Bronchial hyperreactivity and history of wheezing in children

The objective of this analysis was to determine the relationship between wheezing at different age groups in children and the prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity at the age of 10. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Leipzig and the region around Halle in Germany. Of 3105 10-year-old children, 2658 questionnaires (85.6%) were returned. In addition 2279 (73.4%)pulmonary function tests were performed before and after cold air challenge. 658 children (24.8%) had recurrent wheezing during their lifetime. In 579 children the individual time course could be evaluated (46 children with and 533 without a physician-confirmed diagnosis of asthma). Wheezing began most frequently in the 1st year of life (44.1 % of all wheezing children) with the highest annual prevalence in the 3rd year (71.0% of all wheezing children). Wheezing which started in the first 2 years of life, had disappeared in most of the children by the age of 10. However, if wheezing began later than the 3rd year it was more persisting. Bronchial hyperreactivity measured after cold air challenge was higher in the group with recurrent wheezing (24.1 %) than in the group without wheezing (18.8%,P = 0.004).Supported by the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie [German Ministry for the Sciences and Technology].Results were presented in part at the 89. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde, Würzburg, Germany, 11–14 September 1993     

The impact of early lifestyle factors on wheezing and asthma in Austrian preschool children

AIM: This study investigated the influence of early lifestyle factors on the prevalence of asthma and wheezing in preschool children in Tyrol, Austria. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed in 1761 preschool children to obtain information on wheezing and asthma in the light of early lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Factors independently associated with an increased risk for wheezing in the past 12 months included high parental education (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) and parental hay fever (OR: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-2.2). Risk factors for doctor-diagnosed asthma (DDA) were early pet contact (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.8) and parental asthma (OR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.0-9.1), whereas breastfeeding decreased the risk (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2-1.0). Boiling the pacifier/sucker daily increased the risk for wheezing in the past 12 months (OR: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.0-2.0) and revealed a tendency towards DDA (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.9-4.0). CONCLUSION: In preschool children, we established an independent association between wheezing in the past 12 months, DDA and boiling frequency of the pacifier/bottle sucker during infancy. The impact of pacifier boiling frequency on atopic diseases on the basis of the hygiene hypothesis needs further investigation.     

肥胖对哮喘预测指数阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响

目的 探讨肥胖对哮喘预测指数（API）阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响。方法 选取API 阳性的喘息婴幼儿208 例,按Kaup 指数分为肥胖组（93 例）和非肥胖组（115 例）。在急性喘息发作期给予综合治疗,缓解期给予吸入性糖皮质激素（ICS）布地奈德混悬液压缩泵雾化吸入治疗。根据临床控制情况调整ICS治疗用量,共治疗6 个月。治疗后2 周随访1 次,之后每月随访1 次。结果 治疗后2 周、1 个月肥胖组的临床症状缓解率分别为35.5% 及75.3%,低于非肥胖组的53.0% 和87.8%（P P 结论 肥胖可抑制API 阳性喘息婴幼儿对ICS 治疗的反应。     

哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发作期病毒病原及过敏原检测分析

目的分析哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发作期病毒病原学、过敏原分布，为喘息患儿的早期诊断与干预治疗提供帮助。方法选取2016年4月至2017年8月因喘息性支气管炎和喘息性支气管肺炎住院的135例哮喘高危婴幼儿为研究对象。采用荧光探针PCR法检测患儿鼻咽部抽吸物标本甲型流感病毒（Flu-A）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、腺病毒（ADV）、副流感病毒（PinF）、人鼻病毒（HRV）、人偏肺病毒（hMPV）、博卡病毒（HBoV）感染情况；采用ImmunoCAP技术检测患儿吸入性变应原、食物性变应原及总IgE浓度。结果 135例患儿中，鼻咽部抽吸物标本病毒检出阳性率为49.6%，各病毒检出阳性率由高到低依次为HRV 25.2%、HBoV 9.6%、RSV 8.1%、PinF 5.9%、Flu-A 3.7%、ADV 1.5%、hMPV 0.7%。HRV在1~3岁年龄组检出率高于<1岁组（P < 0.05）。过敏原筛查试验阳性率为59.3%，吸入性过敏原阳性率为44%，食物性过敏原阳性率为89%；吸入性过敏原中阳性率由高到低依次为尘螨77%、霉菌37%、花粉26%、动物皮屑9%；食物性过敏原中阳性率由高到低依次为鸡蛋白73%、牛奶68%。<1岁组吸入性过敏原阳性率大于1~3岁组（P < 0.05）；1~3岁组T-IgE水平明显高于<1岁组（P < 0.05）。病毒检出组吸入性过敏原阳性率大于病毒未检出组（P < 0.05）。第2次喘息患儿吸入性、食物性过敏原阳性率及T-IgE水平均高于第1次喘息患儿（P < 0.05）；吸入性过敏原尘螨、霉菌在第2次喘息患儿中阳性率高于第1次喘息患儿（P < 0.05）。结论早期HRV感染和吸入性过敏原阳性与哮喘高危婴幼儿喘息发生密切相关。     

The impact of pre- and post-natal smoke exposure on future asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness

AIM: To analyse the impact of pre- and post-natal smoke exposure on asthma presence, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, airway function and active smoking in early adulthood. METHODS: We have prospectively studied 101 children hospitalized due to wheezing before the age of 2 years. The cohort was re-investigated at age 17-20 years and tested for airway function and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Data on maternal smoking during pregnancy were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. RESULTS: There was a significant, independent correlation between both pre- and post-natal smoke exposure and asthma at age 17-20 years, OR 3.5 (1.1-11.3) and 3.4 (1.2-10.1), respectively. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was an independent risk factor for current bronchial hyper-responsiveness, OR 6.6 (1.2-35.5). Pre-natal smoke exposure seemed to negatively affect small airway function in early adulthood due to structural changes. Post-natal smoke exposure was independently associated with an increased risk of current smoking, OR 7.4 (1.6-35.2). CONCLUSION: In subjects hospitalized due to early wheezing, pre- and post-natal smoke exposure increase the risk of asthma in early adulthood. The connection between pre-natal smoke exposure and asthma appears to be mediated via the development of bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Smoke exposure in infancy is associated with an increased risk of active smoking in early adult age, which is in turn linked to current asthma.     

新型冠状病毒引发的疫情对哮喘儿童的影响

支气管哮喘是儿童时期最常见的慢性呼吸道疾病之一,其反复发作的重要原因之一是呼吸道病毒感染。2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情目前已在全球范围内蔓延。但COVID-19疫情...     

The clinical significance of rigors in febrile children

The objective of the study was to evaluate the significance of rigor as a predictor of bacterial infection in hospitalized febrile infants and children. One hundred febrile children with rigor were studied and compared to 334 febrile matched controls without rigor. All underwent clinical evaluation and appropriate laboratory investigations. The patients were then divided into “bacterial” and “non bacterial” infection groups, as defined in the text. It was demonstrated that 66% of the patients with rigor belonged to the bacterial infection group versus 50% in the non-rigor group (P< 0.005). There was a significantly greater yield of positive blood cultures in the patients with rigor (P < 0.04), especially those over the age of 1 year (P < 0.015). The only laboratory examination of potential value as a predictor of bacterial infection in children with rigor was the band count. An absolute band count of more than 1500/mm was significantly more frequent in the rigor group (P < 0.003), and the combination of a rigor and band count of more than 1500 increased the relative risk for a bacterial infection by a factor of 1.35. These data demonstrate that rigor in hospitalized febrile infants or children significantly increase the likelihood of bacterial infection. Conclusion Although the absence of rigors in febrile children does not exclude bacterial aetiology, their presence significantly increases the probability of an infection requiring appropriate workup and a readier institution of antibiotic therapy. Received: 7 June 1996 / Accepted: 15 November 1996     

喘息婴幼儿外周血气道炎症相关介质水平的研究

目的 通过检测喘息婴幼儿外周血相关炎症介质水平,从辅助性T细胞（Th）1/Th2失衡及气道炎症两个方面探讨婴幼儿喘息发生的可能机制。方法 选取急性喘息发作婴幼儿50例为喘息组,25例健康婴幼儿为健康对照组。喘息组患儿依据喘息发生次数分为首次喘息组（首发组）25例和反复喘息组（反复组,发作次数≥ 2次）25例;根据是否存在哮喘发生的高危因素分为有高危因素组22例和无高危因素组28例;根据病原学检测结果分为病原学阳性组23例和病原学阴性组27例。检测各组外周血Th1细胞因子白介素（IL）-2,Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）,以及总IgE （TIgE）水平。喘息组患儿同时送检外周血嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）计数,并采集标本进行呼吸道病原学检测。结果 喘息组外周血IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及TIgE水平较健康对照组均明显升高（P < 0.05）;外周血IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及TIgE水平在首发组与反复组,有哮喘高危因素组与无哮喘高危因素组,以及病原学阳性组与病原学阴性组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。相关性分析表明喘息组外周血EOS计数与IL-4水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-4水平与IL-5、IL-13水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-5水平与IL-13水平呈正相关（P < 0.01）;IL-2水平与TGF-β1水平呈正相关（P < 0.05）。结论 喘息婴幼儿存在Th1/Th2失衡,表现为Th2优势表达;IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、TGF-β1及IgE共同参与了婴幼儿喘息性疾病的发病过程。喘息婴幼儿存在气道炎症,与喘息发作次数、是否存在哮喘高危因素及病原学检测是否阳性无关。     

儿童不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值

目的探讨儿童支气管哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值。方法应用Astograph法气道反应性测定技术,对42例哮喘患儿、38例咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿、36例支气管炎患儿及30例健康儿童进行气道反应性测定;分别对反映气道敏感性和气道反应性的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等各指标进行统计学分析和评估。结果哮喘组、CVA组和支气管炎组患儿的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等指标均低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),哮喘组、CVA组与支气管炎组患儿之间比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05),而哮喘组与CVA组患儿比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论哮喘病、CVA和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性及气道敏感性均高于健康儿童,而不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性、气道敏感性变化也各不相同,以此可为鉴别诊断提供依据。     

T淋巴细胞亚群及过敏原与婴幼儿肺炎支原体感染伴喘息的关系

目的 分析肺炎支原体 （MP）感染伴喘息婴幼儿的T淋巴细胞亚群表达及过敏原筛查情况。方法 流式细胞仪检测354例MP感染伴喘息婴幼儿 （MP喘息组）、336例MP感染不伴喘息婴幼儿 （MP非喘息组）、277例反复喘息患儿 （反复喘息组）的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群表达,同时进行过敏原检测。结果 MP喘息组和反复喘息组的CD3+及CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞百分比均低于MP非喘息组 （P < 0.05）;MP喘息组和MP非喘息组的CD3+CD4+淋巴细胞百分比均高于反复喘息组 （P < 0.05）;MP喘息组和反复喘息组的CD3-CD19+及CD19+CD23+淋巴细胞百分比均明显高于MP非喘息组 （P < 0.05）,以反复喘息组最高 （P < 0.05）。食入性过敏原检测总阳性率 （30.3%）高于吸入性过敏原 （14.7%）,P < 0.05;反复喘息组、MP喘息组的食入性和吸入性过敏原阳性率均高于MP非喘息组,以反复喘息组最高 （P < 0.05）。结论 T淋巴细胞亚群紊乱、过敏体质在MP感染伴喘息的婴幼儿发病起着重要作用。     

Pediatric radiology in the Philadelphia region: a history of pedigrees and legacies

The specialty of pediatric radiology in the Philadelphia region has grown and evolved over the past eight decades originating from early “visiting” radiologists to Drs. Hope and Kirkpatrick, the “giants” of the 1950s and 1960s, to over 40 actively practicing pediatric radiologists. Clinical excellence, commitment to teaching, and advancement of knowledge through research remain the goals and ideals, much as they were many years ago. Philadelphia has been a fertile home and environment for this development, mostly because of outstanding leaders and role models who have trained and influenced generations of pediatric radiologists. The purpose of this article is to tell the story of this growth and development and to explore the intellectual origins, professional “genealogy,” and legacies left by those who created this tradition. This essay is dedicated to the memory of Drs. John W. Hope and John A. Kirkpatrick, Jr.     

儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病2 例临床分析

目的分析儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病(VWD)的临床特征及基因变异。方法回顾分析2例VWD患儿的临床资料,采用免疫比浊法检测血管性血友病因子(VWF)活性。采集患者及其父母的外周血,通过高通量基因测序,分析F7、F8、F9、F11、VWF基因全部外显子编码区和剪接区的变异情况。采用PCR结合Sanger测序的方法,分析VWF基因位点的变异情况。结果 2例男性患儿,分别为1岁和2岁,临床表现以皮肤黏膜出血为主,血管性血友病因子活性(VWF:Act)分别为5.0%及2.8%。例1血浆因子Ⅷ凝血活性(FⅧ:C)1.9%、血浆因子ⅩⅡ凝血活性(FⅩⅡ:C)43.2%;例2 FⅧ:C 23%。例1 VWF基因检测到c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)纯合变异;父母均为杂合变异。例2 VWF基因检测到c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)和c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)杂合变异,分别来自其父亲、母亲。c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)变异与3型VWD相关;c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)变异率极低,与1型VWD相关;c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)变异未见报道,SIFT、Polyphen和MutationTaster均预测其有致病性。2例患儿经止血及替代治疗后,病情均有所好转。结论经基因检测确诊重型1型和3型VWD各1例,并发现VWF基因c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)新发变异。     

Lung function and asthma symptoms in children: relationships and response to treatment

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and asthma symptom scores, as well as their response to treatment, in children with no recent exacerbations of asthma. Asthma symptom scores, FEV1 and PEF were characterised, and their relationships and changes at follow-up studied in 64 children (mean age 9.5 y) referred to asthma outpatients. The mean FEV1 and PEF at the initial clinic visit were 94% of predicted values. At follow-up, mean FEV1 and PEF were similar. However, symptom scores (maximum obtainable score for each variable = 3) for exercise, nocturnal cough and morning cough were abnormal at the initial visit (mean +/- SD, exercise 1.0 +/- 0.7, nocturnal cough 1.7 +/- 1.2, morning cough 1.6 +/- 1.2) and improved significantly at follow-up (exercise 0.8 +/- 0.7, nocturnal cough 0.9 +/- 1.1, morning cough 1.0 +/- 1.2) (p < 0.05). A significant relationship was not observed between lung function and total symptom score, at either the initial or follow-up clinic visit. Neither FEV1 nor PEF significantly correlated with individual symptom scores. While symptom control improved, no significant relationships between change in asthma symptom scores and change in FEV1 and PEF between the initial and follow-up visits were observed. CONCLUSION: Clinic ("office") spirometry, currently performed world-wide, cannot be uniformly regarded as an indicator of asthma status. In addition to the measurement of lung function, quantitative symptom scoring may be a helpful tool for physicians in the assessment of childhood asthma status.     

潮气呼吸肺功能检测在1~4岁儿童喘息性疾病中的临床应用

目的 探讨潮气呼吸肺功能检测在1~4 岁儿童喘息性疾病中的临床意义。方法 选择1~4 岁喘息患儿141 例（哮喘41 例、喘息性支气管炎54 例、支气管肺炎46 例）作为观察组,另选取非呼吸道疾病患儿30 例作为对照组,进行潮气呼吸肺功能检测,并观察喘息患儿支气管舒张试验前后肺功能的变化。结果 观察组患儿TBFV 环形态以阻塞性改变为主（65%）,达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPEF/VE）亦明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。哮喘组支气管舒张试验后TPTEF/TE、VPEF/VE 较试验前明显改善（P<0.05）。以TPTEF/TE、VPEF/VE 任意一个改善率≥ 15% 作为支气管舒张试验的阳性标准,潮气呼吸支气管舒张试验诊断哮喘的灵敏度为47%,特异度为84%。哮喘组患儿舒张试验前TPTEF/TE ≥ 23% 者的阳性率28%,TPTEF/TE<23% 者的阳性率为65%（P<0.05）。结论 1~4 岁喘息患儿肺功能损害以阻塞性通气障碍为主;潮气呼吸支气管舒张试验可在一定程度上反映哮喘气道可逆性特征;在1~4 岁儿童中以潮气呼吸支气管舒张试验诊断哮喘的敏感性不高,但在阻塞程度重的患儿中诊断意义相对较大。     

反复喘息的婴幼儿外周血髓源性抑制细胞和Th17细胞的检测及意义

目的 探讨反复喘息婴幼儿外周血髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)及Th17 细胞比例及临床意义。方法 随机选取急性发作期的反复喘息婴幼儿30 例作为喘息组,同时选取同年龄段20 例支气管肺炎患儿作为肺炎组,另选取同年龄段在该院外科住院的疝气、肾结石等非感染性、非肿瘤性疾病术前患儿23 例作为对照组。流式细胞术检测各组患儿外周血中MDSC、Th17 细胞的比例,采用Spearman 相关性分析MDSC 及Th17 细胞比例的相关性。结果 喘息组患儿MDSC 占有核细胞的百分比明显高于肺炎组和对照组,肺炎组高于对照组(P<0.05)。喘息组Th17 细胞占单个核细胞的百分比明显高于肺炎组及对照组,肺炎组与对照组Th17 比较差异无统计学意义。喘息组外周血MDSC 及Th17 细胞比例呈正相关关系(r=0.645,P<0.01)。结论 MDSC 及Th17 细胞可能参与了婴幼儿反复喘息的发生发展。     

Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a rapidly growing field of research in respiratory medicine. Airway inflammation is a central feature of chronic lung diseases, like asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and primary ciliary dyskinesia. EBC may be a useful technique for non-invasive assessment of markers of airway inflammation. The non-invasive character of EBC 'inflammometry' and the general lack of appropriate techniques makes it particularly interesting for paediatrics.
We provide a detailed update on the methods currently used for EBC collection and measurement of mediators. We emphasize on paediatric data. The apparent simplicity of the EBC method must not be overstated, as numerous methodological pitfalls have yet to overcome. Comparison and interpretation of data on this rapidly growing field of research is mainly hampered by the lack of standardization and the lack of specific high-sensitivity immunochemical or colorimetric assays. The initiative of the European Respiratory Society to institute a task force on this topic is a first step towards a uniform technique of EBC. Meanwhile, when using this technique or when interpreting research data, one should be fully aware of the possible methodological pitfalls.