迷路后径路内镜下行脑桥小脑三角区手术的解剖学研究

目的 :为临床上保留迷路在内镜下行桥脑小脑三角区病变手术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 2 0例 40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路保留迷路内镜手术 ,测量乙状窦内侧至总骨脚、岩上窦下缘至外半规管在岩部后骨板延长线之间距离 ,对可操作范围进行评估 ,对内镜的导入角度进行研究。并就如何避免损伤半规管、颈静脉球、面神经、乙状窦、岩上窦等结构提出看法。结果 :岩上窦下缘至内淋巴囊上缘距离为(9 .5 3± 2 .64 )mm ,乙状窦内侧至总骨脚距离为 (13 .89± 2 .3 4)mm ,至内淋巴管距离为 (10 .62± 2 .0 9)mm ;由该三条线构成的上底为 13 .89mm ,下底为 10 .62mm ,高为 9.5 3mm的梯形为内镜操作范围。乙状窦距颞骨表面距离 (以乙状窦上膝为标准 )为 (5 .2 7± 1.60 )mm ,乙状窦宽度为 (11.97± 2 .10 )mm ,上下膝长度为 (2 4.78± 4.2 1)mm ,乙状窦与外耳道后壁距离为 (13 .5 9± 3 .0 3 )mm ,岩骨后骨板至后半规管后缘、总骨脚后缘距离分别为 (4 .0 7± 1.2 6)mm和 (5 .5 8± 1.49)mm ,内镜的导入角度应力争与岩部上嵴平行 ,这样的角度最便于观察和操作 ,且不易损伤内部重要结构。我们测得的岩部上嵴与矢状线之间角度为 (63 .87± 9.3 1)°。结论 :保留迷路所得到的操作范围完全可以满足在内镜下行脑桥小脑三角区     

经乳突内窥镜下处理岩斜坡区病变两种硬脑膜切口的应用解剖

目的 :为颞骨径路在内窥镜下行岩斜坡区病变手术时因不同的手术目的采取不同的硬脑膜切口提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0例 40侧成人尸头标本上采取不同的硬脑膜切口模拟颞骨径路内窥镜手术 ,比较两种切口对手术的影响 ;并测量相关数据。结果 :岩上窦下缘至内淋巴囊上缘为 ( 9.5 3± 2 .64 )mm、岩下窦上缘之间距离为 ( 2 3 .48± 2 .48)mm ,乙状窦内侧至共脚、内淋巴管、内淋巴囊外侧之间距离分为 :( 13 .89± 2 .3 4)mm、( 10 .62± 2 .0 9)mm和 ( 3 .73± 1.66)mm。结论 :两种切口各有优缺点 ,T形切口适应证稍广 ,但易损伤周围重要结构。     

女性前盆底重建术的临床解剖研究

目的明确女性前盆底重建术治疗女性阴道前壁脱垂的穿刺路径,降低术中并发症的发生率。方法应用红色乳胶分别对3具新鲜女性尸体标本进行桡动脉血管灌注,5 d后对标本进行手术穿刺和路径解剖,同时测量穿刺针与相关血管、神经和处女膜之间的距离。结果所有穿刺均未发生副损伤,1号穿刺针与闭孔神经后支、闭孔动脉前支、闭孔动脉后支、闭膜管、阴部内血管神经、处女膜的距离分别是(2. 6±0. 2) cm、(2. 1±0. 3) cm、(1. 4±0. 1) cm、(2. 1±0. 2) cm、(1. 2±0. 2) cm和(2. 0±0. 2) cm;2号穿刺针与闭孔神经后支、闭孔动脉前支、闭孔动脉后支、闭膜管、阴部内血管神经、处女膜的距离分别是(3. 0±0. 3) cm、(2. 9±0. 2) cm、(0. 6±0. 2) cm、(2. 5±0. 3) cm、(0. 8±0. 2) cm和(6. 1±0. 4) cm。结论女性前盆底重建术通过加强女性盆底Ⅰ和Ⅱ水平的支撑作用来治疗阴道前壁脱垂,术中取膀胱截石位,大腿充分外展,选择恰当的进针点进行由外向内的穿刺,能够大大降低术中损伤重要血管神经的风险。     

以面动脉为蒂逆行下颌缘皮瓣修复鼻缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为以面动脉为蒂逆行下颌缘皮瓣修复鼻缺损提供解剖学基础。方法 :3 6侧灌注红色乳胶成人头面部及 8侧铸型标本 ,详细解剖观测下颌缘皮瓣血供、下颌下缘平面至口角平面动静脉长度、面神经下颌缘支和面动脉交点处距下颌下缘距离。结果 :下颌缘皮瓣血供主要来源于面动脉及其分支 ,同时亦接受枕动脉及甲状腺上动脉的分支营养 ,并互相吻合。平下颌骨下缘平面 ,面动脉距下颌角距离为 2 .8± 0 .3 ( 2 .4～ 3 .5 )cm ,动脉前壁与静脉后壁距离 0 .7± 0 .2 ( 0 .4～ 1.2 )cm ,动脉后壁与静脉前壁距离 0 .4± 0 .2 ( 0～ 0 .9)cm。口角平面 ,动脉前壁与静脉后壁距离 1.4± 0 .4( 0 .5～ 1.9)cm ,动脉后壁与静脉前壁距离 0 .9± 0 .4( 0 .3～ 1.5 )cm ,两平面间面动静脉长 4.5± 0 .3 ( 4.1～ 5 .4)cm。面神经下颌缘支多为 1～ 2支 ,与面动脉的关系恒定 ,多走行于动脉的浅面 ( 83 .3 % )。另有 8%的下颌缘支弓状行于下颌骨下缘下方 1cm范围内。结论 :以面动脉为蒂的下颌缘皮瓣逆行转位修复全鼻缺损 ,具有推广应用价值     

经蝶进路的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为经蝶进路手术提供影像解剖学资料。方法 :对 5 0具成人头颅标本行冠状位、矢状位及水平位薄层CT扫描。观测鞍区手术最常用的 2种进路经鼻外筛窦蝶窦进路及经鼻中隔蝶窦进路的相关影像解剖。结果 :前鼻棘至蝶窦前壁的平均距离 :左侧 :5 6 .5± 5 .9mm ;右侧 :5 4.9± 7.2mm ;鼻根点至蝶窦前壁的平均距离 :左侧 :44 .3± 5 .6mm ;右侧 :44 .0± 6 .5mm ;前鼻棘至鞍底中点的平均距离 :左侧 :74.5± 6 .4mm ;右侧 :73 .8± 6 .8mm ;鼻根点至鞍底中点的平均距离 :左侧 :6 0 .9± 7.2mm ;右侧 :6 0 .2± 7.8mm。 2种进路的解剖距离相差 12～ 14mm。结论 :CT影像解剖测量对选择不同的手术进路更具实际的指导意义。     

颞底-经小脑幕手术入路的应用解剖学

目的 :对后颞部进行解剖学研究 ,为颞底 -经小脑幕手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法 :采用干性颅骨标本 2 0例及福尔马林固定的头颅标本 15例 ,进行解剖研究和模拟颞底 -经小脑幕入路。结果 :横窦从窦汇处开始向前逐渐升高 ,在顶乳突缝前角处 ,呈弧形向外移行于乙状窦 ,上缘与颧弓延长线的距离为 (11.2± 2 .2 )mm (8.2～ 14 .5mm )。顶乳突缝前角、星点与STP距离分别是 (2 .1± 2 .6)mm (0～ 9.3mm) ;(2 0 .4± 4.0 )mm(14 .1～ 2 6.4mm )。星点位于横窦上缘上、横窦上 1/2、横窦下 1/2、横窦下缘下分别占 16.7%、2 6.7%、3 3 .3 %、2 3 .3 %。颧弓、乳突上嵴与其相对应的颅中窝底相平。结论 :颞底 -经小脑幕入路骨窗的关键孔 (孔 1) :圆心在乳突上嵴 ,孔后缘与顶乳突缝前角相切。孔 2 :于关键孔后方 ,下缘与颧弓延长线的距离为 15mm。孔 3 :于关键孔前方 ,下缘平颧弓。星点变异大 ,不易作为定位横窦的标志。     

筛板区的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为鼻窦内窥镜手术及鼻内筛窦手术提供前颅底筛板区域的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位及矢状位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测前颅底筛板区域内筛顶板的形状、筛板的形状以及筛顶板与筛板的关系等。结果 :筛顶板为一向内向后倾斜的骨板 ,测得筛顶板的左右径为 :前部 :左 10 .7± 2 .5mm ;右 11.4± 3 .8mm ;中部 :左 9.9± 3 .8mm ;右 9.1± 2 .5mm ;后部 :左 11.2± 4.7mm ;右 10 .2± 3 .7mm。筛顶板的厚度为 1.6± 0 .8mm。筛板的左右径为 :前部 :左 2 .1± 0 .5mm ;右 2 .0±0 .4mm ;中部 :左 2 .7± 0 .7mm ;右 2 .6± 0 .7mm ;后部 :左 2 .2± 0 .6mm ;右 2 .2± 0 .6mm。中鼻甲下缘中点至筛板的距离为 :左 2 6 .6± 5 .9mm ;右 2 5 .2± 4.8mm。结论 :了解筛顶板及筛板的影像解剖对进行鼻内筛窦手术重要指导作用。     

臀上神经的应用解剖

为髋关节直接外侧入路确定臀上神经的体表投影和手术安全区 ,在 44侧的成人尸体标本上 ,解剖观测了与该入路关系紧密的臀上神经最下支分支的分布。结果手术入路的安全区为①在经大转子尖分别作与髂后上棘连线、髂嵴垂直连线、髂前上棘上方 3cm和髂前上棘连线 ,在这些连线上 ,最下支距大转子尖的距离分别为 5 5± 0 6、 4 8± 0 6、 4 3± 0 6、 6 4± 0 8cm ;②在经大转子外侧最凸点分别作与髂后上棘连线、髂嵴垂直连线、髂前上棘上方 6cm和 3cm的髂嵴连线 ,最下支距大转子外侧最凸点的距离分别为 1 0 0± 0 8、 9 0± 0 8、 7 5± 0 6、 8 9± 0 7cm。上述两组数值所在点作连线即分别为最下支神经的体表投影。结果表明 :投影以下至大转子尖或大转子外侧最凸点之间无明显血管神经分布 ,在此区内撑开臀中、小肌肌纤维显露髋臼均不会损伤臀上神经     

髋臼后柱螺钉固定安全性的解剖学研究

目的 :探讨髋臼后柱的解剖学结构和螺钉放置的安全角度和范围。方法 :取 2 0具骨盆标本 ,在X线透视下确定髋臼上缘距坐骨大切迹顶点和髋臼下缘距坐骨棘基底中点的距离 ,CT垂直扫描后柱 ,测量距髋臼上缘 0 .5 ,1.0 ,1.5 ,2 .0 ,2 .5 ,3 .0 ,3 .5 ,4.0cm的CT断面上后柱宽、髋臼宽。根据髋臼在后柱表面的投影 ,将后柱分为髋臼区 ,相对危险区和危险区 ,并测量距后柱内缘 1cm处 2 .5cm螺钉进钉的安全角度。结果 :髋臼上缘在坐骨大切迹顶点下 (1.0± 0 .2 )cm ,髋臼下缘在坐骨棘基底中点下 (1.2± 0 .2 )cm ,距髋臼上缘 0 .5 ,1.0 ,1.5 ,2 .0 ,2 .5 ,3 .0 ,3 .5 ,4.0cm的CT断面上 ,后柱宽分别为 (5 0 .6± 3 .8)、(4 7.9± 3 .0 )、(4 6.1± 3 .6)、(4 1.5± 4.8)、(4 3 .5± 4.8)、(4 3 .0± 4.4)、(4 3 .2± 4.6)、(4 2 .6± 4.3 )mm ;髋臼宽分别为 (15 .4± 3 .6)、(2 0 .3± 3 .3 )、(2 3 .7± 3 .4)、(2 4.7± 3 .5 )、(2 6.0± 3 .6)、(2 4.7± 3 .0 )、(2 1.7± 4.6)、(18.3± 7.2 )mm ;在不同断面上只要进钉角度小于 10 9°均可满足螺钉放置的安全要求。结论 :危险区内不能垂直打钉 ,相对危险区内可以以适当的角度放置螺钉。     

幕上、下乙状窦前入路的显微外科解剖学

目的:为幕上、幕下乙状窦前人路提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法:显微镜下对１５例成人尸体头部标本进行观察并测量有关数据。结果:迷路后、经迷路、经耳蜗入路骨质切除范围分别在后半规管最后点、内耳道、耳蜗和乙状窦沟之间。后半规管弓峰、内耳门后缘到乙状窦前缘的距离分别为(９．８±１．９)ｍｍ、(２２．０±２．４)ｍｍ,耳蜗到崖嵴最后点的距离为(２８．６±３．０)ｍｍ,岩嵴到颈静脉窝顶的距离为(１５．１±４．０)ｍｍ。结论:应用此入路能取得岩斜区病变手术治疗满意的结果。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.