内隐情感记忆实验研究：II.遗忘及其情感特征

目的：在概念加工水平上考察内隐情感记忆的特征及其遗忘规律，方法：用再认法检测外显记忆，用残字补剑地测量内隐记忆，８３名被试分成七组分别在学习后即时，１９’，６３’１天，２天６天，３１天进行再认和补笔测验。结果：（１）测验距离学习时间越短，积极事件启动植保持量越大，时间越长，积极事件启动值保持量减少，消极事件启动值相对恒定，不受时间条件的影响，两者之间学习后即时－２天差异显著，６天，３１天无差异；（     

以躯体化症状为主的抑郁症患者心境一致性记忆研究

目的:探讨以躯体化症状为主的抑郁症患者的心境一致性记忆及与以情绪症状为主的抑郁症患者比较。方法:躯体化症状组、情绪症状组和正常组各30名被试。实验材料96个效价词。实验程序包括学习阶段、干扰实验、再认测验。结果:①躯体化症状组在健康词上,正常组在正性词上有意识提取成绩显著高于其他效价词。②躯体化症状组在健康词上,情绪症状组在负性词上无意识提取平均成绩高于其他效价词。③正常组总体外显记忆成绩显著高于躯体化症状组和情绪症状组。结论:①躯体化症状为主的抑郁症组在外显记忆上表现了对健康词的记忆效应;②躯体化症状为主的抑郁症组在内隐记忆上也可能存在对健康词的记忆效应;③抑郁个体存在外显记忆缺损而不存在内隐记忆缺损。     

内隐情感记忆实验研究 Ⅱ: 遗忘及其情感特征

目的：在概念加工水平上考察内隐情感记忆的特征及其遗忘规律。方法：用再认法测量外显记忆，用残字补全法测量内隐记忆。８３名被试分成七组分别在学习后即时、１９＇、６３＇、１天、２天、６天、３１天进行再认和补笔测验。结果：（１）测验距离学习时间越短，积极事件启动值保持量越大，时间越长，积极事件启动值保持量越少。消极事件启动值相对恒定，不受时间条件的影响。两者之间在学习后即时－２天差异显著。６天、３１天无差异；（２）外显情感记忆存在明显遗忘，两种意义的事件其保持量和遗忘率受时间条件影响，模式相似，无显著差异；（３）内隐和外显情感记忆出现实验性分离。结论：内隐情感记忆存在明显遗忘，其保持和遗忘规律不同于外显记忆，表明内隐和外显记忆属于两个独立的记忆系统。     

大学生对不同情绪词内隐记忆与外显记忆的差异

目的:考察大学生对正性、负性和中性词在内隐记忆和外显记忆上的差异。方法:分别使用真假词判断任务和学习-再认范式考察被试对不同情绪词的内隐和外显记忆。结果:在内隐记忆中,大学生对不同情绪词的反应时存在显著差异(F=6.360,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,对积极词的反应时(573.0±57.9ms)和消极词的反应时(650.3±109.12ms)显著短于对中性词的反应时(671.8±101.0ms),但积极词与消极词的反应时之间差异不显著。在外显记忆中,大学生对不同情绪词的正确率和反应时均存在显著差异(F=7.353,15.000,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,被试对积极词记忆的正确率(67.0%±17.9%)明显高于消极词(46.3%±15.9%)和中性词(50.3%±20.4%),但中性词与消极词的正确率差异不显著。积极词(688.2±129.3 ms)和消极词的反应时(814.5±140.3ms)均低于中性词的反应时(951.8±182.0ms),且积极词的反应时明显低于消极词的反应时。结论:刺激本身所具有的情绪信息会影响个体的记忆,个体对不同情绪词的内隐记忆与外显记忆存在差异。     

肥胖儿童对高热量食物的内隐和外显记忆特点

目的:探究不同年龄肥胖儿童对高热量食物记忆偏向在外显记忆和内隐记忆中的特点。方法:根据身体质量指数(BMI)选取肥胖儿童和正常儿童各51例。通过2(热量类型：高热量/中性热量)×2(BMI类型：肥胖/正常)×2(年级：四年级/六年级)的三因素混合实验,使用加工分离法评估内隐记忆和外显记忆。结果:所有儿童对高热量图片的外显记忆得分高于中性热量图片的外显记忆得分(P<0.01)。四年级肥胖儿童和六年级正常儿童对高热量图片的内隐记忆得分均高于对中性热量图片的内隐记忆得分(P<0.05)。结论:肥胖儿童和正常儿童都对高热量食物的外显记忆有偏向;肥胖儿童在四年级对高热量食物存在内隐记忆偏向,但在六年级不存在这种偏向。     

无抽搐电休克治疗对内隐记忆的影响

目的通过比较听觉诱发电位指数(AA I)在无抽搐电休克(M ECT)治疗期间的变化及测定内隐记忆,评价M ECT对AA I及内隐记忆的影响。方法30例无抽搐电休克治疗的精神病患者。于清醒时、麻醉后、治疗中、出室前记录AA I值。并于M ECT期间测定患者的外显记忆和内隐记忆。结果所有患者麻醉后、治疗中AA I明显低于清醒时。治疗中所有患者外显记忆和内隐记忆较清醒时差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无抽搐电休克治疗中患者意识消失、外显记忆和内隐记忆消失。     

酒依赖病人内隐和外显记忆的综合研究

记忆测量与记忆形式的研究足认知神经心理学的一个重要课题。本文以直接测量和间接测量评价法。综合研究了中老年酒依赖病人的记忆功能。结果表明:(1)病人内隐记忆无损害,而外显记忆有损害,表现出内隐与外显记忆间的不一致性;(2)项日性与联想性内隐记忆各有不同特点,前者在机械识读的条件下产生效应,而后者表现了语义学习的特点。     

内隐记忆与精神障碍(综述)

本文论述了国外对抑郁症、精神分裂症、Alzheimer病及神经症等内隐记忆的研究进展，同时介绍了精神药物对内隐记忆的影响。     

采用加工分离程序进行内隐记忆测验的信度研究

目的:对采用加工分离程序进行内隐记忆测验的信度进行研究,探讨内隐记忆测验的可靠性。方法:12名脑损伤患者、8名健康被试均接受加工分离程序测验;制作两套平行版本,间隔14天采用重测复本信度及分半信度进行信度的研究。结果:自由联想及词干补笔两项测验的意识性提取及自动提取的组内相关系数均大于0.7。结论:加工分离程序作为内隐记忆测验的一种新形式具有较高的信度。     

焦虑症患者的心理治疗

本文对使用药物合并心理治疗的焦虑症患者，与单纯使用药物治疗的焦虑症患者，观察和分析结果显示：药物合并心理治疗比单纯药物治疗疗效快、复发率低，是目前治疗焦虑症病人的有效方法。     

Postural balance in patients with social anxiety disorder

Body stability is controlled by the postural system and can be affected by fear and anxiety. Few studies have addressed freezing posture in psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present study was to assess posturographic behavior in 30 patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and 35 without SAD during presentation of blocks of pictures with different valences. Neutral images consisted of objects taken from a catalog of pictures, negative images were mutilation pictures and anxiogenic images were related to situations regarding SAD fears. While participants were standing on a force platform, similar to a balance, displacement of the center of pressure in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions was measured. We found that the SAD group exhibited a lower sway area and a lower velocity of sway throughout the experiment independent of the visual stimuli, in which the phobic pictures, a stimulus associated with a defense response, were unable to evoke a significantly more rigid posture than the others. We hypothesize that patients with SAD when entering in a situation of exposure, from the moment the pictures are presented, tend to move less than controls, remaining this way until the experiment ends. This discrete body manifestation can provide additional data to the characterization of SAD and its differentiation from other anxiety disorders, especially in situations regarding facing fear.     

焦虑症患者VEP及AEP临床研究

目的：观察焦虑症患者听觉诱发电位(AEP)及视觉诱发电位(VEP)的特点。方法：对30例符合CCMD-Ⅱ-R诊断标准的焦虑症患者进行VEP和AEP检查，并以30例正常人作对照。结果：VEP在Fz及Cz处的P2、P3波幅明显降低，在Cz处N1潜伏期延长；AEP在Cz及P2处的P2、P3波波幅明显降低，N1潜伏期延长，在Cz处P2潜伏期延长。结论：焦虑症患者的VEP、AEP有波幅降低，潜伏期延长。     

Clinical and electromyographic characteristics of tremor in patients with generalized anxiety disorder

The tremor in patients with anxiety was supposed to be an enhanced physiological tremor. However no detailed clinical and electromyographic examination of tremor in patients with anxiety has been published. It has been also supposed that propranolol or benzodiazepines may influence the tremor The aim of this investigation was to establish the clinical and electromyographic pattern of tremor in patients with anxiety and to compare the effects of propranolol and alprazolam treatment. One hundred and twenty patients with tremor and generalized anxiety disorder were investigated. Tremor was scored clinically by the Webster Tremor Scale. Electromyographic examination of tremor activity from antagonistic hand muscles was performed. Sixty patients were treated with alprazolam and propranolol, in an open, crossover design, while the other sixty patients received no particular treatment for the tremor The patients were randomly assigned to treatment with propranolol, alprazolam, or received no tremor treatment. Our results revealed a postural and kinetic tremor with characteristics of an enhanced physiological tremor. Tremor involved only upper limbs and no other body parts. Treatment with propranolol or alprazolam had similar favorable effect on tremor. In conclusion tremor in generalized anxiety disorder is an enhanced physiological tremor The kinetic tremor disturbs patients and particular tremor treatment with propranolol or alprazolam should be applied.     

广泛性焦虑症病人生物反馈辅助治疗的应用

目的：探讨生物反馈辅助治疗广泛性焦虑症病人的疗效。方法：将60例广泛性焦虑症病人随机分为两组：反馈治疗组（A组）和单纯药物治疗组（B组）,两组各30例。A组和B组均给予抗焦虑药物帕罗西汀10～20mg／d,A组同时行生物反馈治疗,每日1次,每次30min,每周5次,连续2周后评定疗效。疗效用90项症状因子自评量表（SCL-90）评定。结果：治疗两周后,两组SCL-90评分均较人组时显著降低。A组比B组疗效更显著,其间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：对于广泛性焦虑症,在抗抑郁药物治疗的基础上辅以生物反馈治疗的疗效优于单纯抗抑郁药物治疗。     

Line bisection performance in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and treatment-resistant depression

Background and Objectives The line bisection error to the left of the true center has been interpreted as a relative right hemisphere activation, which might relate to the subject''s emotional state. Considering that patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or treatment-resistant depression (TRD) often have negative emotions, we hypothesized that these patients would bisect lines significantly leftward. Methods We tried the line bisection task in the right-handed healthy volunteers (n = 56), GAD (n = 47) and TRD outpatients (n = 52). Subjects also completed the Zuckerman - Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales, and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory. Results GAD patients scored highest on the Neuroticism-Anxiety trait, TRD patients scored highest on depression, and both patients scored lower on the Sociability trait. Patients with GAD also bisected lines significantly leftward compared to the healthy subjects. The Frequency of the bisection error was negatively correlated with Disinhibition-Seeking in the healthy subjects, and with Total sensation-seeking and Experience-Seeking in GAD patients, while the Magnitude of the line bisection error was negatively correlated with depression in TRD patients. Conclusions The study suggests a stronger right hemispheric activation, a weaker left activation, or both in the GAD, instead of TRD patients.     

The effects of coloring therapy on patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has harmful effects on physical and mental health and quality of life. Coloring therapy has been reported to have a positive effect on improving patient anxiety and depression. But there are no reported clinical trials examining their effectiveness as a treatment for GAD. This study was planned to evaluate the effectiveness of coloring therapy combined with conventional therapy in improving anxiety, depression, and positive and negative emotions with GAD. This randomized controlled study comprising 88 GAD patients was selected for intervention in different wards. The control group (n = 45) was given conventional antianxiety medication and physical therapy, and the experimental group (n = 43) received coloring therapy combined with conventional therapy. The Self‐Rating Depression Scale, Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale were assessed in both groups before and 3 weeks after the intervention. After the intervention, there were statistical differences in intra‐ and inter‐group comparisons of anxiety, depression, and positive and negative mood scales in the experimental and control groups (p < .05). The minus in anxiety/positive emotions pre‐ and postintervention in the experimental group was statistically significant compared to that in anxiety/positive emotions pre‐ and postintervention in the control group (HAMA: d = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] (0.34, 2.57), p = .011; SAS: d = 3.87, 95% CI (1.73,6.00), p = .001; positive: d = 1.76, 95% CI (0.17, 3.34), p = .030). The minus in depressive/negative emotions pre‐ and postintervention in the experimental group was not statistically significant compared with that in depressive/negative emotions pre‐ and postintervention in the control group (p > .05). For GAD patients, adding coloring therapy based on conventional drug therapy and physical therapy can not only reduce depression and negative emotions but also have better effects on reducing anxiety and improving positive emotions than conventional therapy.     

Memory mood congruency phenomenon in bipolar I disorder and major depression disorder patients

The objective of the present study was to evaluate memory performance in tasks with and without affective content (to confirm the mood congruency phenomenon) in acutely admitted patients with bipolar I disorder (BD) and major depression disorder (MDD) and in healthy participants. Seventy-eight participants (24 BD, 29 MDD, and 25 healthy controls) were evaluated. Three word lists were used as the memory task with affective content (positive, negative and indifferent). Psychiatric symptoms were also evaluated with rating scales (Young Mania Rating Scale for mania and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for depression). Patients were selected during the first week of hospitalization. BD patients showed higher scores in the word span with positive tone than MDD patients and healthy controls (P = 0.002). No other difference was observed for tests with affective tone. MDD patients presented significantly lower scores in the Mini-Mental State Exam, logical memory test, visual recognition span, and digit span, while BD patients presented lower scores in the visual recognition test and digit span. Mood congruency effect was found for word span with positive tone among BD patients but no similar effect was observed among MDD patients for negative items. MDD patients presented more memory impairment than BD patients, but BD patients also showed memory impairment.     

fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task

Previous functional neuroimaging studies found that the amygdala and other limbic regions may play a substantial role in social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, more widely distributed large-scale brain systems may be involved in cognitive processing in SAD patients when confronted with social situations. We employed functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate local brain activation of patients with SAD (n=6) and healthy controls (HC, n=9) during cognitive work. During fMRI scanning, subjects performed a social situation task using a block design paradigm in which the task and control trials were performed by turn. The patients with SAD showed higher anxiety levels during scanning in all social situations. The HC group showed greater common activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), cuneus, occipital gyrus, and cerebellum. Although the patients with SAD showed activation patterns similar to that of the HC group, they showed comparatively significant decreased activation in the left cerebellum, left precuneus, and bilateral PCC. The present study demonstrates that SAD may involve dysfunction of a broad neuronal network including the limbic system, parieto-posterior cortex and cerebellum. The findings contribute to previous findings that revealed abnormal activities of emotion-related regions including the amygdala and insular cortex during facial perception in SAD.