Clinical reference values for laboratory hematology tests calculated using the iterative truncation method with correction: Part 1. Reference values for erythrocyte count, hemoglobin quantity, hematocrit and other erythrocyte parameters including MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW

Age and sex dependent differences in the clinical reference values for erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin quantity (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) and other erythrocyte parameters including MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and RDW (red cell distribution width), were calculated by the iterative truncation method with correction (Usui's method) using the results from tests on 6,300 patients' specimens obtained at Kyoto University Hospital. For RBC, Hb and Ht, the data obtained from the individuals below 13 years old showed the normal or sometimes log-normal distribution, but adjustment by the Xn-type variable transformation was often necessary to obtain the normal distribution for the data taken from the populations containing individuals over the age of 14. For the clinical reference values of RBC, Hb and Ht, no sex difference was observed below the age of 12. The values for males were significantly higher than those of females in the age range 13-79, and the values showed no significant sex-dependent difference at ages above 80. In females, age-dependent change of values for RBC, Hb and Ht was less prominent than in males; especially the upper limit values for females were very stable for all ages. MCV and MCH gradually increased with age both in males and females, and the MCHC remained constant in all age populations of male and female. The reference value for RDW was generated by the percentile method instead of the iterative truncation method because of the strong deviation in the distribution pattern, and the RDW values showed a gradual increase with age in both males and females.     

Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population

To assess the validity of the reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices currently used in Africa, we evaluated blood samples from 3,311 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative Ugandans aged 1 week to 92 years. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels and mean corpuscular volume all significantly increased with age (P < 0.001) and were independent of gender until the age of 13 years, after which the levels were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001). White blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, and monocyte counts significantly declined with age until the age of 13 years (P < 0.001), with no differences by gender, while platelet counts declined with age (P < 0.001) and showed differences by gender only among adults older than age 24 years. CD4+- and CD8+-cell counts declined with age until the age of 18 years; thereafter, females had higher counts than males. The absolute values for many of these parameters differed from those reported for populations outside Africa, suggesting that it may be necessary to develop tables of reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices specific for the African population. This may be particularly important with regard to CD4+-cell counts among children because significant differences in absolute and percent CD4+-cell counts exist between the values for Western populations and the values for the population evaluated in our study. These differences could influence the decision to initiate antiretroviral therapy among children infected with HIV.     

Immunohematological reference ranges for adults from the Central African Republic

A survey was carried out on 150 healthy adults to establish hematological reference ranges for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adults from the Central African Republic (CAR). Immunohematological mean values, medians, and 95th-percentile reference ranges were established. Mean values were as follows: leukocyte (WBC) counts, 5.28 x 10(9)/liter (males) and 5.11 x 10(9)/liter (females); erythrocyte counts, 5.20 x 10(12)/liter (males) and 4.50 x 10(12)/liter (females); hemoglobin, 15.1 g/dl (males) and 12.5 g/dl (females); hematocrit, 45% (males) and 37% (females); lymphocytes, 2,587/ micro l (males) and 2,466/ micro l (females); CD4 T cells, 927/ micro l (males) and 940/ micro l (females); CD8 T cells, 898/ micro l (males) and 716/ micro l (females); and CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, 1.13 (males) and 1.41 (females). We concluded that (i) the WBC and hemoglobin values of healthy HIV-negative adults from the CAR are lower than the reference values currently used in the CAR and (ii) the absolute CD4 T-cell counts of healthy HIV-negative adults from the CAR are similar to values for Europeans but the absolute CD8 T-cell counts are much higher. Thus, the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios for healthy adults from the CAR are significantly reduced compared to the ratios for healthy Europeans.     

Age- and sex-related differences in haematological values of the Lechwe waterbuck (Kobus Leche)

During an 8-year period (1981–1989), basic haematological values were evaluated in a number of clinically healthy Lechwe Waterbucks (Kobus leche) at five development stages. A total of 34 males and 60 females were used in this study. A pronounced increase in red cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin values was noted with age, with the lowest values appearing in new-born calves, rising to normal adult values at approximately 6 months old. Leucocyte counts gradually decreased over this period, from the relatively high values of newborn calves to normal adult values at 2 years of age. Comparing the results in sexually mature animals, wefound decreased erythrocyte counts in females (p <0.01), and corresponding changes in the derived parameters mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV). Leucocyte counts were also increased in females (p <0.05), with an increased proportion of lymphocytes. Because of the pronounced lack of haematological data for the Lechwe waterbuck, the findings in this study are compared and discussed with data abstracted from the literature for related species.     

Leukocyte counts in 7,739 healthy black persons: effects of age and sex

White blood cell counts (WBC) were measured in 7,739 healthy black individuals, ages one through 84 years, to determine normal values for different age and sex groups. The mean WBC was highest in children one to two years of age, regardless of sex. The mean count decreased progressively in both males and females during preschool years, reaching a nadir in females six to 10 years of age and in males 11 to 15 years of age. Females in the age groups 11 to 15, 16 to 20, 21 to 30, and 31 to 40 years had consistently higher mean WBC than males in the same groups (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.001, p less than 0.001, and p = 0.01, respectively). These differences may be ultimately related to hormonal physiology during the reproductive years, since they were not present in the older age categories (41 to 50, 51 to 60, and over 60 years). In both males and females over 60 years of age, the mean WBC was lower than in the 21 to 50 years age group. The mean and percentile values for each age and sex group from this large, healthy, non-institutionalized population can be used as a reference for normal WBC in black subjects.     

Platelet variables in healthy dogs: reference intervals and influence of age,breed and sex

Platelet parameters are routinely available and might be valuable in veterinary diagnostics. The aim of this study was to assess influences of age, breed and sex on platelet parameters as well as to define reference ranges for dogs. Data of 166 healthy dogs were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred fifty-six dogs aged >1 month to 8.5 years were categorised into five age groups. Reference intervals were determined for 119 adult dogs and for this subpopulation the influence of sex and neuter status was examined. Breeds with n ≥ 5 individuals were statistically compared; these included 11 Havanese dogs, 11 Rhodesian Ridgebacks, 9 Labrador Retrievers, 8 Golden Retrievers and 5 German Shepherds. Blood analysis was performed using the ADVIA^® 120 haematology analyser. The following parameters were assessed: platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet component (MPC), platelet component distribution width (PCDW), mean platelet mass (MPM), platelet mass distribution width (PMDW), large platelets and platelet clump count. Puppies had significantly higher values for all platelet variables except MPC and PCDW. Significant breed differences were observed for PLT, PDW, PCT, MPC, MPM and PMDW. Significant sex differences were only seen for mean PLT (females, 320 × 10³/μl; males, 272 × 10³/μl; p = 0.003) as well as median MPV (females, 10.5 fl; males, 11.0 fl; p = 0.043). The influence of age and breed should be considered in clinical interpretation of canine platelet variables. Calculated reference intervals may deliver useful information for an increasing clinical use of examined parameters.     

Relevance of immunophenotypes to prognostic subgroups of age,WBC, platelet count,and cytogenetics in de novo acute myeloid leukemia

Li X, Li J, Du W, Zhang J, Liu W, Chen X, Li H, Huang S, Li X. Relevance of immunophenotypes to prognostic subgroups of age, WBC, platelet count, and cytogenetics in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. APMIS 2010. Immunophenotyping is one of the independent prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Relevance of immunophenotypes to prognostic subgroups of age, white blood cells (WBC), platelet count, and cytogenetics in de novo AML was comprehensively investigated in this study for the first time. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR and CD14 expression associated with the elderly, highest WBC count, and unfavorable‐risk cytogenetics; CD4, CD7, and CD11b expression correlated with highest WBC count and unfavorable‐risk cytogenetics; CD64 expression was associated with higher WBC count while that of CD13 was associated with lower platelet count; CD22, CD34, CD123, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression correlated with unfavorable‐risk cytogenetics; CD5 expression was associated with normal platelet count while that of CD19 was associated with children and favorable‐risk cytogenetics; CD117 expression was associated with low WBC and lower platelet counts; myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression correlated with lower platelet count; and MPO and glycophorin A (Gly‐A) expression was associated with lower WBC count and favorable‐risk cytogenetics. The results of the relevance analysis revealed the distribution characteristics of antigen expression in different AML prognostic subgroups. The majority of antigens associated with good or poor prognostic subgroups were in accordance with the previous reports of correlation of expression of these antigens with prognosis. Antigens associated with good (or poor) prognostic subgroups were defined as good (or poor)‐risk antigens.     

Age- and sex-related differences in haematological values of the Lechwe waterbuck (Kobus Leche)

During an 8-year period (1981–1989), basic haematological values were evaluated in a number of clinically healthy Lechwe Waterbucks (Kobus leche) at five development stages. A total of 34 males and 60 females were used in this study.A pronounced increase in red cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin values was noted with age, with the lowest values appearing in new-born calves, rising to normal adult values at approximately 6 months old. Leucocyte counts gradually decreased over this period, from the relatively high values of newborn calves to normal adult values at 2 years of age.Comparing the results in sexually mature animals, wefound decreased erythrocyte counts in females (p <0.01), and corresponding changes in the derived parameters mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV). Leucocyte counts were also increased in females (p <0.05), with an increased proportion of lymphocytes.Because of the pronounced lack of haematological data for the Lechwe waterbuck, the findings in this study are compared and discussed with data abstracted from the literature for related species.     

Immunohematological Reference Ranges for Adults from the Central African Republic

A survey was carried out on 150 healthy adults to establish hematological reference ranges for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adults from the Central African Republic (CAR). Immunohematological mean values, medians, and 95th-percentile reference ranges were established. Mean values were as follows: leukocyte (WBC) counts, 5.28 × 10⁹/liter (males) and 5.11 × 10⁹/liter (females); erythrocyte counts, 5.20 × 10¹²/liter (males) and 4.50 × 10¹²/liter (females); hemoglobin, 15.1 g/dl (males) and 12.5 g/dl (females); hematocrit, 45% (males) and 37% (females); lymphocytes, 2,587/μl (males) and 2,466/μl (females); CD4 T cells, 927/μl (males) and 940/μl (females); CD8 T cells, 898/μl (males) and 716/μl (females); and CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, 1.13 (males) and 1.41 (females). We concluded that (i) the WBC and hemoglobin values of healthy HIV-negative adults from the CAR are lower than the reference values currently used in the CAR and (ii) the absolute CD4 T-cell counts of healthy HIV-negative adults from the CAR are similar to values for Europeans but the absolute CD8 T-cell counts are much higher. Thus, the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios for healthy adults from the CAR are significantly reduced compared to the ratios for healthy Europeans.     

Mean platelet volume in brucellosis: correlation between brucella standard serum agglutination test results,platelet count,and C-reactive protein

Background

Brucellosis, a zoonotic infection, was most widely diagnosed by the Brucella standard serum agglutination test (SAT). No previous publication has demonstrated a correlation between the degree of Brucella SAT agglutination positivity and the severity of brucellosis infection.

Objective

To contribute to the clarification of the relationship between patelets and brucellosis. It is also aimed at evaluating the usefulness of the SAT titer as a measure of brucellosis severity.

Material and Methods

We compared the control (n=60) and patients (n=96) groups in terms of mean platelet volume (MPV), C-reactive protein (CRP) and platelet values. Patients were grouped according to their degree of agglutination positivity titers and compared by means of CRP, MPV and platelet values. We also investigated the relationship among logarithmic values of MPV, platelet and CRP parameters for each group.

Results

Although statistically meaningful difference was observed between control and patients group in terms of MPV and platelet value, there were no statistically significant differences observed among patients groups. The physiological negative correlation between MPV and platelet count was not encountered in group 2 and 3. Logarithmic values of CRP were not correlated with logarithmic values of MPV and platelet counts.

Conclusion

The MPV could be a new parameter to evaluate hematologic abnormalities in patients with brucellosis. The SAT titer was not a useful measure for evaluation of the severity of brucellosis.     

The relative merit of various cytochemical quantities and manual differential count in predicting remission following chemotherapy of patients with de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia

Eighteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were monitored using an automated differential analyzer (Hemalog D). Twelve patients achieved complete remission. The fraction of large unstained cells (LUC), lymphocytes (LYMPH), the ratio LUC/LYMPH, WBC, and LUC X WBC as measured on day 12 following start of induction chemotherapy differed significantly between patients who did not respond and patients who did achieve remission. The quantity LUC/LYMPH was by far the best discriminator. In patients who achieved remission, the median value was 0.047 and the range was 0.017-0.088. In patients who did not, the corresponding values were 0.163 and 0.12-0.32. Hemalog D examination of peripheral blood on day 12 after initiation of treatment thus seems to give an early prediction of remission as defined by morphologic examination of bone marrow.     

Platelet large cell ratio in the differential diagnosis of abnormal platelet counts

Platelet volume indices, estimated by automated blood cell analyzers, are useful in the diagnosis of various conditions with abnormal platelet counts. Platelet count (PLT), Platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), Platelet distribution width (PDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were studied in 779 patients with normal platelet counts, 74 patients with high platelet counts and 41 cases with low platelet counts. P-LCR was significantly decreased in patients with thrombocytosis than in normal while it was increased in thrombocytopenia. In patients with high counts, P-LCR was significantly decreased in reactive thrombocytosis than neoplastic thrombocytosis. P-LCR was increased in destructive thrombocytopenia than those with hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia though it was not statistically significant. P-LCR was inversely related to platelet count and directly related to PDW and MPV. Platelet large cell ratio if properly utilised can be a good aid in the differential diagnosis of conditions associated with abnormal platelet counts.     

健康儿童末梢血血细胞参数参考值范围调查研究

目的 了解临沧地区6个月~5岁健康儿童末梢血各项血细胞检测参数的参考值范围,为本地区儿童保健及临床诊断提供参考。方法 使用ABXPentra MS60全自动五分类血球分析仪及原装配套试剂对2018年1月~10月到我院儿童保健科健康体检的儿童进行末梢血血细胞检测,将检测的原始数据通过瑞美软件导入Excel,利用Excel筛选出6个月~5岁的儿童3356例,分别比较不同年龄段男女儿童WBC、RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC、PLT 8个项目的参考值范围。结果 ①5岁以下儿童WBC、PLT随年龄的增加而降低,HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH 、MCHC随年龄的增加而增加,RBC的变化不明显;②6月~1岁时,不同性别儿童RBC、HGB、MCV、MCH、MCHC、PLT比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,WBC、HCT比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;2~4岁时,不同性别儿童8项指标中大多数基本一致,仅个别指标存在差异;4~5岁时,不同性别儿童WBC比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;不同性别儿童MCV、MCH在所有年龄段中比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;③同性别儿童不同检测项目在相邻两个年龄段间比较均存在一定的差异性,其中2~3岁与3~4岁儿童所有检测项目比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 临沧地区5岁以下健康儿童血细胞检测参数因性别、年龄的不同,应该制定独立的血细胞分析医学参考值范围,为本地区的儿童保健提供更为精准的医疗保健服务。     

Evaluation of the CELL-DYN? 3500 haematology instrument for the analysis of the mouse and rat blood

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CELL-DYN^? 3500 for rat and mouse blood analysis in a routine environment. The WBC (white blood cells), RBC (red blood cells), PLT (platelets) counts and the WBC differential were determined. In addition, the following aspects were studied: within-run precision, day-to-day precision, biasfree paired difference precision; extended ranges of linearity for RBC, HCT (haematocrit), WBC, PLT; carry-over, the fffect of blood ageing, cell stability with different anticoagulants; and the normal ranges, the out of range flagging and some typical pathology cases. The CELL-DYN^? 3500 is a multiparameter flow cytometer which counts and differentiates WBC, based on the principle of multi-angle polarised light scatter separation. RBC and PLT are determined by the impedance method. The WBC count is evaluated by both, optical and impedance methods. Reference methods used were according to the ICSH recommendations on blood cell analysis, including manual counts of WBC and platelets, a centrifugal microhaematocrit method and a haemoglobin measurement by spectrophotometry using the WHO haemoglobin standard. All cell counts were compared with the results obtained by our routine blood cell analyser (Contraves AL820), and the WBC differential was compared with the manual microscopic differentiation of the 400 WBC (200 cells differentiated by two technicians). The following coefficients of variation were obtained: within-run precision was 1.2% and 2.7% for WBC; 1.0% and 1.0% for RBC; 1.3% and 0.9% for haematocrit; 2.1% and 2.7% for platelets (rats and mice respectively). Day-to-day precision was performed using human trilevel control blood, and the CVs were found to be <1.7% for WBC, <1.4% for RBC, <1.2% for haemoglobin and <6.3% for platelets. The following ranges of measurement were found to be linear in the rat: WBC: 0.10–20.20×10³/μl; RBC: 0.016–14.3×10⁶/μl; haemoglobin: 0.08–26.8 g/dl; haematocrit: 5.0%–77%; platelets: 14.0–1670.0×10³/μl. Equal ranges were observed for mouse blood. Carry-over in rat blood was found to be 0.12% for WBC, 0.05% for RBC, 0.15% for haemoglobin and 0.46% for platelets. In mice, similar carry-over results were obtained. The correlation coefficients (Pearson, correlation coefficient) between the CELL-DYN^? 3500 and Contraves AL 820 using linear regression analysis were as follows: 0.988 and 0.997 for WBC; 0.986 and 0.920 for RBC; 0.995 and 0.984 for haemoglobin; 0.958 and 0.85 for haematocrit; 0.958 and 0.963 for platelets, for rats and mice, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the CELL-DYN^? 3500 and the manual differential of NEU (neutrophils) and LYM (lymphocytes) were higher than 0.8 in rats and higher than 0.9 in mice. Due to the relatively low absolute counts of MONO (monocytes), EOS (eosinophils) and BASO (basophils), only moderate correlation of methods was found. The CELL-DYN^? 3500 was judged to be reliable, accurate and easy-to-use for counting and identifying normal and most of the pathological blood specimens obtained from mice and rats. By using the CELL-DYN^? 3500, the time for blood sample analysis can be shortened significantly and provides extensive opportunities to characterise pathological samples.     

Evaluation of the CELL-DYN® 3500 haematology instrument for the analysis of the mouse and rat blood

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CELL-DYN^® 3500 for rat and mouse blood analysis in a routine environment. The WBC (white blood cells), RBC (red blood cells), PLT (platelets) counts and the WBC differential were determined. In addition, the following aspects were studied: within-run precision, day-to-day precision, biasfree paired difference precision; extended ranges of linearity for RBC, HCT (haematocrit), WBC, PLT; carry-over, the fffect of blood ageing, cell stability with different anticoagulants; and the normal ranges, the out of range flagging and some typical pathology cases. The CELL-DYN^® 3500 is a multiparameter flow cytometer which counts and differentiates WBC, based on the principle of multi-angle polarised light scatter separation. RBC and PLT are determined by the impedance method. The WBC count is evaluated by both, optical and impedance methods. Reference methods used were according to the ICSH recommendations on blood cell analysis, including manual counts of WBC and platelets, a centrifugal microhaematocrit method and a haemoglobin measurement by spectrophotometry using the WHO haemoglobin standard. All cell counts were compared with the results obtained by our routine blood cell analyser (Contraves AL820), and the WBC differential was compared with the manual microscopic differentiation of the 400 WBC (200 cells differentiated by two technicians). The following coefficients of variation were obtained: within-run precision was 1.2% and 2.7% for WBC; 1.0% and 1.0% for RBC; 1.3% and 0.9% for haematocrit; 2.1% and 2.7% for platelets (rats and mice respectively). Day-to-day precision was performed using human trilevel control blood, and the CVs were found to be <1.7% for WBC, <1.4% for RBC, <1.2% for haemoglobin and <6.3% for platelets. The following ranges of measurement were found to be linear in the rat: WBC: 0.10–20.20×10³/μl; RBC: 0.016–14.3×10⁶/μl; haemoglobin: 0.08–26.8 g/dl; haematocrit: 5.0%–77%; platelets: 14.0–1670.0×10³/μl. Equal ranges were observed for mouse blood. Carry-over in rat blood was found to be 0.12% for WBC, 0.05% for RBC, 0.15% for haemoglobin and 0.46% for platelets. In mice, similar carry-over results were obtained. The correlation coefficients (Pearson, correlation coefficient) between the CELL-DYN^® 3500 and Contraves AL 820 using linear regression analysis were as follows: 0.988 and 0.997 for WBC; 0.986 and 0.920 for RBC; 0.995 and 0.984 for haemoglobin; 0.958 and 0.85 for haematocrit; 0.958 and 0.963 for platelets, for rats and mice, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the CELL-DYN^® 3500 and the manual differential of NEU (neutrophils) and LYM (lymphocytes) were higher than 0.8 in rats and higher than 0.9 in mice. Due to the relatively low absolute counts of MONO (monocytes), EOS (eosinophils) and BASO (basophils), only moderate correlation of methods was found. The CELL-DYN^® 3500 was judged to be reliable, accurate and easy-to-use for counting and identifying normal and most of the pathological blood specimens obtained from mice and rats. By using the CELL-DYN^® 3500, the time for blood sample analysis can be shortened significantly and provides extensive opportunities to characterise pathological samples.     

Evaluation of plasma eosinophil count and mean platelet volume in patients with coronary slow flow

OBJECTIVE:

The pathophysiology of coronary slow flow has not been clearly defined, although multiple abnormalities including arteritis, endothelial dysfunction, and atherothrombosis, have been reported. It is known that eosinophils play an important role in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis. We aimed to compare the eosinophil counts of coronary slow flow patients versus healthy controls.

METHODS:

This study included 50 coronary slow flow patients (19 males, mean age 65.6±13.7 years) and 30 healthy controls (10 males, mean age 57.86±11.6 years). These participants were evaluated using concurrent routine biochemical tests as well as neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and mean platelet volume (MPV), which were obtained from the whole blood count. These parameters were compared between groups.

RESULTS:

The baseline characteristics of the study groups were comparable. The coronary slow flow patients had a higher mean platelet volume and eosinophil count than the control group (8.38±0.86 vs 6.28±1.6 fL and 0.31±0.42 vs 0.09±0.05; p<0.001 and 0.008, respectively).

CONCLUSION:

Our study demonstrated a relationship between eosinophil count and MPV in patients with coronary slow flow.     

西藏地区健康成人血细胞检测值调查

自动化仪器分析藏、汉族健康成人静脉血血细胞的检测区间,以建立本地区的备查血细胞参考范围。选择1661名西藏地区和541名平原地区健康成人,分别用BC-3000血细胞分析仪和XE一2100血细胞分析仪,测定WBC、RBC、Hb、HCT、MCV、MCH、MCHC、RDW及PLT。结果表明：西藏地区健康成人WBC比平原地区偏低（P〈0．01）;西藏地区RBC、Hh和HCT比平原地区偏高（P〈0．001）,且男女之间有差异（P〈0．001）;西藏地区PLT比平原地区偏低（P〈0．001）;汉族男性WBC参考范围为（3．4～8．8）×10^9／L,女性为（3．4～9．0）×10^9／L,藏族男性为（3．4—8．7）×10^9／L,女性为（3．4～8．6）×10^9／L;汉族男性RBC为（4．8～6．8）×10^12／L,女性为（4．3—5．8）×10^12／L,藏族男性为（4．6～6．9）×10^9／L,女性为（4．1～5．8）×10^12／L;汉族男性Hb为（149～210）g／L,女性为（123～170）g/L,藏族男性为（147～211）g／L,女性为（120～170）g／L;汉族男性HCT为0．45～0．65,女性为0．39～0．53,藏族男性为0．44～0．65,女性为0．37～0．54;汉族男性PLT为（88～257）×10^9／L,女性为（97—266）×10^9／L,藏族男性为（89—270）×10^9／L,女性为（98—280）×10^9／L;RDW〈15．3％。制定高原地区健康成人血细胞相关指标的参考范围,为临床提供参考依据。     

Mean platelet volume in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The mean platelet volume (MPV), the accurate measure of platelet size, is considered a marker and determinant of platelet function. MPV can be a potentially useful prognostic biomarker in patients with cardiovascular disease. After reviewing literature, we hypothesized that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in adulthood. The aim of this study was investigation of MPV and platelet count (PLT) in children with ADHD and healthy subjects. The MPV and the PLT were measured in 70 children with ADHD (aged 6–16 years), and compared with 41 healthy controls. The MPV was found to be significantly increased in ADHD group compared to control group (p = .006). There was no significant difference in the PLT between groups (p > .05). To our knowledge, this was the first study of investigating the levels of MPV and PLT in children with ADHD. Although significance and cause of increased MPV level in ADHD remain unclear in present study, further studies are warranted to investigate relationships among MPV, ADHD in childhood and CHD in adulthood.     

Age- and sex-related differences in haematological values of captive white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou)

During an 8-year period (1980–1989), 199 samples were taken from 52 clinically healthy white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou), 24 males and 28 females, to estimate basic haematological values and to find possible age- and sex-related differences. In nine of the animals under investigation, four males and five females, the effect of sedating agents on blood parameters was studied. A decrease of red cell counts, haematocrit values and haemoglobin levels were noted during the first 30 min after the administration of the sedating agent LA Immobilon. No changes in other haematological parameters were noted. No pronounced sex-related differences were found in basic haematological parameters for all age groups under investigation. Changes of the blood picture during life are pronounced. At birth, high values of erythrocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin content were noted with increasing red cell counts up to the age of 2–3 months, but with decreasing haematocrit and haemoglobin content to age 20–30 days. After that, at the age of 2–3 months, peak values of all basic haematological parameters were reached. From the 6th month, there was a gradual slight fall of these parameters with lowest values in the oldest animals. The highest leucocyte counts were noted at the age of 20–30 days with lower values at birth and decreasing values during life. The prevalence of neutrophils is maintained for all groups of age. The results presented in this study are compared and discussed with limited data abstracted from the literature.     

Reference ranges for haematology, biochemical profile and electrophoresis in a single herd of Ragusana donkeys from Sicily (Italy)

Donkeys, an endangered species, have recently gained a new application with the use of their milk to feed humans with allergic processes. The Ragusana donkey breed from Sicily is used to produce milk for humans with allergic diseases. In order to evaluate the hygienic, nutritional and management measures on a farm of Ragusana donkeys, complete blood counts, extended biochemical profiles and serum protein electrophoresis, as part of metabolic profile test (MPT), were performed in Ragusana donkeys. Fifty-four donkeys were studied and grouped according to their age, (1) 29 females and a single stallion (n=30), (2) young females, 1 – 3 years old (n=10) and (3) young of both sexes under 1 year old (n=14). The RBC count, RDW value, Lymp, and Mono counts, and PDW values were statistically greater in donkeys under one year old than in adult donkeys, while the Seg Neu count was lower. The CPK, ALP, iPhos, and HCO₃, values were statistically higher in the group of donkeys under 1 year of age than adult donkeys while Cl and LDH values were statistically lower in donkeys under 1 year than adult donkeys. Additionally, statistically significant increased values for CPK, ALP, Alb, Chol, iPhos, HCO₃, and UIBC in young donkeys under 1 year when compared with young donkeys, 1 – 3 years were observed. A statistically significant decreased value for Urea and an increased value for Crea in young donkeys, 1 – 3 years old were found as compared to adults. The serum protein fractions recognised by electrophoresis were: albumin, alpha globulin (subdivided into alpha-1 and alpha-2-globulins), beta globulin, and gamma globulin. In the alpha-1-globulin region three small peaks were constantly noticed, and alpha-2-globulins were statistically different between the three groups being greater in young donkeys under 1 year of age. The results obtained were used both to establish reference ranges and a data bank for the farm of Ragusana donkeys for future needs in assessing the metabolic status and health of the animals.