气相色谱法测定人血白蛋白中乙醇残留量

目的：建立气相色谱法测定人血白蛋白中乙醇残留量。方法：采用DB-624毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm×1.8 μm）;氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）;进样口温度为200 ℃,检测器温度为250 ℃;载气为氮气,载气流速为2.0 mL·min-1;采用程序升温法：起始温度为40 ℃,保持8 min,以50 ℃·min-1速度升温至200 ℃,保持5 min。进样方式为顶空进样,顶空平衡温度为80 ℃,平衡时间为30 min。结果：乙醇在1.005 6 ~ 377.097 5 μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r为0.999 8,n=9）;精密度的RSD为2.5%,重复性的RSD为1.5%;平均加样回收率为100.2%（n=9,RSD为3.4%）。定量限为1.005 6 μg·mL-1,检出限为0.335 2 μg·mL-1。测定人血白蛋白原液59 批和成品78 批,均低于250 μg·mL-1。结论：该方法操作简单、结果准确,灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于人血白蛋白中乙醇残留量测定。     

氢溴酸高乌甲素中有机溶剂残留量HL-GC 检测方法的建立

目的：建立测定氢溴酸高乌甲素中4种有机溶剂残留量的顶空毛细管气相色谱方法。方法采用DB-624毛细管柱（30 m ×0.53 mm,3μm）,程序升温,起始柱温40℃,维持7 min,以25℃·min-1的速率升至200℃,维持1 min;进样口温度：200℃;FID 检测器,检测器温度：250℃;进样方式：顶空进样,平衡温度：80℃,平衡时间：30 min;载气为N2;以DMF为溶剂对氢溴酸高乌甲素中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷和苯的残留量进行测定。结果4种有机溶剂分离度良好,乙醇、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷和苯浓度分别在129.2-1033μg·mL-1（r=0.999）、120.5-964.2μg·mL-1（r=0.999）、3.32-26.5μg·mL-1（r=0.998）、0.14-1.13μg·mL-1（r=0.997）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率（n=9）分别为97.4%、97.4%、96.8%、98.1%,RSD 分别为1.3%、2.0%、1.7%、3.1%。结论本文建立的顶空毛细管气相色谱法,经方法学验证可用于氢溴酸高乌甲素中有机溶剂残留量的测定,可作为该药质量标准修订的参考。     

气相色谱法检测麝珠明目滴眼液中冰片和麝香酮的含量

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定麝珠明目滴眼液中冰片及麝香酮含量。方法用HP-INNOWAX（30m×320μm×0.25μm）色谱柱,火焰离子化检测器（FID）进行分析检测。程序升温：140℃维持8min,再以30℃.min-1升温至200℃维持10min,采用外标法测定。结果冰片在0.41~10.26mg.mL-1范围内线性相关（r=0.9993）,回收率为101.0%,RSD=1.1%（n=6）;麝香酮在0.007~0.38mg.mL-1范围内线性相关（r=0.9999）,回收率为98.2%,RSD=0.8%（n=6）。结论该方法简便、准确,重现性好,可用于麝珠明目滴眼液的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定地西泮直肠凝胶中地西泮、 苯甲酸、苯甲醇含量

目的：建立了同时测定地西泮直肠凝胶中地西泮、苯甲酸、苯甲醇含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法：色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C18（4.6 mm × 150 mm,3.5 μm）,以甲醇-0.05 mol·L-1 乙酸铵缓冲溶液（pH 4.0）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长254 nm,柱温30 ℃,进样量10 μL。结果：地西泮、苯甲酸、苯甲醇分离度均大于1.5,地西泮在0.010~0.200 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r≥0.999 9）;苯甲酸在0.030~0.600 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r≥0.999 9）;苯甲醇在0.0718~1.436 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r≥0.999 9）;且地西泮、苯甲酸、苯甲醇的平均回收率均在98%~101%,RSD均小于2.0%（n=9）。结论：本法简单准确可靠,可用于地西泮直肠凝胶中地西泮、苯甲酸、苯甲醇的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定丁细牙痛胶囊中细辛脂素、原儿茶醛和原儿茶酸的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定丁细牙痛胶囊中细辛脂素、原儿茶醛、原儿茶酸含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱：Capcell Pak MG Ⅱ C18（4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长：287 nm;柱温：35 ℃;流速：1 mL·min-1;进样量：10 μL。结果：细辛脂素在0.015 25 ～ 0.152 5 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为98.01%, RSD为1.10%（n=6）;原儿茶酸在0.020 88 ～ 0.208 8 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.34%,RSD为1.48%（n=6）;原儿茶醛在0.010 52～0.105 2 mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为101.48%,RSD为1.20%（n=6）。结论：本方法简便可靠,重现性好,适用于丁细牙痛胶囊的质量控制。     

GC法同时测定香砂养胃片中去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量

目的：建立气相色谱（GC）法测定香砂养胃片中去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量。方法：采用色谱柱为WondaCAP5 30 m×320 μm×0.25 μm毛细管色谱柱;检测器：FID检测器。进样口温度：250 ℃;柱温箱温度：210 ℃;检测器温度：280 ℃;载气流速：3.0 mL·min-1;进样量：1 μL。结果：去氢木香内酯在1.996~199.6μg·mL-1;厚朴酚在5.123~512.3 μg·mL-1;和厚朴酚在2.609~260.9μg·mL-1的范围内,线性关系良好（r＞0.999 1）平均回收率分别为97.3%（RSD=1.1%）、98.6%（RSD=1.2%）和97.4%（RSD=1.9%）结论： 建立方法简单、准确、重现性好,可用于控制香砂养胃片中3种活性成分的含量。     

顶空气相色谱法测定制剂包衣中乙醇和二氯甲烷残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定制剂包衣中乙醇和二氯甲烷残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,FID检测器,HP-5色谱柱(30m×0.32mm,0.25μm);柱温为40℃;载气为N2;进样口温度200℃;样品瓶温度:80℃;平衡时间:15min;顶空定量环:1mL。结果乙醇、二氯甲烷最低检测限分别为14.67和11.73mg·mL-1;线性范围分别为70～1000mg·mL-1(r=0.9995)和50～800mg·mL-1(r=9992);两者精密度RSD均<3%;平均回收率分别为105.1%和102.9%,RSD为2.3%和3.5%。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,可用于监测制剂开发过程中所用溶剂乙醇和二氯甲烷的残留量。     

顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法测定口服药用塑料瓶中环氧乙烷残留量

目的建立环口服药用塑料瓶中氧乙烷残留量的顶空毛细管柱气相色谱测定法。方法采用HP-5 Polyethylene Glycol（30.0 m×320 μm×0.25 μm）色谱柱;氢火焰离子检测器;顶空平衡温度80 ℃,平衡时间20 min,柱温80 ℃,进样口温度200 ℃,检测器温度250 ℃;柱流速2.0 mL·min-1。结果在0.417 3～12.519 μg·mL-1内呈线性关系(r=0.999 6);平均回收率为99.7%,RSD=0.3%。结论该方法准确、灵敏、简便,适用于对口服药用塑料瓶中环氧乙烷残留量的检测。     

气相色谱法测定复方门冬维甘滴眼液中三氯叔丁醇的含量

目的：建立气相色谱法测定复方门冬维甘滴眼液中三氯叔丁醇的含量。方法：色谱柱为DB-WAX毛细管柱（ 30 m×0.320 mm,0.50 μm） ;采用程序升温;进样口温度：220 ℃ ;检测器温度： 250 ℃ ;载气：氮气;柱流量：1.5 mL·.min-1;进样量：1.0 μL;内标物为N,N-二甲基甲酰铵,溶剂为甲醇。结果：三氯叔丁醇在0.03~0.30 mg·mL?-1的范围内,其峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系,Y = 7.120 4X －0.018 78,r = 0. 999 7; 低、中、高三个浓度的加样回收率分别为 101.1%、103.3%、104.5% ; 定量限为 1.5×10-6mg·mL-1;重复性和中间精密度的 RSD 分别为 0. 54% 、1.20%。复方门冬维甘滴眼液（批号 18K141、 20D031及20E231）中三氯叔丁醇含量分别为 2.00、2.02?及2.01 mg·mL-1。结论：经方法学验证,本文建立的气相色谱测定方法可用于测定复方门冬维甘滴眼液中抑菌剂三氯叔丁醇的含量。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定药用辅料羧甲基淀粉钠中的溶剂残留量

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法测定药用辅料羧甲基淀粉钠中乙醇、异丙醇残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法,以水为溶解介质,色谱柱为DB-1301石英毛细管柱,柱温80℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为150℃。结果:乙醇、异丙醇的检测浓度的线性范围分别为0.025～2.0mg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和0.025～2.0mg·mL-1(r=0.9999);平均回收率分别为99.5%(RSD=0.9%)和99.2%(RSD=1.2%);定量限分别为4.85、2.95μg·mL-1;3批样品中乙醇和异丙醇残留量均符合《中国药典》要求。结论:本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于羧甲基淀粉钠中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.