内镜与X线下支架置入治疗食管贲门癌的疗效对比研究

目的 探讨内镜及X线透视下放置支架治疗食管贲门癌疗效及优缺点.方法 选取70例有明确行支架置入治疗的指证的食管贲门癌患者,随机分为两组,内镜支架组35例在内镜直视下行支架置入治疗,X线支架组35例在X线透视下行支架置入治疗,观察疗效及并发症发生情况.结果 置入带膜支架54例次,不带膜支架16例次,两组患者支架置入成功率为100.00％,支架膨胀良好,吞咽困难缓解,6例食管支气管瘘患者瘘口均闭合.胸痛、出血术后发生率100.00％,症状轻微,对症处理后在1周左右均缓解.术后随访时间6个月～2年,平均8.97个月,患者置入支架后平均存活时间10.49个月,内镜支架组有1例(2.86％)发生支架移位,1例(2.86％)再狭窄,X线支架组有2例(5.71％)发生支架移位,3例(8.57％)再狭窄,两组患者支架置入成功率、再狭窄率及支架移位发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 内镜及X线透视下置入支架治疗食管贲门癌均能有效缓解患者吞咽困难症状,两种方法均能准确定位并且放置支架,内镜下放置操作相对简单,但狭窄程度较重时相对痛苦较大,可考虑X线透视下置入支架.     

食管内照射支架

近年来,食管癌性梗阻的标准治疗方法是置入金属食管支架,但传统的食管支架置入是无法控制肿瘤进一步生长,而且,术后食管支架容易发生再狭窄,影响长期疗效。东南大学附属中大医院滕皋军教授课题组于2005年研发了装载有放射性碘（125I）粒子的内照射食管支架。前期动物实验及临床I期试验均证明了其安全、有效;经单中心、随机对照Ⅱ期试验证明,内照射食管支架较传统金属自膨式覆膜支架疗效更好。     

自膨式带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄与食管气管瘘的临床观察

目的:评价自膨式带膜支架治疗晚期食管癌并发食管恶性狭窄或食管气管瘘临床应用价值。方法:对29例晚期食管癌患者在X线电视监视下置入自膨式带膜支架,其中食管恶性狭窄24例,食管气管(支气管)瘘5例。结果:均一次置放成功,全部病例术后吞咽功能立即得到改善,并发食管气管瘘呛咳消失。患者术后能进软食或普食,提高了生活质量。结论:自膨式带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄安全有效,并发症少,有效提高生存期。     

放射性粒子支架治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床研究

目的总结带放射性粒子食管支架应用于食管恶性狭窄治疗的效果。方法将食管恶性狭窄的患者分成两组,以带放射性粒子食管支架治疗的为观察组80例,以传统食管自膨式支架治疗的为对照组30例。在导管室行操作,行常规食管镜检查,通过食管镜监视将支架导丝经过狭窄段后至胃内,通过导丝置入传统食管支架或带放射性125-I粒子食管支架,并超过狭窄段5cm,结束操作。结果两组患者治疗后患者的吞咽困难症状均较治疗前有所缓解,支架释放均获成功。在吞咽困难方面,带放射性粒子食管支架短期疗效明显优于传统食管支架。在狭窄率方面,带放射性粒子食管支架优于常规传统食管支架。带放射性粒子食管支架治疗后生存期(19.1±3.1)个月,传统食管支架组治疗后生存期平均(8.2±1.5)个月,两组患者在治疗后生存期方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论放射性粒子食管支架对食管恶性狭窄是一种行之有效的方法 。     

间质化疗联合支架植入术治疗中晚期食管癌的疗效观察

目的 评价间质化疗(将化疗药物注入食管肿瘤组织)联合支架植入术治疗中晚期食管癌的临床疗效.方法 将45例中晚期食管癌患者按机械抽样法随机分为单纯支架植入组(A组,22例)和间质化疗联合支架植入组(B组,23例),对两组患者治疗后的临床疗效指标包括治疗有效率(RR)、临床受益疗效率(CBR)、生活质量改善指标(体力、体重)以及生存率、不良反应等进行评估.结果 B组治疗后RR为69.6%(16/23),CBR为91.3%(21/23),中位生存期为11个月,均高于A组[RR为45.5%(10/22),CBR为77.3%(17/22),中位生存期为5个月](P＜0.05或＜0.01);B组术后再狭窄发生率为21.7%(5/23),明显低于A组的45.5%(10/22)(P＜0.05).结论 合并食管恶性狭窄的中晚期食管癌应用间质化疗联合支架植入术是安全有效的治疗方法.     

自膨式带放射性粒子食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄20例临床观察

食管恶性狭窄是食管癌手术后复发和晚期食管癌的常见症状,患者往往需要多次进行食管狭窄球囊扩张,且狭窄扩开后短时间内易复发.置入支架虽然效果较好,但肿瘤组织往往会自支架缝隙中长入[1-2].2008年我院开始采用自膨式带放射性粒子带膜支架对食管恶性狭窄进行扩张、支撑和近距离放疗.为了探讨自膨式带放射性粒子带膜支架对食管恶性狭窄的治疗效果,我们选择应用自膨式带放射性粒子食管支架治疗的20例患者和传统食管支架治疗的20例患者进行对比分析,现将结果报告如下.     

被膜食管支架在40例食管贲门良性狭窄中的应用分析

目的 评价被膜食管支架治疗食管贲门良性狭窄的疗效和安全性及与支架取出时间的关系.方法 选择食管贲门良性狭窄患者40例,根据不同患者选择合适的被膜食管支架置入狭窄段.并按随机数字表法将患者分成两组,每组20例,A组术后6个月取出支架,B组术后3个月取出支架,观察操作成功率、吞咽困难改善情况、术中和术后并发症的发生情况及其处理等.结果 40例均一次性成功置入支架,支架置入后吞咽困难症状均得到持续改善.所有患者未出现食管穿孔、出血等严重并发症,但均出现不同程度的胸骨后闷胀隐痛不适,其中4例患者胸痛较明显,肌肉注射止痛剂后缓解;3例出现支架脱落;A组2例出现支架近端肉芽组织增生.支架置入后可有效封闭食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘等.术后两组均经内镜成功取出支架,B组出现1例再狭窄.结论 内镜下置入被膜食管支架是治疗食管贲门良性狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法.     

内支架结合放疗治疗晚期食管癌18例临床分析

目的　通过被覆支架治疗晚期食管癌恶性狭窄 ,并行术后放射治疗 ,以提高生活质量 ,延长生存期。方法　晚期食管癌恶性食管狭窄 18例 ,狭窄直径均在 2 .5mm以下 ,其中 3例呈梗阻状 ,4例合并有食管瘘 ,1例出现肝部转移。经口置入镍钛合金被覆支架 2 0枚 ,于 2周后行外照射 ,肿瘤试剂照射剂量 (DT) :6 0～ 70Gy。结果　所有患者均一次顺利完成支架置入 ,患者进普食顺利 ,疗效满意。 2周后均顺利接受放射治疗 ,未出现并发症。经随访复查 ,支架未发生移位及出现再狭窄改变 ,食管通畅 ,患者进食顺利 ,生存期延长 ,平均 11个月。结论　被覆支架治疗晚期食管癌恶性食管狭窄及术后结合放疗 ,能有效地抑制肿瘤生长 ,提高生活质量 ,延长生存期 ,是治疗晚期食管癌患者的一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

125I粒子植入加胆道支架治疗中晚期高位胆管癌

目的 探讨125I粒子植入加胆道支架治疗中晚期高位胆管癌的方法和效果.方法 应用放射性,125Ⅰ粒子植入加胆道支架联合治疗14例中晚期高位胆管癌.结果 所有患者术后均无异常反应,复查血常规,白细胞及粒细胞无明显下降,无明显放射性损害表现.手术后总胆红素、谷氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶均较术前下降.14例患者随访7～20个月,术后生存7～20个月,平均生存13个月.结论 对无法行根治性切除术的中晚期高位胆管癌患者行125I粒子植入加胆道支架治疗,可有效地解除黄疸,改善肝功能,提高患者的生存质量,延长生存期.     

内镜下微波凝固联合金属支架置入治疗晚期食管癌

食管贲门恶性狭窄经置入金属支架后能有效解除患者的吞咽困难,改善生活质量,延长生存期,但单纯支架置入后再狭窄并发症的发生率较高,约束了其广泛应用.我院自2003-2008年,对30例中晚期食管癌梗阻采用内镜下微波凝固联合金属支架置入等多种措施,获得较好的疗效.现报道如下.     

Use of self-expanding stents in benign and malignant esophageal disease

Of patients with malignant esophageal tumors, more than the half has incurable disease at the time of diagnosis. In such cases, quality of life and ability to swallow should be improved or restored by palliating the process e.g. by inserting esophageal stents. In the recent years, use of covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) has led to an increased success rate in the palliative treatment of--mainly malignant--strictures of the esophagus. High occurrence of complications (perforation, bleeding) associated with the use of rigid plastic esophageal stents necessitated the development of flexible stents. First generation self-expandable stents were made of special metal alloys, such as nickel-titanium. In the recent years, self-expandable plastic stents are available, too, offering new alternatives in the palliative treatment of esophageal diseases. In our present review article, we discuss the most important aspects about the use of self-expanding esophageal stents, based on recent clinical observations and data.     

Esophageal stents for the treatment of malignant Dysphagia in patients with esophageal cancer

Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are the current standard for relief of malignant esophageal dysphagia. Self-expanding plastic stents (SEPS) are also used for relief of malignant esophageal dysphagia and as neoadjuvant therapy due to their relative ease of removability. The innovations in design of both SEMS and SEPS have made their use more prevalent in patients with malignant dysphagia. We review the current literature on esophageal stents, including general concepts, indications, contraindications, SEMS and SEPS models, complications and their management, implications of tumor location, cost-effectiveness of stents in comparison with other modalities, and quality of life after stent placement.     

内镜下置放覆膜镍钛合金食管支架治疗食管狭窄护理

目的:探讨内镜下置放覆膜镍钛合金食管支架的护理.方法:对28例食管癌患者内镜下置放覆膜镍钛合金食管支架进行,术前做好心理护理,术中协助医生做好支架定位和病情观察,术后加强并发症的护理和饮食管理.结果:所有病例均一次置放成功.结论:有效的护理工作对内镜下置放覆膜镍钛合金食管支架的顺利进行尤为重要.     

Drug-eluting coronary stents

The first method of percutaneously treating a diseased vessel was developed by Dotter and Judkins in 1964. Andreas Grüntzig performed the first coronary angioplasty in 1977. In 1985 Palmaz et al. implanted the first balloon-mounted stent in a peripheral artery. Puel and Sigwart implanted the first human coronary stent in March 1986; it was a self-expanding mesh-like device. Schatz et al. applied some small modifications to the original Palmaz stent, which resulted in the first coronary stent available on the market, called Palmaz-Schatz stent. In 1987 Sigwart was the first to suggest the use of coronary stents in acute vessel occlusions during unsuccessful PTCA. Using the device it became possible to cover the intimal flap and to prevent elastic recoil. Because of the high incidence of subacute stent thromboses and the bleeding complications (aggressive anticoagulation regimens) these times the coronary stents were implanted only in order to avoid emergency CABG surgery. In 1993 BENESTENT and STRESS trials have proved that elective stent implantation can significantly reduce the incidence of restenosis. The dual antiplatelet therapy and the high pressure stent implantation technique dramatically reduced the incidence of subacute stent thrombosis. The treatment of coronary artery disease has undergone revolutionary changes in the past decade but remained the leading cause of mortality in the developed world. The most important limitation of PCI has been in-stent restenosis, which occurs in 20-40% of stent implantations. Clinically it results in recurrent ischemic episodes most often requiring repeat revascularisation (rePCI or CABG). With the use of drug-eluting stents the incidence of in-stent restenosis can be reduced dramatically, based on the currently available clinical trials it remains below 10%.     

Coronary stents.

In this article we review the early history of the coronary artery stent in clinical cardiology, cite a clinical case and assess the potential role of stents in revascularization in the future.     

Biliary stents.

The management of extrahepatic biliary obstruction has been revolutionized by the development of endoprostheses which can be inserted endoscopically or percutaneously. Advances in the technology of stent insertion and in the stents themselves are likely to increase the therapeutic armamentarium of the endoscopist still further.     

Benefits and risks of drug-eluting stents

The March 8, 2007-issue of the New England Journal of Medicine contained 5 original articles, 2 commentaries and 1 editorial on drug-eluting coronary stents versus bare metal stents. Over the past 5 years, multiple randomised, controlled trials have shown that drug-eluting stents reduce recurrent stenosis and the need for additional revascularisation procedures. Drug-eluting stents are now used in a large proportion of percutaneous coronary interventions. Following publications reporting a risk of late thrombosis with sudden occlusion, the promises and uncertainties regarding the benefits and risks are now heavily debated. It can be concluded that these first-generation drug-eluting stents, provided that they are used for indications in accordance with the randomised trials, result in a clear reduction in the need for additional revascularisation procedures without an effect on long-term case fatality and myocardial infarction. There is a small but serious risk of sudden thrombosis and occlusion. The task for the future will be to develop stents that do reduce recurrent stenosis but allow a normal endothelisation of the treated coronary artery segment. When drug-eluting stents have reached that stage, they will be clearly advantageous.     

Prostatic stents and balloon dilatation.

Prostatic obstruction of urinary flow is a common age-related event resulting in both troublesome symptoms and retention of urine. There have been recent developments in the management of such patients by inserting metallic stents or by balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra. The role of these treatments as alternatives to surgery is evaluated and some of the difficulties encountered in their usage are described in this article.