医学新生儿童期心理虐待与创造力、认知偏差的调查分析

目的:了解海南医学新生的儿童心理虐待状况;比较不同创造力、认知偏差类型的学生的儿童期心理虐待差异。方法:方便取样,采用儿童心理虐待量表、卡特尔多项人格量表-创造力、认知偏差问卷对365名自愿参与的海南省某医学院临床医学专业2014级新生进行测量,对数据进行t检验和方差分析。结果:男生的恐吓、贬损、干涉、纵容维度得分高于女生(t=2.38,2.17,2.40,2.72;P均0.05);独生子女医学新生的忽视维度得分低于非独生子女者,而干涉维度得分高于后者(t=-3.82,2.17;P均0.05);单亲家庭医学新生的忽视和贬损维度得分高于非单亲学生(t=2.80,3.24;P均0.05)。不同创造力等级的医学新生在儿童心理虐待得分上的差异无统计学意义。不同认知偏差类型的医学新生在贬损、干涉维度得分上的差异均有统计学意义(F=10.92,13.54;P均0.001)。结论:不同性别、是否独生、是否单亲的医学新生在儿童期遭受的心理虐待不一样;不同创造力的医学新生在儿童期遭受的心理虐待无差异;不同认知偏差类型的医学新生在童年期遭受的贬损和干涉高于其他类型者。     

医学新生的儿童期心理虐待与忽视、认知偏差和自我价值感

目的:探讨医学新生儿童期心理虐待与忽视、认知偏差、自我价值感的关系,为医学新生的心理虐待干预及心理健康教育提供依据。方法:使用儿童心理虐待与忽视量表、认知偏差问卷、青少年自我价值感量表对334名医学新生进行调查。结果:男生在心理虐待与忽视总分及恐吓、干涉、纵容维度得分显著高于女生(t=2.57,2.04,2.18,2.33;P0.05);男生认知偏差显著高于女生(t=2.15,P0.05);本科学生的总体自我价值感、社会取向特殊自我价值感(t=2.11,2.53;P0.05)、社会取向一般自我价值感均显著高于专科学生(t=2.91,P0.01)。儿童期心理虐待与忽视总分及各维度(除纵容维度外)和自我价值感总分及各维度呈显著负相关(r=-0.147~-0.311,P0.01),与认知偏差呈显著正相关(r=0.151~0.249,P0.01)。结论 :医学生儿童期心理虐待与忽视与认知偏差、自我价值感存在相关;对于受虐学生,认知偏差程度越严重,其自我价值感越低。     

服刑人员儿童期虐待对攻击行为的影响：述情障碍和人际信任的链式中介作用

目的：探讨服刑人员儿童期虐待、述情障碍、人际信任对其攻击行为的影响及作用机制。方法：采用儿童期虐待问卷、述情障碍问卷、人际信任量表、攻击问卷对345名服刑人员进行施测。结果：服刑人员儿童期虐待、述情障碍、人际信任和攻击行为两两之间存在显著相关;述情障碍在童年期虐待与攻击行为之间的中介作用成立,述情障碍与人际信任在童年期虐待和攻击行为之间的链式中介作用成立。结论：儿童期虐待不仅能直接影响服刑人员的攻击行为,还能通过述情障碍与人际信任的链式中介作用间接影响服刑人员的攻击行为。     

大学生儿童期心理虐待经历与个性特征的关系

目的:了解大学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视状况及其与个性特征的关系。方法:应用儿童心理虐待与忽视量表和卡特尔16PF对216名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①受试学生中心理虐待阳性者45人(20.83﹪);忽视阳性者88人(40.74﹪);不同性别的虐待和忽视阳性率均无统计学差异(P>0.05);②男生心理虐待总分均分、责骂均分、恐吓均分三项高于女生相应得分,差别具统计学意义(P<0.05);③虐待阳性组在乐群性、稳定性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性、内向与外向、感情用事与安详机警等多项个性因素上得分低于阴性组,在怀疑性、忧虑性、适应与焦虑三项上得分高于后者(P<0.05);④受试学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视与乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性、内向与外向、感情用事与安详机警等人格因素呈负相关,与怀疑性、忧虑性、紧张性、适应与焦虑等个性因素呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:①受试大学生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历多见,男生儿童期心理虐待发生程度较女生重;②儿童期心理虐待和忽视与大学生外向乐观、开朗合群、情绪稳定等积极个性特征呈负相关,而与其多疑刚愎、抑郁自扰、对环境的适应能力不足等消极个性特征呈正相关。     

高中生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与自尊的关系

目的:了解高中生儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与自尊的关系.方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,以长沙市某中学396名高中生作为研究对象,完成一般资料问卷、儿童期心理虐待和忽视量表、Rosenberg自尊量表.结果:儿童期经历过心理虐待或忽视的高中生占被调查人数的45.84%;低自尊组学生心理虐待和忽视总分高于高自尊组学生;儿童期心理虐待和忽视各个维度与自尊显著负相关.结论:儿童期心理虐待和忽视经历与低自尊密切相关.     

儿童期心理虐待和忽视与成人心理健康

目的探讨儿童期心理虐待和忽视对成人心理健康的影响。方法以镇江某社区230名居民作为研究对象,应用一般资料问卷、儿童心理虐待和忽视量表、症状自评量表对居民进行调查,比较受虐待组和非虐待组在SCL-90得分上的差异。结果男女儿童期心理虐待发生率无明显差异,男性忽视发生率少于女性（P〈0.05）。不同年龄分组之间心理虐待、忽视有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。心理虐待与忽视量表及其各维度与SCL-90各个分量表之间呈显著相关（P〈0.01）,童年期心理虐待组或忽视组在SCL-90各个因子上得分较高,与对照组有极显著的差异,（P〈0.01）。结论儿童期心理虐待和忽视可对成人心理健康造成不良的影响。     

精神分裂症患者的攻击行为与心理防御机制关系的研究

为探讨精神分裂症患者攻击行为与心理防御机制的关系，本文采用Ｍ．Ｂｏｎｄ编制的防御方式问卷，简称ＤＳＱ，分别对３１例有攻击行为的精神分裂症患者，３３例无攻击行为的精神分裂症患者，在入院时和住院治疗３个月后进行了测评。结果显示：在发病期，有攻击行为患者ＤＳＱ不成熟因子分明显高于无攻击行为患者（Ｐ〈０．０５），两组患者在ＤＳＱ中间型和成熟因子分之间无显著性差异。经过治疗后，两组病人的ＤＳＡ成熟型因子分明     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为与心理防御机制关系探讨

目的探讨精神分裂患者攻击行为与心理防御机制的关系。方法．采用M·Bond编制的防御方式问卷（DSQ）对住院精神分裂症患者68例，分为攻击组（n=32）和非攻击组（n=36）在入院时和住院3个月后进行测评。结果在发病期，有攻击行为患者DSQ不成熟因子分明显高于无攻击行为患者（P〈0．05），两组患者在DSQ中间型和成熟因子分之间无显著性差异。经过治疗后，两组病人的DSQ成熟型因子分明显增高（P〈0．01）。有攻击行为组患者DSQ不成熟因子分明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论精神分裂症患者其攻击行为与不成熟心理防御机制有关。     

心理咨询师儿童期虐待和生活事件的调查

目的:探讨咨询师儿童期虐待与生活事件的特点以及"受伤的治疗者"的涵义。方法:本次调查采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)和生活事件量表(LES),选择90名心理咨询师为研究组,60名非心理咨询师为对照组。结果:两组被试在躯体虐待上得分差异显著(P<0.05)。不同性别、不同年龄的咨询师在童年虐待各个因子得分差异均不显著,不同婚姻状况的咨询师在正性事件刺激量上得分差异显著(P<0.05);学历与情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视、童年总创伤(P<0.05,0.01,0.001,0.05,0.01)显著负相关;不同家庭住址的咨询师在躯体忽视(P<0.01)、正性事件刺激量(P<0.05)上得分差异显著。咨询师负性事件与童年虐待多项评定结果显著相关。结论:与非心理咨询师相比,心理咨询师没有经历更多的童年创伤,但其主观感受高于前者;这可能与其激活了内在的"治疗者"原型有关。     

青少年儿童期心理虐待与忽视对非自杀性自伤行为:反刍思维和认知融合的链式中介作用

目的:探讨青少年童年期心理虐待与忽视对非自杀性自伤(NSSI)的影响,以及反刍思维和认知融合在二者之间的中介作用.方法:采用儿童期心理虐待与忽视问卷、事件相关反刍思维问卷、认知融合问卷和非 自杀性自伤问卷对1958名中学生进行调查.结果:①相关分析的结果表明,NSSI与心理虐待与忽视(r=0.29,P＜0.01)、反刍...     

Association between childhood allergic disease,psychological comorbidity,and injury requiring medical attention

BackgroundChildren with allergic disease have multiple risk factors for accidental injuries.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of injuries requiring medical treatment in US children with allergic disease.MethodsThe authors analyzed data from the 2007 to 2008 National Survey of Children's Health, including a nationally representative sample of 27,556 children 0 to 5 years old.ResultsThe prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of at least 1 allergic disease was 29.4% (28.0–30.8); 6.6% (5.8–7.4) were diagnosed with asthma, 15.0% (14.0–16.0) with eczema, 11.6% (10.6–12.6) with hay fever, and 6.1% (5.4–6.9) with food allergy. Children with allergic disorders had higher odds of at least 1 comorbid psychiatric and behavioral disorder (PBD; survey logistic regression; odds ratio 2.93, 95% CI 2.13–4.03), including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4.75, 2.89–7.80), depression (6.03, 1.29–28.27), anxiety (5.54, 2.70–11.37), conduct/oppositional defiant disorder (2.97, 1.88–4.70), and learning delay (2.49, 1.70–3.66), but not autism/Asperger disorder (1.89, 0.98–3.64). The prevalence of injury in the past year requiring medical attention was 10.5% (95% CI 9.5–11.4). The association between allergic disease and injury requiring medical attention was mediated in part by a PBD (Sobel test 0.0021, 95% CI 0.0014–0.0029, P < .0001; bootstrapping approach, indirect effects, odds ratio 1.005, 95% CI 1.003–1.007; Baron–Kenny β(yx,m) = 0.04, P < .0001, R² = 0.002). However, children with at least 1 allergic disorder (1.74, 1.23–2.46), including eczema (1.59, 1.01–2.50), asthma (1.91, 1.10–3.31), hay fever (2.05, 1.24–3.39), and food allergies (2.00, 1.10–3.67), had higher odds of sustaining injuries even after controlling for comorbid PBDs and medical disorders.ConclusionThe results suggest that the association between allergic disease and injury is multifactorial, including being secondary to PBD.     

Exploring links between childhood maltreatment and empowerment

Empowerment theory may be useful in understanding the long‐term impact of child maltreatment yet to date few studies have bridged these fields. The current study of female undergraduates was exploratory and examined links between a history of child maltreatment and several dimensions of empowerment. Factor analysis was used to create indices of intrapersonal sense of empowerment, community connections, and social action from various measures related to empowerment cited in the community psychology literature. Higher levels of reported maltreatment were related to lesser interpersonal sense of empowerment and self‐report of lower levels of community connections even after controlling for the effects of negative family of origin environment. Implications for theory, research, and interventions are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

医学新生人际交往焦虑与自尊的关系

目的了解医学新生的人际交往与自尊的现状及关系,为医学新生中存在交往焦虑的同学提供参考。方法选取赣南医学院2017级医学类学生302名,用罗森伯格量表(SES)和人际交往焦虑倾向量表(IAS)集体施测。结果医学新生自尊均分为(28.5±4.4)分,人际交往焦虑均分为(42.7±9.0)分,男女医学新生在自尊量表(t=3.304,P=0.001)和交往焦虑量表(t=-2.908,P=0.004)的得分差异均有统计学意义;农村和城市生源地在人际交往焦虑量表得分的差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.561,P=0.011);独生子女情况在人际交往焦虑量表的差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.408,P=0.017);加入社团与不加入社团在人际交往焦虑量表的得分差异有统计学意义(t=-2.233,P=0.026);医学新生自尊得分与人际交往焦虑得分呈负相关(r=-0.529,P<0.01),医学新生自尊对交往焦虑有预测作用(P<0.01)。结论人际交往焦虑水平较高,自尊对交往焦虑有较好预测作用,医学院应该多给予医学新生人文关怀,降低交往焦虑。     

医科新生童年期创伤经历与强迫症状、执行功能的关系

目的:探讨医科新生童年期创伤经历、执行功能与强迫症状三者间的关系,以及执行功能的中介作用.方法:选取某大学医科新生492人,采用童年期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF)、执行功能行为评定量表成人版(BRIEF-A)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)的强迫症状因子进行评估,应用结构方程模型分析执行功能在童年期创伤经历与强迫症状间的中介作用.结果:男生CTQ-SF评分高于女生[(31.6±5.3)vs.(30.4±5.3),P =0.015];农村学生CTQ-SF得分[(32.2±5.6)vs.(29.9±5.0)]、BRIEF-A得分[(107.2±20.0) vs.(98.4±16.7)]、强迫症状得分[(18..8±5.9)vs.(16.9±5.3)]均高于非农村学生(均P ＜0.001);独生子女CTQ-SF得分[(29.8±4.9)vs.(31.8±5.6)]和BRIEF-A得分[(97.9±16.8) vs.(105.6±19.4)]均低于非独生子女(均P＜0.001).偏相关分析显示,CTQ-SF、BRIEF-A及强迫症状评分间,控制其中1个变量后剩余2个变量均呈正相关(r=0.19 ～0.57,均P＜0.001).结构方程模型分析发现,童年期创伤直接作用于强迫症状,并通过执行功能间接作用于强迫症状的模型拟合良好(x2/df=2.572,CFI =0.979,RMSEA=0.057),且优于童年期创伤完全通过执行功能间接作用于强迫症状的模型(△x2=15.336,P＜0.01).结论:医科新生经历的童年期创伤越多,执行功能就越差,强迫症状也越严重;不考虑童年期创伤,执行功能越差者强迫症状也越严重.     

Multi-type maltreatment in childhood and psychological adjustment in adolescence: questionnaire study among adolescents in Western Herzegovina Canton

Aim

To determine the prevalence and intercorrelation of different forms of childhood maltreatment and psychological problems in adolescents in Western Herzegovina Canton.

Method

A questionnaire study was conducted in March 2003 on a convenient sample of 458 third-grade high-school students (39% boys) aged between 15 and 20 (median age, 17). Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III, Child Maltreatment Questionnaire, Youth Self-Report, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Sociodemographic and family characteristics and exposure to maltreatment were analyzed as possible predictors of exposure to a particular type of abuse and subsequent psychological adjustment problems.

Results

Out of 458 students, 77% were emotionally abused, 52% physically abused, 30% neglected, 20% witnessed family violence, and 13% of girls and 21% of boys were sexually abused before the age of 14. Significant association between the maltreatment by a mother, father, and other adults were found for emotional and physical abuse and for neglect and witnessing family violence (r = 0.413-0.541, P<0.001 for all). Significant correlation was found between all forms of abuse (r = 0.163-0.594, P<0.05), except between sexual abuse and witnessing family violence (r = 0.048, P = 0.351). Almost two-thirds of students were exposed to multi-type maltreatment in childhood. Family characteristics and maltreatment scores significantly predicted anxiety/depression (R = 0.456, R² = 0.076), withdrawal (R = 0.389, R² = 0.049), somatic complaints (R = 0.437, R² = 0.059), social problems (R = 0.417, R² = 0.063), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (R = 0.368, R² = 0.045), rule-breaking behavior (R = 0.393, R² = 0.045), aggression (R = 0.437, R² = 0.078) (P<0.001 for all), as well as self-esteem (R = 0.371, R² = 0.035, P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Most third-grade high-school students in Western Herzegovina Canton were exposed to multi-type maltreatment in childhood, regardless of the war experience. Emotional and physical abuse were most frequently combined forms of maltreatment. Sociodemographic and family characteristics and exposure to some forms of abuse were significant predictors of exposure to other forms of abuse. Exposure to maltreatment in childhood predicted difficulties in psychological adjustment in adolescence.The focus of research on child maltreatment has recently shifted from sexual and physical abuse and physical neglect to different types of psychological maltreatment, including witnessing family violence in childhood (1,2). A growing body of evidence shows that childhood maltreatment takes many different forms, and a significant proportion of maltreated children are exposed not only to repetitive episodes of a single type of maltreatment, but also to multiple forms of maltreatment (3). Individuals who were sexually and physically abused in childhood have lower self-esteem, higher depression level, more psychosexual problems, more trauma symptoms, asocial/antisocial behavior, and poor mental health (3). According to research among adults who were exposed to maltreatment in childhood, multi-type maltreatment is generally associated with greater psychological and emotional impairment than single-type maltreatment (3,4). Individuals who were exposed to a combined physical and psychological maltreatment in childhood have to cope with low self-esteem, dysfunctional sexual behavior, and problems with anger or aggression in adult age (5), as well as higher levels of depression (6). Witnessing family violence is a unique predictor of trauma symptoms and low self-esteem, because it often leads, together with multi-type maltreatment, to anxiety, depression, dissociation, sleeping problems, and sexual dysfunction (3).The role of dysfunctional family background as a cause of adjustment issues in adolescence or adulthood is another increasingly investigated problem. Poor family functioning has been reported as a risk factor for child maltreatment (particularly sexual abuse). The study by Higgins and McCabe (7) showed that family factors in childhood, either independently or in combination with child maltreatment, were associated with adjustment difficulties in adulthood and that family violence during childhood was likely to have negative effects on psychological adjustment in early adulthood. Besides family cohesion, adaptability, and interpersonal relationships, some other family variables have also been found to increase the risk of family maltreatment (7). These include low social status, parental conflicts, parental divorce, living with only one parent, living with a stepfather, long-term absence of one parent before the age of sixteen, parental alcoholism or drug abuse, chronic illness of a parent or other family members, and low parental education (7).The fact that different types of maltreatment often overlap must be taken into account when the adjustment problems associated with one particular type of maltreatment are considered. The same applies to family dysfunction. Furthermore, the impact of child maltreatment, including neglect, should be assessed within the context of the overall family environment. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence and intercorrelation of different forms of maltreatment in childhood; establish the frequency of maltreatment by the mother, the father, or other adults; and evaluate possible predictors of maltreatment in childhood and consequent psychological adjustment problems in adolescence. The study was performed in Western Herzegovina Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina because there is no knowledge about the prevalence and type of childhood maltreatment or its psychological consequences in adolescents in this area.     

Job demands and job performance: the mediating effect of psychological and physical strain and the moderating effect of role clarity

The aims of the present study were twofold: First, in differentiating between specific job characteristics, the authors examined the moderating influence of role clarity on the relationship between job demands and psychological and physical strain. Second, in providing a more comprehensive link between job demands and job performance, the authors examined strain as a mediator of that relationship. Participants were 1,418 Army cadets attending a 35-day assessment center. Survey data were collected on Day 26 of the assessment center and performance ratings were assessed throughout the assessment center period by expert evaluators. Role clarity was found to moderate the job demands-strain relationship. Specifically, cadets experiencing high demands reported less physical and psychological strain when they reported high role clarity. Moreover, psychological strain significantly mediated the demands-performance relationship. Implications are discussed from theoretical and applied perspectives.     

社会支持在自尊和心理弹性关系的调节效应

本研究旨在探讨自尊、社会支持、心理弹性之间的关系以及自尊和社会支持对大学生心理弹性的影响。采用分层抽样的方式从湖南省3个不同层次的高校选取345名被试,运用SPSS 20.0对数据进行分析后发现:大学生的自尊、社会支持、心理弹性三者及其各维度显著相关,自尊对心理弹性有着正向作用,社会支持作为调节变量可以增强自尊对心理弹性的正向作用。     

Child maltreatment and childhood injury research: a cognitive behavioral approach

OBJECTIVE: Both child maltreatment and childhood injuries affect large numbers of children each year. In a seminal paper, Peterson and Brown (1994) drew parallels in the antecedents of both forms of harm and suggested a more unified approach in research efforts and intervention development. This article provides a unified cognitive model that would both guide research and inform interventions directed at parents. METHODS: This article overviews information-processing elements that may explain parental oversights that would increase risk to children, including maladaptive parental schema, executive functioning problems, and maladaptive appraisals. Contextual variables that may negatively impact on information processing are also included. RESULTS: Studies supporting the validity of the model are presented, and implications for interventions are drawn. Data supporting the effectiveness of cognitive enhancements to current interventions are given. CONCLUSIONS: The promise of such a unified model is discussed, and obstacles to its dissemination are presented.     

Unemployment and psychological ill-health: the moderating role of duration and age

The relationship between length of unemployment and psychological ill-health was examined in a sample of 954 unemployed working-class men, selected to cover all levels of age and several levels of duration of unemployment. The association between length of unemployment and psychological ill-health was found to be strongest in the middle age groups, with greater ill-health among those with a longer duration since job loss. No association between duration and ill-health was found for those who had recently entered the labour market or who were close to the end of their working lives. Desire for a job and financial stress were shown to be additional mediators of psychological ill-health during employment. A cumulative stress model is proposed to account for these findings.