N1亚型特异分开.蛋白序列分析表明,4例患者流感病毒HA蛋白裂解位点附近氨基酸序列均为PSIQSR↓GLF,不具有高致病性流感病毒的特性,NA蛋白第275位氨基酸为His,未出现H275Y的耐药变异.结论 本方法能特异扩增甲型H1N1流感病毒HA和NA基因片段,测序后可用于甲型H1N1流感病毒的进一步鉴定;同时,得到的序列也可用于流感病毒致病力及耐药性的分析.     

2009年泉州市H1N1流感监测及基因特性分析

目的 了解2009年泉州地区H1N1流感监测情况,分析泉州市H1N1流感病毒的HA和NA基因特征,探讨该病毒的遗传变异及分子特性.方法 对泉州市H1N1流感监测期间的病人咽拭子采用real-time RT-PCR方法检测病毒核酸,MDCK细胞培养进行病毒分离、鉴定,并提取其中2株代表性毒株病毒RNA;采用RT-PCR扩增病毒HA和NA基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定;用DNAStar Megalign软件进行序列分析.结果 1020份咽拭子中有200份为H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性,70份季节性流感病毒核酸阳性,其中53份为H3N2亚型,14份为H1N1亚型,3份为B型,并分离到29株甲型H1N1流感病毒株.HA基因经核苷酸序列测定显示,该毒株与北美流行株高度同源,由HA基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸系列与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007相比,有22个位于抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点发生变异,但受体结合特异性仍为人样受体.NA基因耐药性位点分析,显示对达菲药物依然敏感.结论 2009年泉州市H1N1流感流行毒株与北美流行株高度同源,相对于疫苗代表株出现了HA蛋白抗原性的改变.     

甲1型流感病毒新分离株HA基因的序列分析

目的 研究新分离的H1N1亚型流感病毒株的HA1基因序列。方法 甲型流感病毒通过鸡胚增殖后提取RNA、逆转录合成cDNA,经PCR扩增和产物纯化构建重组质粒,用双脱氧链终止法进行核苷酸序列测定;并进行基因特性分析。结果 新分离到的3株流感病毒株（H1N1）HA1区基因长度为981bp,编码327个氨基酸;与A/桂防/10/94和A/Bayern/07/95（H1N1）标准株比较其同源性分别为92.8%和91.3%,丢失了第130位氨基酸和304位糖基化位点;新分离的3株甲型流感病毒（H1地）标准株比较其同源性分别为92.8%和91.3%,丢失了第130位氨基酸和304位糖基化位点,新分离的3株甲型流感病毒株（H1N1）HA1区氨基酸同源性高达98%;A/桂防/10/94和A/Bayern/07/95(H1N1)毒株HN1氨基酸的同源性高达96%。结论 新分离到的3株H1N1毒株HA编码氨基酸不同于A/Baydrn/07/95(H1N1)和A/桂防/10/94（H1N1）标准株,它们可能为新的甲型流感病毒变异性。     

2011-2014年青岛地区甲型H3N2流感病毒基因进化分析

目的 了解2011-2014年青岛地区人群甲型H3N2流感病毒流行株基因进化及抗原变异趋势.方法 选取2011-2014年间青岛地区流行的甲型H3N2流感病毒64株,提取病毒RNA,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增HA、NA、MP 3个基因片段,并进行序列测定,对各基因片段进行系统发育分析及基因和氨基酸位点变异分析.结果 HA进化树分析表明,甲型H3N2流感病毒基本上分为三大分支,并且每个分支与当年的疫苗株都不在同一分支上;HA1蛋白抗原决定簇共有8个位点发生了变化;NA蛋白酶活性中心及周围相关位点氨基酸组成保守,未检测到耐奥司他韦和扎那米韦的变异位点.M2蛋白均发生S31N突变.结论 2011-2014年青岛地区流行的H3N2流感病毒在持续不断地发生基因变异而产生抗原漂移;毒株全部为烷胺类药物耐药株,但对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感.     

一起甲型H1N1流感疫情病原检测及其HA与NA基因特性研究

目的 确认引起一起流感暴发疫情的病原,阐明该病原的血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)的特性.方法 疫情中最早出现流感样症状病例的咽拭子样本用real-time RT-PCR方法检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸,采用鸡胚分离法进行病毒培养,选取两病毒分离株进行HA和NA核苷酸序列测定,并进行基因特性分析.结果 此次流感疫情是由甲型H1N1流感病毒引起的,其HA和NA基因均与参比毒株的HA和NA基因高度同源,NA基因没有发生H274Y突变.结论 本研究的甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株为疫苗亲本株和中国分离株的类似株,对神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物(如达菲)敏感.     

动物源性和人源性甲型流感病毒(H1N1)血凝素(HA)的特征分析

目的 研究动物源性和人源性甲型H1N1流感病毒(influenza A virus)血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)的特征,以探讨动物源性和人源性甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素之间的关系.方法 从美国生物信息中心(NCBI)下载禽(鸟)源、猪源、人源的甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列,使用Clustal W2.0生物学软件比较上述血凝素氨基酸序列,并建立甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列的进化树.结果 2009年分离的人源性甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列同源性非常高,达到了99%～100%,而2009年分离的人源性甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列和禽(鸟)源,猪源的甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列之间的同源性非常低,只有77%～90%(只有猪源ABW36355和2009年分离的人源甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列同源性为90%,余同源性为77%～83%);蛋白生物进化树表明禽源(鸟)、猪源、人源的甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列明显分为3个大的分支.2009年分离的人源性甲型流感病毒血凝素氨基酸序列(ADA71154除外)与疫情前分离得到的人源的血凝素氨基酸序列同源性很低(79%～80%),并且进化树分为3个分支.结论 2009年流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒是一种新的流感病毒,病毒的血凝素氨基酸序列之间的同源性非常高,而和猪、禽(鸟)源的甲型H1N1流感病毒的血凝素氨基酸序列之间的同源性非常低,从这一层面上来讲,目前流行的甲型流感病毒的血凝素的基因并不是猪源和禽源,和疫情前人源的血凝素比对的结果也表明,2009年流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒也并不是直接源于2009年以前的人源流感H1N1病毒,而应该是另有来源.     

2015-2016年度中国甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗候选株的制备及鉴定CSCD

目的 为获得2015-2016年度中国流行的甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗候选株,制备流感病毒重配株并对其进行鉴定.方法 采用经典重配的方法,将H1N1亚型流感病毒流行株与H3N2亚型的鸡胚高产重配母本株（X-157株）在鸡胚上进行混合培养.用H3亚型的HA蛋白抗血清和X-157株全病毒抗血清对混合培养病毒进行阴性筛选.阴性筛选后HA滴度较高的病毒用Real-Time PCR法对表面蛋白基因型进行鉴定.对表面蛋白基因型正确的毒株用限制性内切酶酶切鉴定法鉴定其内部基因组成.进一步对HA和NA基因进行Sanger法测序,并用表面基因无氨基酸位点突变的毒株免疫雪貂,进行双向血凝抑制（Two-way hemagglutination inhibition test,HI）试验.结果 Real-Time PCR筛选出5株表面蛋白基因型正确的毒株.经内部基因鉴定其中4株为6＋2组成,1株为5＋3组成.5株重配株的HA和NA基因均未发生氨基酸位点突变.5株重配株HA滴度均维持在1 024以上.最终选取的12号重配株免疫原性良好,HI滴度达5 120,双向HI试验均通过.重配后疫苗株在鸡胚上的产量是重配前野毒株的64倍.结论 成功制备了2015-2016年度中国流行的甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗株,为疫苗贮备和疾病防控奠定了基础.     

Genetic diversity of HA1 domain of hemagglutinin gene of pandemic influenza H1N1pdm09 viruses in New Delhi, India

Genetic analysis of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1; H1N1pdm09) virus was undertaken to understand virus evolution during 2009 and 2010 in India. Surveillance of influenza viruses from July 2009 to December 2010 revealed major peaks of circulating H1N1pdm09 viruses in August–September and December–January 2009 and then in August–September 2010. To understand the diversity of the H1N1pdm09 virus, selected specimens (n = 23) from 2009 or 2010 were characterized by nucleotide sequence determination of the HA1 subunit of the HA gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 22 clustered with clade 7 viruses characterized by S203T mutations, whereas one virus from 2010 fell within clade 6. None of the viruses from either 2009 or 2010 formed a monophyletic group, suggesting a continuum of independent introduction of circulating viral strains. Amino acid analysis revealed minor amino acid changes in the antigenic or receptor‐binding domains. Importantly, we observed mutations that were also present in 1918 pandemic virus, which includes S183P in 4 and S185T mutation in 3 of 13 viruses analyzed from 2010, while none of the 2009 viruses carried these mutations. Whether antibody‐mediated pressure is imposing such changes remains to be determined. Continued genetic surveillance is warranted to monitor pathogenicity as the virus evolves to acquire new features. J. Med. Virol. 84:386–393, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of a hemagglutinin D222G substitution on the pathogenicity of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus in mice

The surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus initiates the infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on upper respiratory cells in the host. In contrast to avian influenza viruses, which bind to sialic acids connected by an α2-3 linkage to the penultimate galactose, human influenza viruses prefer sialic acids with an α2-6 linkage. Recently, there have been multiple cases of severe human infections associated with an HA D222G mutant influenza virus. In this study, we have investigated the pathogenic effects of the HA D222G substitution in a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in mice. Compared with the A/Korea/01/2009 (K/09) virus, the HA D222G mutant showed reduced growth in cells and reduced binding avidity to human and turkey red blood cells. In a BALB/c mouse infection model, infection with the HA D222G mutant virus resulted in less body weight loss when compared to the parental K/09 virus. Altogether, our data suggest that the HA D222G substitution in the K/09 virus might be deleterious to viral fitness.     

Clinical and molecular characteristics of the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 infection with severe or fatal disease from 2009 to 2011 in Shenzhen,China

In the past 3 years, the 2009 pandemic influenza virus H1N1 (pH1N1) has led to many severe or fatal cases. The virus‐related factors that cause severe or fatal disease are not clear. The clinical and molecular characteristics of pH1N1 infections with severe or fatal disease were examined to understand the correlation between pH1N1 infection and disease severity. Since 2009, three pH1N1 influenza epidemic outbreaks have occurred in Shenzhen, China. One hundred forty‐six severe cases were confirmed in the first wave in 2009. In severe cases, a high proportion (49.3%) of patents displayed high fever (>39.0°C), and 73.2% of patients had pneumonia and tracheobronchitis. Seven fatal cases were recorded: three with viral encephalitis and four with respiratory failure. The results of sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses from fatal or severe cases were scattered throughout the phylogenetic tree. Four substitutions (D222G, D222N, D222E, and Q223R) were observed on the 220‐loop of the receptor‐binding sites of the HA gene. Both D222G and D222N were associated statistically with severe disease. The 2011 viruses had evolved into two distinct branches. Ten specific point mutations occurred in the 2011 virus. In summary, high fever, lower respiratory tract infections and serious complications were the main features of severe cases. Gene variation seemed not to be the main reason for severe disease. Vaccination is the effective mean to prevent infection and severe disease. J. Med. Virol. 85:405–412, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Genetic analysis of HA gene of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses circulating in India

The H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic took the health care workers by surprise in spite of warning about influenza pandemic. Influenza A virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes by shift or drift. Thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in human is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. A total of 23 pandemic A/H1N1 2009 viral HA gene sequences were downloaded from NCBI submitted during March and May 2010 by NIV and were analysed. Along with that the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 was also downloaded from NCBI. All the sequences were used to analyse the evolution of the haemagglutinin (HA) by phylogenetic analysis. The HA gene could be divided into four groups with shift from 1 to lV revealing that the HA genes of the influenza A viruses evolved in a sequential way, in comparison to vaccine strain A/California/07/2009. Amino acid sequence analysis of the HA genes of the A/H1N1 2009 isolates, revealed mutations at positions 100, 220 and additional mutations in different positions 114, 171, 179, 190, 208, 219, 222, 239, 240, 247, 251, 260 and 285 .The mutations identified showed the adaptation of the new virus to the host that could lead to genetic changes inherent to the virus resulting in a reassortant which could be catastrophic, hence continuous monitoring of strains is mandatory.     

Mutations in PA, NP, and HA of a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus contribute to its adaptation to mice

In 2009, a swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. To understand the molecular basis of pandemic influenza virus adaptation to new host species, we serially passaged the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus strain A/California/04/09 in mouse lungs. After ten passages, the virus became lethal to mice. We found eight amino acid differences between the wild-type and mouse-adapted viruses: one in PB1, three in PA, three in HA, and one in NP. By using reverse genetics to generate mutant viruses, we determined that the amino acid substitutions in PA (at positions 21 and 616), HA (at positions 127 and 222), and NP (at position 375) play independent roles in the increased pathogenicity in mice. Among these five substitutions, an aspartic acid-to-glutamic acid substitution at position 127 in HA contributed to efficient viral replication in mouse lungs. Our results suggest the importance of the viral polymerase complex and of HA in viral adaption to a new host.     

Adamantane- and oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A (H1N1) and pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses in Guangdong, China, during 2008 and 2009

Adamantane and oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses is a major concern to public health officials. To determine the prevalence of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses in Guangdong, China, 244 seasonal A (H1N1) and 222 pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 viruses were screened for oseltamivir resistance by a fluorescence-based neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay along with NA gene sequencing. Also, 147 seasonal A (H1N1) viruses were sequenced to detect adamantane resistance markers in M2. Adamantane-resistant seasonal A (H1N1) viruses clustering to clade 2C were dominant in 2008, followed by oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A (H1N1) viruses, clustering to clade 2B during January and May 2009. In June 2009, a lineage of double-resistant seasonal A (H1N1) viruses emerged, until it was replaced by the pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 viruses. The lineage most likely resulted from reassortment under the pressure of the overuse of adamantanes. As all viruses were resistant to at least one of the two types of antiviral agents, the need for close monitoring of the prevalence of antiviral resistance is stressed.     

2009甲型H1N1流感大流行期间北京儿童的流感监测

目的 了解2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行期间北京地区儿童中流感流行的情况.方法 采用WHO推荐的实时荧光定量RT-PCR和国家流感中心推荐的分型方法,对2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行期间因流感样症状来首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院就诊患儿的咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸检测.结果 2009年6月1日至2010年2月28日期间共检测了4363份咽拭子标本,其中623例为甲型H1N1阳性,阳性率为14.3%,657例为其他甲型流感病毒阳性(15.1%),所有甲型流感病毒的总阳性率为29.3%.623例中有23例为危重症病例(占阳性患者的3.7%),其中5例死亡.618例信息完整的甲型H1N1病例中,患儿年龄为14天～16岁,性别比例为男比女为1.3:1.1～3岁儿童占25.2%,3～6岁学龄前儿童和6～12岁学龄儿童所占比例相近,各约占30%.在监测期间,仅呈现了一个甲型H1N1的流行波.2009年11月达到最高峰,随后减弱,2010年2月快速下降至2.7%.对监测期间每周20～30份临床标本同时进行季节性流感的监测显示,季节性H3N2、甲型H1N1和乙型流感交替流行.呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)在甲型H1N1流行趋势减缓后逐渐流行成为流行优势株.结论 2009年6月至2010年2月北京地区儿童中出现甲型H1N1的流行,主要累及学龄前和学龄儿童.季节性流感和RSV与甲型H1N1交替流行.     

Emergent 2009 influenza A(H1N1) viruses containing HA D222N mutation associated with severe clinical outcomes in the Americas

Background

During the 2010-2011 influenza season, a small sub-group of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) viruses (hereafter referred to as 2009 A(H1N1)) emerged that was associated with more severe clinical outcomes in Ecuador and North America. Genetically, the haemagglutinin (HA) of this sub-clade was distinct from HAs found in viruses associated with severe outbreaks in 2010 from the United Kingdom and from other global specimens isolated earlier in the season.

Objective

We report the emergence of a novel 2009 A(H1N1) variant possessing a re-emergent HA D222N mutation obtained from patients with severe respiratory illnesses and phylogenetically characterise these D222N mutants with other severe disease-causing variants clustering within a common emerging sub-clade.

Case reports

In early 2011, three cases of 2009 A(H1N1) infection, two from Quito, Ecuador, and one from Washington, DC, USA, were complicated by severe pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation, resulting in one fatality. These cases were selected due to the reported nature of the acute respiratory distress (ARD) that were captured in Department of Defence (DoD)-sponsored global influenza surveillance nets.

Results

Genetically, the 2009 A(H1N1) strains isolated from two of the three severe cases carried a prominent amino acid change at position 222 (D222N) within the primary HA receptor binding site. Furthermore, these cases represent an emerging sub-clade of viruses defined by amino acid changes within HA: N31D, S162N, A186T and V272I. Phylogenetically, these viruses share a high degree of homology with strains associated with recent fatal cases in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Discussion

Previously, enhanced virulence associated with the change, D222G, has been clinically linked to severe morbidity and mortality. Initial observations of the prevalence of a novel sub-clade of strains in the Americas suggest that viruses with a re-emergent D222N mutation may too correlate with severe clinical manifestations. These findings warrant heightened vigilance for emerging sub-clades of 2009 A(H1N1) and presumptive clinical implications.     

Rapid identification of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance mutations in seasonal influenza virus A(H1N1), A(H1N1)2009, and A(H3N2) subtypes by melting point analysis

The high mutation rate of influenza virus, combined with the increasing worldwide use of influenza virus-specific drugs, allows the selection of viruses that are resistant to the currently available antiviral medications. Therefore, reliable tests for the rapid detection of drug-resistant influenza virus strains are required. We evaluated the use of a procedure involving real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by melting point analysis (MPA) of hybrids formed between the PCR product and a specific oligonucleotide probe for the identification of point mutations in the influenza A virus neuraminidase gene (NA) that are associated with oseltamivir resistance [resulting in the amino acid change H275Y for seasonal and pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses and E119V for A(H3N2) viruses]. Therefore, 54 seasonal A(H1N1) (12 oseltamivir-resistant and 42 sensitive strains), 222 A(H1N1)2009 (5 resistant, 217 sensitive), and 51 A(H3N2) viruses (2 resistant, 49 sensitive) were tested by MPA, and the results were compared to those obtained by sequencing the NA gene. The results clearly indicate that the identification of drug resistance mutations by MPA is as accurate as sequencing, irrespective of whether MPA is performed using clinical material or the corresponding isolate. MPA enables a clear identification of mutations associated with antiviral resistance.