超早期小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床效果

目的探讨超早期小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法选择本院2012年6月-2013年12月收治的基底节区高血压脑出血患者60例,其中30例行超早期小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗（观察组）,30例行传统开颅手术治疗（对照组）,比较两组患者的血肿清除率、住院时间及并发症发生率,术后随访,观察患者的日常生活能力。结果两组患者的血肿清除率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,观察组患者的住院时间明显短于对照组,并发症发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）;术后随访6个月,观察组患者的日常生活活动能力评级明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论超早期小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血能有效清除血肿,利于患者术后神经功能及日常生活能力的恢复。     

小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果观察

目的：观察分析小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法观察组选择2010年1月-2014年1月本院接受小骨窗开颅血肿清除术的高血压脑出血患者108例,对照组为2010年前在本院采用大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗的高血压脑出血患者108例,观察并比较两组患者经过手术治疗后的临床效果。结果观察组患者采用小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血手术时间和平均住院时间都明显短于对照组,观察组总有效率（96.30%）明显高于对照组总有效率（68.52%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论小骨窗开颅血肿清除的手术方法可以减少对脑组织的损伤,明显缩短手术时间,术后患者清醒也较快,并发症较少,神经功能恢复好,在临床上值得广泛应用和推广。     

改良小骨窗开颅与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的分析

目的:探讨改良小骨窗开颅与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法:分析我院收治的70例高血压脑出血患者临床资料,依据手术方式不同分为观察组(改良小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组)50例和对照组(大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组)20例。结果:观察组高血压脑出血患者手术时间、术中输血量、住院时间、复发率及生存率均优于对照组,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义。结论:改良小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血创伤小、复发率低、生存率高,值得临床借鉴应用。     

高血压性脑出血开颅术的临床分析

目的观察比较小骨窗开颅术与大骨瓣开颅术治疗高血压脑出血临床疗效。方法按照不同手术方法将89例高血压脑出血患者分为观察组(45例)和对照组(44例),对照组采用大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,观察组患者采取小骨窗开颅血肿清除术。结果观察组患者手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间均显著少于对照组,P<0.05;观察组总有效率(84.44%)显著高于对照组(65.91%),P<0.05;观察组并发生发生率显著低于对照组,P<0.05。结论小骨窗开颅术治疗高血压脑出血较大骨瓣开颅术具有较高的临床有效率,且术后并发症少、预后好,值得临床借鉴。     

小骨窗与常规骨瓣开颅治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床效果比较

目的比较小骨窗与常规骨瓣开颅治疗基底节区高血压脑出血（HICH）的临床效果。方法选择基底节区HICH患者86例,根据自愿的原则分为小骨窗组和常规骨瓣组,小骨窗组45例采用小骨窗开颅手术,常规骨瓣组41例采用常规骨瓣开颅手术,比较2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及术后3个月日常生活能力（ADL）。结果小骨窗组患者手术时间及平均住院时间均短于常规骨瓣组,术中出血量少于常规骨瓣组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。小骨窗组ADL总有效率为66.7%高于常规骨瓣组的43.9%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论外科手术治疗出血量30～70ml的HICH患者,应首选小骨窗开颅手术方式。     

小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床分析

目的分析小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床疗效。方法 75例高血压性脑出血患者按照术式分为观察组40例(小骨窗颅内血肿清除术)及对照组35例(大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术),对比两组患者手术治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率85.0%高于对照组68.6%,观察组日常生活能力明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率5.0%低于对照组8.6%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床疗效值得肯定,操作简单,并发症少,可作为治疗高血压性脑出血的首选术式。     

小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床分析

目的探讨小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效及临床分析。方法 2010年8月至2012年8月期间,我院诊治的90例高血压脑出血患者,随机将其分为对照组（大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术）和观察组（小骨窗颅内血肿清除术）,每组各45例,对两组血肿清除率、病死率、并发症发生率,以及临床疗效,进行观察和比较。结果与对照组相比,观察组的血肿清除率明显提高,病死率和并发症发生率显著降低,总有效率明显升高,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论对于高血压脑出血患者,小骨窗颅内血肿清除术疗效显著,明显改善患者预后质量,值得临床推广。     

不同术式治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的临床疗效分析

目的探讨显微镜下小骨窗开颅血肿清除术和微创颅内血肿硬通道穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果及预后,以期更好地指导临床救治。方法选择高血压基底节区脑出血患者209例为研究对象,其中开颅血肿清除术70例(开颅组),穿刺引流术139例(穿刺组)。采用SPSS19.0统计软件分析两组患者年龄、性别、血肿侧别及术前血肿量、术中出血量、术后残余血肿量、手术时间、平均住院时间和术后6个月格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)。结果两组患者年龄、性别、血肿侧别及术前血肿量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),穿刺组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后残余血肿量及术后6个月GOS与开颅组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论微创颅内血肿硬通道穿刺引流术在一定程度上明显优于显微镜下小骨窗开颅血肿清除术,值得临床推广应用。     

颅内血肿清除术治疗原发性高血压合并脑出血患者的效果研究

目的:对比颅内血肿清除术和小骨窗开颅术治疗高血压合并脑出血的临床治疗效果。方法:选取2012年1月~2014年12月期间收治的原发性高血压合并脑出血患者80例作为研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组40例。观察组患者行颅内血肿清除术治疗,对照组行小骨窗开颅手术治疗,观察患者的临床表现,并比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、血肿清除率及治疗效果。结果:观察组手术时间(1.1±0.2)h、术中出血量(50.3±4.2)ml、血肿清除率(89~100)%,与对照组手术时间(2.3±1.0)h、术中出血量(151.3±10.4)ml、血肿清除率(35~88)%比较,差异显著(P0.05);观察组治疗优良率为90.0%,明显高于对照组75.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在原发性高血压合并脑出血的临床治疗上,给予患者颅内血肿清除术,效果理想;加强高血压控制,是避免原发性高血压合并脑出血的主要预防措施。     

高血压脑出血个体化手术治疗120例临床分析

目的比较大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术对高血压脑出血个体化手术治疗的临床疗效。方法选择2010年1月至2011年6月来唐山市人民医院治疗的高血压脑出血患者120例,将其随机分为大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组各60例,观察比较两组血肿消除情况、病死率及预后。结果大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术均能有效清除血肿腔内残余血肿量,两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.023,P>0.05)。小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组患者病死率为15.00%,大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组患者病死率为26.67%,两组病死率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.321,P>0.05)。两组术后均能改善患者预后,小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组GCS评分与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.321,P=0.000)。结论两种手术方式均能有效清除患者残余血肿量,但在改善患者预后方面小骨窗开颅血肿清除术要明显优于大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,是目前治疗高血压脑出血的有效途径。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.