吸脂术中大剂量使用利多卡因的血药浓度监测及意义

目的 探讨作为局部麻醉剂的利多卡因在肿胀法脂肪抽吸术中的有限剂量是多少，既能达到良好的镇痛效果，又有安全地使用而不产生毒副作用。方法 对１４例大剂量使用低浓度利多卡因作为局麻药的脂肪抽吸术的术中和术后血清利多卡因浓度以免疫荧光测定法进行了动态监测，作出其时间－浓度曲线，并与临床表现相对照。结果 在此类手术中，利多卡因在０．１ｍｇ／ｍｌ的浓度下，加入１／１百万￣１／２百万肾上腺素，其用量可达３５ｍｇ     

吸脂术中大剂量使用利多卡因的血药浓度监测及意义

目的探讨作为局部麻醉剂的利多卡因在肿胀法脂肪抽吸术中的极限剂量是多少,既能达到良好的镇痛效果,又能安全地使用而不产生毒副作用。方法对14例大剂量使用低浓度利多卡因作为局麻药的脂肪抽吸术的术中和术后血清利多卡因浓度以免疫荧光测定法进行了动态监测,作出其时间-浓度曲线,并与临床表现相对照。结果在此类手术中,利多卡因在0.1mg/ml的浓度下,加入1/1百万～1/2百万肾上腺素,其用量可达35mg/kg 体重而血清高峰浓度仍在安全范围内,无中毒症状,既可减轻病人的疼痛,又可减少出血,提高安全性,增加脂肪抽吸量。结论本研究为肿胀法吸脂术中大剂量使用利多卡因的临床实践提供了理论依据。     

脂肪抽吸术吸出物中利多卡因的浓度测定及其意义

肿胀麻醉是脂肪抽吸术的一大改进，其特点是大剂量的利多卡因随同肿胀液注入抽吸部位脂肪层，文献报道的最大用量达100mg／kg，一次最大用量达到4．8g，但均未出现毒副作用。为了解脂肪抽吸术吸出物中利多卡因含量，我们采用荧光偏正免疫法分别检测了吸出物中脂肪组织与液体中利多卡因的浓度，为准确评价脂肪抽吸术中肿胀麻醉的安全性提供依据。     

肿胀技术的临床应用

由于时有发生脂肪抽吸术严重并发症的报道，因而使得许多医师和患者望而生畏。肿胀技术的应用使得手术安全性大大增加。１９９４年以来，我们对６７例脂肪抽吸，面部除皱及面颈部扩张器置入的病人，采用了大量稀释的含 上腺素的利多卡因浸润至皮下，即肿胀技术或称超量灌注利多卡因的局麻技术，利多卡因的浓度为０．０５％－０．１％，最大用量达３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，一 次脂肪抽吸量为９００－４２００ｍｌ安全有效，术中失血明显减少     

超量灌注和肿胀麻醉在美容整形外科中的应用

超量灌注和肿胀麻醉都是局麻方法。超量灌注法是，在做脂肪抽吸时，应用０．０４％的利多卡因加入１／１００万肾上腺素做超剂量灌注，利用卡因的最大剂量可达５２．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。其它如乳房整形，面部除皱手术等则可采用肿胀麻醉法，即将利用卡因稀释成０．０４％￣０．１％的浓度，局部大量注射，使其肿胀，但利多卡因的总量仍可保持在６．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的常规用量范围内，本组２８１例观察，麻醉镇痛完全者２４７例，占８７．９％     

肿胀技术的临床应用

由于时有发生脂肪抽吸术严重并发症的报道，因而使得许多医师和患者望而生畏。肿胀技术的应用使得手术安全性大大增加。１９９４年以来，我们对６７例脂肪抽吸、面部除皱及面颈部扩张器置入的病人，采用了大量稀释的含肾上腺素（１：１００００００）的利多卡因浸润至皮下，即肿胀技术或称超量灌注利多卡因的局麻技术，利多卡因的浓度为０．０５％～０．１％，最大用量达３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，一次脂肪抽吸量为９００～４２００ｍｌ安全有效，术中失血明显减少，组织损伤轻，麻醉作用时间延长，无严重并发症，无药物毒副作用，手术效果满意。     

超量灌注和肿胀麻醉在美容整形外科中的应用

超量灌注和肿胀麻醉都是局麻方法。超量灌注法是，在做脂肪抽吸时，应用０．０４％的利多卡因加入１／１００万肾上腺素做超剂量灌注，利多卡因的最大剂量可达５２．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。其它如乳房整形、面部除皱手术等则可采用肿胀麻醉法，即将利多卡因稀释成０．０４％～０．１％的浓度，局部大量注射，使其肿胀，但利多卡因的总量仍可保持在６．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的常规用量范围内。本组２８１例观察，麻醉镇痛完全者２４７例，占８７．９％；局部有痛感但可以忍受者为３１例，占１１．０４％；自觉不可忍受者为３例，占１．０６％。对有痛感者给予适量镇静镇痛药，未改用其它麻醉方法。故超量灌注和肿胀麻醉的方法可以安全有效地应用于大范围的美容整形外科手术，使手术更安全、出血少，患者恢复快。     

盐酸氯普鲁卡因在肿胀麻醉脂肪抽吸术中的应用

目的探讨盐酸氯普鲁卡因在肿胀麻醉脂肪抽吸中的应用。方法对脂肪抽吸者按美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）制定的麻醉分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级控制麻醉效果，以盐酸氯普鲁卡因作为局部麻醉，在肿胀麻醉下进行脂肪抽吸术。8例进行自体对照，一侧用0．06％利多卡因肿胀液麻醉，对侧用0．06％盐酸氯普鲁卡因麻醉。另3例单独用0．06％盐酸氯普鲁卡因肿胀麻醉。12例采用利多卡因与盐酸氯普鲁卡因混合液作为肿胀液的局麻药，其中利多卡因浓度为0．02％～0．04％，盐酸氯普鲁卡因的浓度为0．02％。观察生命体征（心率、血压、呼吸次数和血氧饱和度）和麻醉效果。结果盐酸氯普鲁卡因最大用量为4200mg（37．5mg／kg）。盐酸氯普鲁卡因肿胀麻醉行脂肪抽吸术，麻醉充分，麻醉起效时间短，但用只含盐酸氯普鲁卡因肿胀液进行麻醉行脂肪抽吸术，术后疼痛明显。结论盐酸氯普鲁卡因用于脂肪抽吸术，代谢快，对大量脂肪抽吸者可减少局部麻醉药中毒的风险。盐酸氯普鲁卡因与利多卡因结合应用，麻醉效果好，并可减少利多卡因的用量。     

改良肿胀麻醉技术在大容量吸脂术中的临床应用

回顾性分析2019年6月-2021年8月广西南宁微美医疗美容门诊部收治的98例脂肪抽吸塑形患 者临床资料，所有患者麻醉方式为全身静脉麻醉联合低浓度改良利多卡因肿胀液分次注射，手术方式为系 列脂肪抽吸形体雕塑术。对肿胀液注射量、抽吸总量、抽吸脂肪量、并发症发生情况进行统计，并调查患者 的满意度。结果显示，肿胀液注射量为6200~10 820 ml，平均注射量为（8341.00±997.60）ml；抽吸总脂肪量 为3210~4758 ml，平均抽吸总脂肪量（3945.00±578.00）ml；小范围的抽吸区域局部高低不平3例，抽吸区域皮 下有血清肿形成3例，小范围皮肤坏死1例，二期愈合后留有色素沉着；患者满意度为93.75%。说明改良低浓度 大剂量的利多卡因肿胀液为大容量大范围脂肪抽吸术提供了安全保障，提高了吸脂对体型重塑的效果，患者满 意度高。     

肿胀局麻技术的临床应用

目的探讨肿胀技术在体表外科手术中的应用价值。方法随机选择体表肿物与先天性畸形、体表瘢痕、乳房整形、脂肪抽吸、腹壁整形、除皱、隆胸、褥疮、面瘫及颅骨电烧伤等２３０例体表外科手术应用肿胀技术，成人１６４例，完全采用肿胀法局麻技术，儿童６６例，在全麻下应用肿胀技术。并与相应手术非肿胀法下施行进行了比较。结果脂肪抽吸术中利多卡因用量可达３０～６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重。肿胀技术具有易于进行解剖间隙的分离、减少术中失血、增强麻醉效果、增加手术安全性和术后恢复快等优点。结论肿胀技术可推广到体表外科手术中广泛应用，对儿童更为适宜，对减少输血造成的疾病具有重要意义。     

双侧大腿环形吸脂术中肿胀麻醉利多卡因用量分析

目的:探讨局部肿胀麻醉技术下进行双侧大腿环形吸脂手术中利多卡因用量及是否存在中毒反应。方法:148例全部为女性,年龄19～56岁,平均(30.01±7.91)岁,肥胖指数13.43～43.59,平均23.37±6.82。采用左大腿前、右大腿前、左大腿后、右大腿后侧四个部位环形序贯吸脂术,统计手术中肿胀液的注射量、利多卡因用量以及吸出脂肪和肿胀液数量。连续观察术中、术后病人的临床反应和生命体征。结果:肿胀液注入皮下脂肪数量为3000～9000ml,平均(6009.80±1482.51)ml。吸出皮下脂肪数量1500～7000ml,平均(3105.74±1068.24)ml。术中抽出肿胀液200～3300ml,平均(1312.50±549.92)ml,约占注入量的5%～41.67%,平均(21.84±6.95)%。注入皮下脂肪之利多卡因剂量为27.69～88.42mg/kg,平均(59.45±13.62)mg/kg。术中出血极少,生命体征稳定,术中及术后未见眩晕、耳鸣、幻听、金属味、口周麻木、定向障碍、抽搐、惊厥等利多卡因药物中毒的临床症状。术后站立包扎时个别患者有体位性低血压表现,平卧即可恢复正常。术后大腿围径和形态均有不同程度改善,效果满意。结论:在双侧大腿环形吸脂手术中,采用分部位序贯吸脂方法,可以有效避免利多卡因中毒发生,达到安全有效的结果。     

Lidocaine Levels During the First Two Hours of Infiltration of Dilute Anesthetic Solution for Tumescent Liposuction: Rapid Versus Slow Delivery

BACKGROUND: Tumescent anesthesia for liposuction with dilute lidocaine has been well documented to result in peak serum levels 4-14 hours after infiltration. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the rate of lidocaine absorption is related not only to dilution, but also to the speed of subcutaneous infiltration. Early studies with a more concentrated solution of lidocaine (1.0%) have shown that with rapid infusion, peak plasma levels may occur within 30 minutes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether rapid absorption of lidocaine may occur during infusion of tumescent solution by varying the rate of infusion of dilute lidocaine solution (0.05% or 0.1%) and observing serum levels of lidocaine within the first 2 hours of the procedure. METHODS: Eighteen patients participated in this study and were infused with a standard liposuction tumescent formula consisting of lidocaine either 0.05% or 0.1%. The rates of infusion of tumescent anesthesia ranged from 27.1 mg/min up to 200 mg/min infused over a period of 5 minutes to 2 hours. Total lidocaine infused ranged from 7.4 to 57.7 mg/kg. Serum levels of lidocaine were taken every 15 minutes during the first hour of the procedure and repeated at 2 hours. RESULTS: In all 18 patients, lidocaine levels remained significantly below the toxic range and were always less than 2.0 microgram/ml. In 11 patients, lidocaine levels at all time intervals were less than 0.5 microgram/ml. In seven patients, the lidocaine levels ranged from 0.6 to 1.9 microgram/ml at varying intervals. There was no correlation between the maximum dose of lidocaine (mg/kg) or rate of lidocaine delivered (mg/ml) with plasma levels of lidocaine. CONCLUSION: Despite variability, the serum levels of lidocaine remained well within safety limits during infusion of tumescent solution and the first hours of the procedure when infused in rates up to 200 mg/min with spinal needles and/or small diameter multiholed infusion cannulas.     

布比卡因和利多卡因肿胀液在局麻吸脂术中的应用效果比较

目的:结合在局麻吸脂术使用布比卡因的经验探讨肿胀液中布比卡因的安全使用、组成及其有效性。方法:选择2013年6月-2019年2月135例不同部位进行局麻负压吸脂的患者为研究对象,肿胀液主要成分为布比卡因和利多卡因,评估应用含布比卡因和利多卡因肿胀液在吸脂术中的药物组成、用量、疗效和安全性。结果:局麻吸脂中含布比卡因结合利多卡因的肿胀液适合于吸脂量低于4800ml的患者,仅含布比卡因一种麻醉药物的肿胀液在吸脂量为3600ml,布比卡因总用量为252mg(文献值为150mg)时未显示毒性;含布比卡因肿胀液组镇痛效果好于利多卡因组,术中起效快,术后1~4d无痛苦、恢复快、愈合好、并发症少、住院时间缩短一半。结论:布比卡因及布比卡因结合利多卡因的肿胀液在局麻吸脂中具有镇痛效果好、手术安全等优点,为其进一步应用提供了宝贵经验。证明布比卡因、尤其是布比卡因结合利多卡因作为肿胀液的麻醉药物值得进一步推广。     

Plasma lidocaine levels and risks after liposuction with tumescent anaesthesia

BACKGROUND: It is common today to use tumescent anaesthesia with large doses of lidocaine for liposuction. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate lidocaine plasma levels and objective and subjective symptoms during 20 h after tumescent anaesthesia with approximately 35 mg per kg bodyweight of lidocaine for abdominal liposuction. METHODS: Three litres of buffered solution of 0.08% lidocaine with epinephrine was infiltrated subcutaneously over the abdomen in eight female patients during monitored intravenous (i.v.) light sedation. Plasma levels of lidocaine and signs of subjective and objective symptoms were recorded every 3 h for 20 h after liposuction. RESULTS: Lidocaine 33.2 +/- 1.8 mg/kg was given at a rate of 116 +/- 11 ml/min. Peak plasma levels (2.3 +/- 0.63 microg/ml) of lidocaine occurred after 5-17 h. No correlation was found between peak levels and dose per kg bodyweight or total amount of lidocaine infiltrated. One patient experienced tinnitus after 14 h when a plasma level of 3.3 microg/ml was recorded. CONCLUSION: Doses of lidocaine up to 35 mg/kg were sufficient for abdominal liposuction using the tumescent technique and gave no fluid overload or toxic symptoms in eight patients, but with this dose there is still a risk of subjective symptoms in association with the peak level of lidocaine that may appear after discharge.     

肿胀法行体外、内超声及单纯负压吸脂减肥术的比较

目的 比较在肿胀麻醉下行体外、体内超声及单纯负压吸脂术的效果。方法 对应用上述3种吸脂法的276例受术者的吸脂量、吸脂时间、术后并发症、皮肤皱折、皮肤弹性恢复程度及术中术者体力消耗等多项指标进行对比。结果 体外超声可以最快速使脂肪乳化，便于吸脂，且术后并发症出现最少，体内超声次之，单纯法最多。结论 体外超声吸脂要是一种有效、安全的局部减肥方法。     

Tumescent anaesthesia

Tumescent anaesthesia describes the practice of injecting a very dilute solution of local anaesthetic combined with epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate into tissue until it becomes firm and tense (tumescent). It was initially described in the field of liposuction but now surgical applications for the technique are widely varied ranging across vascular surgery, breast surgery, plastic surgery and ENT procedures. It is widely used in both hospital- and office-based environments and may form the sole method of anaesthesia for surgery. Advantages include a reduction in blood loss through both epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction as well as hydrostatic compression from the tumescent effect. Sodium bicarbonate reduces pain associated with the injection of an acidic local anaesthetic solution. Due to the unique pharmacokinetic profile of this technique lidocaine doses of 35 mg/kg bodyweight have been shown to be safe for liposuction procedures.Tumescent lidocaine is absorbed very slowly from subcutaneous tissues producing lower, and more delayed, peak blood levels compared to other routes, as well as extended postoperative analgesia. Slow systemic absorption allows the rapid hepatic plasma clearance of lidocaine to maintain safe local anaesthetic blood levels. This slow absorption from subcutaneous tissue has been likened to a depot injection. Careful attention must be given to appropriate local anaesthetic dosage alterations in cases of co-administration with agents affecting hepatic drug clearance or conditions reducing liver blood supply. Adherence to these pharmacological principles has produced an exemplary safety record for this technique to date.     

肿胀吸脂术疗效与并发症分析

目的　探讨肿胀吸脂术的疗效与并发症的预防。方法　应用肿胀技术对 2 69例进行腹部、大腿等部位吸脂术 ,利多卡因总量最大 3 0 0 0mg ,43mg kg ,吸脂最大量为 475 0ml。结果　本组有术后吸脂部位不平、血清肿等并发症 ,但没有出现利多卡因中毒及肺栓塞等严重并发症 ,大部分受术者对术后效果满意。结论　肿胀吸脂术是一种安全有效的减肥方法。术中需注意操作技巧 ,以预防或减少并发症的发生     

Tumescent Anesthesia in Ambulatory Phlebectomy: Addition of Epinephrine

BACKGROUND: The advantages of using tumescent anesthesia for ambulatory phlebectomy have recently been described. Previously, tumescent solutions have avoided epinephrine for concerns of toxicity given the large volume of anesthetic sometimes used. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using epinephrine in the tumescent anesthesia solution during ambulatory phlebectomy. METHODS: Over the course of 1 year, epinephrine in the concentration of 1:100,000 was added to the tumescent solution of patients undergoing ambulatory phlebectomy. A retrospective review of 94 sequential patients was performed to determine the rate of complications associated with the procedure. RESULTS: The complication rate was considerably improved using tumescent lidocaine with epinephrine compared to a previously performed study of tumescent lidocaine without epinephrine. The rate of hematoma was decreased to nil while the rate of hyperpigmentation decreased from 3.6% to 0%. Overall, the rate of complications was improved when epinephrine was added to the tumescent lidocaine solution. Blood pressure measured every 5 minutes and heart rate measured continuously did not significantly change before, during or after infiltration of the anesthetic solution. CONCLUSIONS: Epinephrine in appropriate concentrations is clearly safe when used in the tumescent anesthetic solution during ambulatory phlebectomy and should be used to reduce the incidence of hematoma and hyperpigmentation.