带淋巴结游离皮瓣移植治疗乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿的围术期护理

目的 总结带淋巴结腹股沟游离皮瓣移植治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的围术期护理方法.方法 对10例带淋巴结腹股沟游离皮瓣移植术治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿患者,进行术前心理护理、手术区皮肤准备,术后实施淋巴排水按摩、严密细致观察皮瓣血运、控制疼痛、禁烟、体位护理等.结果 10例带淋巴结的腹股沟游离皮瓣移植全部成活,上肢淋巴水肿逐渐消退.结论 带淋巴结腹股沟游离皮瓣移植能有效治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿,术后密切观察移植区皮肤色泽、温度,促进局部血液循环,做好健康教育能促进皮瓣成活,保证治疗效果.     

手动负压抽吸联合血管化淋巴结移植治疗继发性下肢淋巴水肿的疗效分析

目的 探讨手动负压抽吸联合血管化淋巴结移植治疗继发性下肢淋巴水肿的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年11月至2021年11月接受联合治疗的12例妇科恶性肿瘤术后继发性下肢淋巴水肿患者的临床资料。患肢大腿采用手动负压抽吸减容,同时取锁骨上血管化淋巴结移植至患侧小腿。比较治疗前后患肢周径变化;记录治疗前后丹毒发作情况及生活质量的改变。结果 患肢大腿抽取脂肪组织500～1 200 mL,平均（917±196） mL。术后患肢周径明显减小（P<0.05）。治疗后随访期间所有患者均无丹毒发作,主观症状均较术前明显好转。结论 手动负压抽吸联合血管化淋巴结移植治疗下肢淋巴水肿疗效确切,值得推广。     

携带淋巴结的组织瓣移植治疗下肢淋巴水肿

目的 探讨携带淋巴结的组织瓣移植治疗下肢淋巴水肿的疗效。方法 2019年6月至2021年6月,采用携带淋巴结的组织瓣移植治疗Ⅱ～Ⅲ期下肢淋巴水肿5例,皮瓣大小（10～30） cm×（4～9） cm,受区选择患肢小腿区,受区血管为胫前动脉及伴行静脉,术后定期随访。结果 1例皮瓣术后部分坏死,予以换药对症治疗后,创面瘢痕愈合,其余4例移植皮瓣顺利成活。术后随访0.5～2年,患肢周径于术后1个月及6个月平均减少0.84 cm及2.29 cm,术后未出现淋巴管炎,供区未出现淋巴漏及淋巴水肿。结论 应用淋巴结皮瓣移植治疗肢体淋巴水肿近期疗效较好,供区无并发症,是早中期下肢淋巴水肿可选择的治疗方法之一。     

淋巴结复合皮瓣治疗实验性肢体淋巴水肿的研究

目的 设计淋巴结复合皮瓣治疗实验性肢体淋巴水肿。方法 用１４只已形成右前肢淋巴水肿的大白兔,分别用吻合血管的淋巴结复合游离皮瓣移植和普通游离皮瓣移植法治疗。结果 淋巴结复合皮瓣移植组肢体淋巴水肿减轻,未见诱发供肢淋巴水肿。普通皮瓣移植组消肿作用不明显。结论 淋巴结复合皮瓣可以作为治疗肢体淋巴水肿的一种方法。     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

红外血管成像技术在动脉化静脉皮瓣游离移植中的临床应用

目的探讨红外血管成像技术应用于动脉化静脉皮瓣游离移植中的可行性及其临床效果。方法回顾性分析2019年3月至2020年11月温州医科大学附属第二医院手显微外科采用动脉化静脉皮瓣游离移植修复手部创面的患者资料。在红外血管成像仪辅助下, 根据Goldschlager分型中的Ⅲ型设计合适的静脉皮瓣血管走行, 放大镜辅助下切取皮瓣, 将游离的静脉皮瓣移植于受区创面。术后观察皮瓣修复情况, 包括皮瓣血运、颜色、质地、成活情况, 患指屈、伸活动度和前臂供区外观。采用中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评价手功能。结果共纳入17例患者, 男性11例, 女性6例, 年龄19～68岁, 平均34.6岁。共设计切取18个皮瓣, 皮瓣大小为2.0 cm ×3.0 cm ～ 8.0 cm × 9.0 cm。术后随访3～12个月, 平均6个月, 8个皮瓣术后2 d出现水疱, 予抬高患肢保持水疱完整性, 术后1周皮瓣水疱消退;7个皮瓣术后2 d出现淤血情况, 经抬高患肢、拆除部分缝线等常规处理2周后逐渐自行消退;1个皮瓣术后1周出现渐进性低灌注状态, 经保温、抗凝、扩血管及高压氧对症处理后无明显改善, 最终...     

背阔肌淋巴结皮瓣游离移植治疗淋巴水肿围手术期的护理经验

目的总结背阔肌淋巴结皮瓣游离移植治疗淋巴水肿的围手术期的护理方法。方法 2020年5月至2022年5月, 中山大学附属第一医院显微创伤手外科应用背阔肌淋巴结皮瓣游离移植治疗下肢淋巴水肿患者15例, 病程4个月～15年, 平均6.13年, 淋巴水肿分期为Ⅱ～Ⅲ期;在围手术期构建和实施标准化护理干预, 包括术前肢体肿胀监测、淋巴引流手法按摩和使用弹力袜, 术后常见并发症的观察和护理、改良淋巴引流手法按摩、制定淋巴水肿患者康复手册、开展淋巴水肿患者延续性护理和"互联网+"护理模式等标准化护理措施, 采用门诊及微信随访, 比较术后移植皮瓣成活例数、肿胀肢体周径及是否出现淋巴管炎。结果 15例患者移植皮瓣均成活。随访6～12个月, 临床症状均有改善, 淋巴管炎发作频率较术前减少, 水肿肢体手术前、后的下肢周径分别为(42.85±6.96)cm、(40.24±8.61)cm, 在髌骨下缘远侧5.0 cm平面, 术后患侧周径较术前改善1.0～9.1 cm, 手术后患侧与健侧的周径差值较术前明显减小(P=0.04)。结论背阔肌淋巴结皮瓣游离移植结合围手术期的标准化护理干预措施能有效促进移植皮瓣成活和肿...     

手法淋巴引流治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿

目的 探讨运用手法淋巴引流(Manual Lymph Drainage,MLD)治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的疗效。方法2008年至2012年,101例乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿患者按治疗前患肢与健肢的周径(d)差值分3组:A组(d5 cm)。3组患者均进行1个疗程(15 d)的淋巴水肿综合消肿治疗(Complex Decongestive Therapy,CDT):手法淋巴引流+低弹性绷带包扎。通过检测引流前后健患侧的组织水分和肢体周径,计算水分比率与周径比率,同时调查患者对手法引流及绷带使用情况的主观感受,以观察并评价患者对治疗的适应性和接受度。组织水分采用多频生物电阻人体成分分析仪进行检测。结果 101例患者经CDT治疗后,患肢组织水分和肢体周径均呈显著下降(PB组>A组(P<0.01),即治疗效果与水肿严重程度成正比。几乎所有患者对治疗方法及效果表示满意。结论 CDT能有效促进乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的淋巴回流,减轻患肢水肿,改善患肢外形,帮助功能恢复,并且该治疗对水肿程度较重的患者疗效尤其显著。     

Chimeric thoracodorsal lymph node flap with a perforator-based fasciocutaneous skin island for treatment of lower extremity lymphedema: A case report

Free vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is applied more and more in the treatment of lymphedema. A random-pattern skin island with VLNT is of use but can have its limitations in flap inset. We describe an option for free VLNT in the treatment of lower extremity lymphedema. We present the case of a chimeric thoracodorsal lymph node flap (TAP-VLNT) with a thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap (5 × 9 cm) to the lower leg in a 22-year old female patient with stage 2 lower leg lymphedema caused by severe traumatic skin decollement and postoperative scarring after a car accident. TAP flap enabled tailored and tension-free wound closure at the recipient site after scar release and lymph node flap inset. The anastomosis was performed to the anterior tibial artery. The postoperative course was uneventful with no complications or secondary donor-site lymphedema. Follow-up at 6 months showed reasonable cosmetic and functional outcomes. The circumference reduction rate was up to 11% and the patient reported improved quality of life. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of a more flexible lymph node flap inset and tension-free wound closure by harvesting a thin thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) skin island together with a thoracodorsal VLNT as a chimeric flap (TAP-VLNT) for treatment of lower extremity lymphedema. Larger series with longer follow-up data are needed to justify its widespread use and demonstrate long-term results.     

Vascularized appendicular lymph node transfer for treatment of extremity lymphedema: A case report

Vascularized lymph node transfer has demonstrated promising results for the treatment of extremity lymphedema. In an attempt to find the ideal donor site, several vascularized lymph nodes have been described. Each has a common goal of decreasing morbidity and avoiding iatrogenic lymphedema while obtaining good clinical results. Herein, we present the preliminary clinical outcomes of an intra‐abdominal lymph node flap option based on the appendicular artery and vein used for the treatment of extremity lymphedema. A 62 year‐old woman with moderate lower extremity lymphedema, on chronic antibiotics because of recurrent infections and unsatisfactory outcomes after conservative treatment underwent a vascularized appendicular lymph node (VALN) transfer. At a follow‐up of 6 months, the reduction rate of the limb circumference was 17.4%, 15.1%, 12.0% and 9% above the knee, below the knee, above the ankle and foot respectively. In addition, no further episodes of infection or other complications were reported after VALN transfer. Postoperative lymphoscintigraphy demonstrated that the VALN flap was able to improve the lymphatic drainage of the affected limb. According to our findings, the use of VALN transfer minimizes donor‐site morbidity, avoids iatrogenic lymphedema and may provide a strong clearance of infection because of the strong immunologic properties of the appendiceal lymphatic tissue in selected patients. Despite these promising results, further research with larger number of patients and longer follow‐ up is needed.     

Ileocecal vascularized lymph node transfer for the treatment of extremity lymphedema: A case report

Vascularized lymph node (VLN) transfer has been of high interest in the past decade for the treatment of lymphedema, since it has been shown to be effective in reducing limb volumes, decreasing infectious episodes and improving quality of life. Multiple donor sites have been described in the quest for the optimal one. Herein, we describe a novel lymph node flap option based on the ileocolic artery and vein. The ileocecal vascularized lymph node (IC‐VLN) flap was used in the management of a 33‐year‐old male patient with lower extremity lymphedema secondary to left inguinal trauma. The patient had previously underwent a pedicled omentum flap transposition with minimal improvement in limb size and persistent episodes of infection. At 15 month follow‐up, the IC‐VLN flap improved the lymphatic drainage in the affected limb with a mean limb circumference reduction rate of 26.3%. No donor site complications or further episodes of infection were noted. According to our findings, the IC‐VLN flap may be another option for VLN transfer in very selected cases. Nevertheless, larger series with a longer follow‐up are required to analyze the efficacy and long‐term results of this flap.     

The latissimus dorsi‐groin‐lymph node compound flap: A comprehensive technique with three features including skin coverage,restoration of motor function,and prevention of upper limb lymphedema

Reconstruction of complex upper extremity defects requires a need for multiple tissue components. The supercharged latissimus dorsi (LD)‐groin compound flap is an option that can provide a large skin paddle with simultaneous functional muscle transfer. It is necessary to supercharge the flap with the superficial circumflex iliac pedicle to ensure the viability of its groin extension. In this report, we present a case of a supercharged LD‐groin flap in combination with vascularized inguinal lymph nodes, which was used for upper limb reconstruction in a young male patient, following excision of high‐grade liposarcoma. Resection resulted in a 28 cm × 15 cm skin defect extending from the upper arm to the proximal forearm, also involving the triceps muscle, a segment of the ulnar nerve and the axillary lymph nodes. Restoration of triceps function was achieved with transfer of the innervated LD muscle. Part of the ulnar nerve was resected and repaired with sural nerve grafts. Post‐operatively, the flap survived fully with no partial necrosis, and no complications at both the recipient and donor sites. At 1‐year follow up, the patient had a well‐healed wound with good elbow extension (against resistance), no tumor recurrence, and no signs of lymphedema. We believe this comprehensive approach may represent a valuable technique, for not only the oncological reconstruction of upper extremity, but also for the prevention of lymphedema. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:689–694, 2016.     

Vascularized axillary lymph node transfer: A novel model in the rat

Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is a promising microvascular free flap technique for the surgical treatment of lymphedema. To date, few experimental animal models for VLNT have been described and the viability of lymph nodes after the transfer tested. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of axillary VLNT in the rat. Lymph node containing flaps were harvested from the axillary region in 10 Lewis rats based on the axillary vessels. Flaps were transferred to the ipsilateral groin and end‐to‐side microanastomosis was performed to the femoral vessels using 10‐0 sutures. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography was used to confirm flap perfusion. On postoperative day 7, flaps were elevated to assess their structure and vessel patency. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to confirm the presence and survival of lymph nodes. All animals tolerated the procedure well. Immediate post‐procedure ICG angiography confirmed flap perfusion. No signs of ischemia or necrosis were observed in donor extremities. At postoperative day 7, all flaps remained viable with patent vascular pedicles. Gross examination and histology confirmed the presence of 3.6 ± 0.5 lymph nodes in each flap without any signs of necrosis. This study showed that the transfer of axillary lymph nodes based on the axillary vessels is feasible. The flap can be used without the need for donor animals and it contains a consistent number of lymph nodes. This reliable VLNT can be further utilized in studies involving lymphedema, transplantation, and induction of immunologic tolerance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:662–667, 2015.     

Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Lower Extremity Lymphedema: A Preliminary Report

Background  Posttraumatic lymphedema develops more frequently than expected and reports on its management are scarce in the literature. We aimed to report the clinical outcomes of a case series of posttraumatic lymphedema patients treated with different vascularized lymph node transfers (VLNTs). Patients and Methods  Five patients with secondary posttraumatic lower limb lymphedema treated with VLNT were included in this report. The groin-VLNT ( n  = 1), supraclavicular-VLNT ( n  = 2), and gastroepiploic-VLNT ( n  = 2) were implemented. The average flap area was 69.8 cm ² . Patients underwent postoperative complex decompressive therapy for an average of 10.0 months. Results  The average mean circumference reduction rate was 24.4% (range, 10.2–37.6%). Postsurgical reduction in the number of infection episodes per year was observed in all patients. The mean follow-up was 34.2 months. Conclusions  VLNT is a promising surgical treatment for posttraumatic lymphedema patients. In our report, VLNT has demonstrated to reduce the volume and number of infections per year in posttraumatic lymphedema.     

逆向腋淋巴显影技术在乳腺癌患者中的临床运用及上肢回流淋巴结的分布与转移特点分析

目的研究逆向腋淋巴显影技术(ARM)在乳腺癌患者中的临床运用,分析乳腺癌患者上肢回流淋巴结的分布与转移特点。方法前瞻性选择2017年6月至2020年2月期间接受外科手术治疗的乳腺癌女性患者130例,所有患者均行ARM,且均为初次手术者。采用SPSS23.0进行统计学分析。术中上臂直径以(±s)表示,采用t检验;上肢回流淋巴结的转移单因素分析采用χ²检验分析,多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析,P<0.05差异有统计学意义。结果122例患者中501枚上肢回流淋巴结追踪成功,成功率为93.8%,A区和B区分别追踪327枚和106枚,共占83.1%,明显高于其他区域(P<0.05);而上肢回流淋巴结的行走方向以腋静脉、第二肋间臂神经、胸背神经血管束、背阔肌前缘以及前锯肌为界限,主要集中在腋静脉周围;单因素分析显示,患者腋窝淋巴情况、BMI指数、肿瘤分布位置、上臂直径与ARM技术上肢回流淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),Logistic回归分析进一步表明,腋窝淋巴情况和肿瘤分布位置是ARM术上肢回流淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论ARM在乳腺癌手术中可成功定位淋巴结,通过了解淋巴分布位置和行走趋势,可提升淋巴系统保留的完整度,对降低术后淋巴水肿率,提高手术成功率有一定的意义。     

血管化淋巴结皮瓣移植治疗下肢淋巴水肿的研究进展

下肢淋巴水肿的治疗是临床研究中的难点和重点。严重的下肢淋巴水肿对患者的生存质量影响极大。近年来,血管化淋巴结皮瓣移植作为一种新兴的手术方式,对重度下肢淋巴水肿具有较好的治疗效果。本文对血管化淋巴结皮瓣移植的作用机制、手术方式、辅助手段、常见并发症等方面的研究进展进行综述。